Life Span Development: A Topical Approach

577 Pages·2016·24.226 MB·English

by  Robert S. Feldman

Life Span
Development
A Topical Approach
Third Edition
Robert S. Feldman
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York City San Francisco
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Names: Feldman, Robert S. (Robert Stephen), author.
Title: Life span development : a topical approach / Robert S. Feldman.
Description: Third edition. | Boston : Pearson, [2017] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015037251| ISBN 9780134225906 (alk. paper) | ISBN
0134225902 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Developmental psychology. | Life cycle, Human. | Human growth.
Classification: LCC BF713 .F48 2017 | DDC 155--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015037251
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Student Edition
ISBN 10: 0-13-422590-2
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-422590-6
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ISBN 10: 0-13-447468-6
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-447468-7
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Brief Contents
1 An Orientation to Lifespan Development 1
2 Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth 38
3 Physical Growth and Aging across the Life Span 82
4 Health and Wellness 122
5 Cognitive Growth: Piaget and Vygotsky 160
6 Cognitive Growth: Information Processing Approaches 185
7 Language Development 208
8 Intelligence 229
9 Social and Emotional Development 257
10 Development of the Self 290
11 Moral Development and Aggression 320
12 Gender and Sexuality 350
13 Friends and Family 385
14 Schooling, Culture, and Society: Living in a Multicultural World 422
15 Death and Dying 457
iii
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Contents
Preface xi MODuLE 1.3 Research Methods 24
About the Author xviii Theories and Hypotheses: Posing Developmental
Questions 25
1 An Orientation to Lifespan Choosing a Research Strategy: Answering Questions 25
Development 1 Correlational Studies 26
THe correlaTion coefficienT • TYpes of correlaTional
Looking Ahead 2
sTUDies • psYcHopHYsioloGical meTHoDs
MODuLE 1.1 Determining the Nature— and Nurture— Experiments: Determining Cause and Effect 28
of Lifespan Development 3 inDepenDenT anD DepenDenT variaBles • cHoosinG
Defining Lifespan Development 4 a researcH seTTinG
The Scope of the Field of Lifespan Development 4 Theoretical and Applied Research: Complementary
Approaches 30
Topical areas in lifespan DevelopmenT • aGe ranGes
anD inDiviDUal Differences • THe linKs BeTWeen Topics Measuring Developmental Change 30
anD aGes lonGiTUDinal sTUDies: measUrinG inDiviDUal cHanGe
Influences on Lifespan Development 6
From Research to Practice: Using Developmental
Key Debates in Lifespan Development 7
Research to Improve Public Policy 31
conTinUoUs cHanGe versUs DisconTinUoUs cHanGe
cross- secTional sTUDies • seQUenTial sTUDies
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: How
Ethics and Research 33
Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Influence Development 8
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?:
criTical anD sensiTive perioDs: GaUGinG THe impacT Thinking Critically about “Expert” Advice 34
of environm enTal evenTs • lifespan approacHes
versUs a focUs on parTicUlar perioDs • THe relaTive epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts
INFLUENCE OF NATURE AND NURTURE ON DEVELOPMENT
MODuLE 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan 2 Genetics, Prenatal Development,
Development 11 and Birth 38
The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing
on the Inner Person 12 Looking Ahead 40
freUD’s psYcHoanalYTic THeorY • eriKson’s psYcHosocial MODuLE 2.1 Earliest Development and the Foundations
THeorY • assessinG THe psYcHoDYnamic perspecTive of Genetics 40
The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life 40
Behavior 14
Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic
classical conDiTioninG: sTimUlUs sUBsTiTUTion • Price of One 41
operanT conDiTioninG • social- coGniTive learninG
Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child 42
THeorY: learninG THroUGH imiTaTion • assessinG
THe BeHavioral perspecTive The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching
of Traits 43
The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots
of Understanding 16 an eXample of THe Transmission of GeneTic
informaTion • polYGenic TraiTs
piaGeT’s THeorY of coGniTive DevelopmenT •
informaTion processinG approacHes • coGniTive The Human Genome and Behavioral Genetics:
neUroscience approacHes Cracking the Genetic Code 45
Neuroscience and Development: The Essential Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development
Principles of Neuroscience 19 Deviates from the Norm 46
Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future
The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating
from the Genes of the Present 47
on the Unique Qualities of Human Beings 19
prenaTal TesTinG • screeninG for fUTUre proBlems
assessinG THe HUmanisTic perspecTive
The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad From Research to Practice: Prenatal Screenings
Approach to Development 20 Are Not Diagnoses 49
THe BioecoloGical approacH To DevelopmenT • MODuLE 2.2 The Interaction of Heredity
vYGoTsKY’s sociocUlTUral THeorY and Environment 50
Evolutionary Perspectives: Our Ancestors’ The Role of the Environment in Determining
Contributions to Behavior 22 the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes
assessinG THe evolUTionarY perspecTive to Phenotypes 51
Why It Is Wrong to Ask “Which Approach Is Right?” 23 INTERACTION OF FACTORS
iv
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contents v
Studying Development: How Much Is Nature, THe rapiDlY maTUrinG aDolescenT • pUBerTY
How Much Is Nurture? 52 Physical Changes in Adulthood 91
nonHUman animal sTUDies: conTrollinG BoTH THe Ups anD DoWns of pHYsical TransiTions •
GeneTics anD e nvironmenT • conTrasTinG relaTeDness neGaTive cHanGe • laTe aDUlTHooD • oUTWarD
anD BeHavior: a DopTion, TWin, anD f amilY sTUDies siGns of aGinG • inTernal aGinG
Genetics and the Environment: Working Together 53 The Myth and Reality of Aging 93
pHYsical TraiTs: familY resemBlances • inTelliGence: THe DemoGrapHics of laTe aDUlTHooD
more researcH, more conTroversY • GeneTic anD
MODuLE 3.2 Brain Growth and Motor Development 95
environmenTal inflUences on personaliTY: Born
The Nervous System and Brain: Making Connections 95
To Be oUTGoinG?
Can Genes Influence the Environment? 56 THe GroWinG Brain • sYnapTic prUninG •
environmenTal inflUences on Brain DevelopmenT
MODuLE 2.3 Prenatal Growth and Birth 57
Brain Lateralization 98
Fertilization: The Moment of Conception 57
THe linKs BeTWeen Brain GroWTH anD coGniTive
The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset DEVELOPMENT
of Development 58
From Research to Practice: Young Adult
THe Germinal sTaGe: ferTilizaTion To TWo WeeKs • THe
Brains Are Still Developing 101
emBrYonic sTaGe: TWo To eiGHT WeeKs • THe feTal sTaGe:
eiGHT WeeKs To BirTH Reflexes: Protective Reactions 101
Neuroscience and Development: Autism and the Toddler eTHnic anD cUlTUral Differences anD similariTies
IN REFLExES
Brain 60
Gross Motor Skills 103
Pregnancy Problems 61
acTiviTY level • conTinUeD DevelopmenT of Gross
inferTiliTY • eTHical issUes • miscarriaGe anD aBorTion
moTor sKills • GenDer Differences in Gross moTor
The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development 63 sKills • poTTY Wars
moTHer’s DieT • moTHer’s aGe • moTHer’s prenaTal Fine Motor Skills 107
sUpporT • moTHer’s HealTH • moTHer’s DrUG
HanDeDness: separaTinG riGHTies from lefTies
Use • moTHer’s Use of alcoHol anD ToBacco • Do
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: The Cultural
faTHers affecT THe prenaTal environmenT?
Dimensions of Motor Development 109
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?:
Optimizing the Prenatal Environment 67 arT: THe picTUre of DevelopmenT • DevelopmenTal
norms: comparinG THe inDiviDUal To THe GroUp
Labor: The Process of Birth Begins 68
MODuLE 3.3 Perceptual Development 111
Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine
and Attitudes Meet 69 The Development of the Senses 111
THe BirTHinG process: a menU of cHoices • alTernaTive infanTs capaBiliTies
BirTHinG proceDUres • cHilDBirTH aTTenDanTs: WHo Neuroscience and Development: Beyond Band- Aids:
Delivers? • Use of anesTHesia anD pain-reDUcinG DrUGs How Pain in Infancy Affects Pain in Adulthood 114
Birth Complications 72
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?:
preTerm infanTs: Too soon, Too small •
Exercising Your Infant’s Body and Senses 115
verY-loW-BirTHWeiGHT infanTs: THe smallesT of THe
small • WHaT caUses preTerm anD loW-BirTHWeiGHT sensorY DevelopmenT in prescHoolers
Deliveries? • posTmaTUre BaBies: Too laTe, Too larGe Sensory Difficulties in the School Years: Visual,
Cesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth 75 Auditory, and Speech Problems 116
Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature The Senses in Middle Adulthood 117
Death 76
vision • HearinG • reacTion Time in aDUlTHooD:
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Overcoming noT- so-sloWinG DoWn
Racial and Cultural Differences in Infant Mortality 77 Sensory Changes in Late Adulthood 118
epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts vision • HearinG • TasTe anD smell • Game over?
epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts
3 Physical Growth and Aging across
the Life Span 82 4 Health and Wellness 122
Looking Ahead 123
Looking Ahead 83
MODuLE 4.1 Stress and Coping 124
MODuLE 3.1 Physical Growth and Change 84
The Stages and Origins of Stress 124
Physical Growth in Infancy 84
sTaGes of sTress • sTress in cHilDHooD: THe
rapiD aDvances • inTeGraTinG THe BoDilY sYsTems:
pressUre To maKe THe GraDe • aDolescenT sTress:
THe life cYcles of infancY • rHYTHms anD sTaTes •
laTe To BeD, earlY To rise • THe sTresses of aDUlTHooD
sleep: percHance To Dream?
Neuroscience and Development: Sleep Deprivation
Physical Growth during the Preschool and Middle
Childhood Years 86 and Your Genes: Do You Have the Snooze Blues? 126
DevelopmenT in THe prescHool Years • DevelopmenT The Consequences of Stress 127
in miDDle cHilDHooD Coping with Stress 128
Physical Changes in Adolescence 88 copinG sTraTeGies • HarDiness, resilience, anD copinG
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vi contents
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Coping with Stress 130 and Adolescence 169
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?:
MODuLE 4.2 Illness and Well- Being 131
Promoting Cognitive Development in Preschoolers:
Malnutrition, Obesity, and Eating Disorders 131
From Theory to the Classroom 170
malnUTriTion • oBesiTY • eaTinG DisorDers
Threats to Wellness and Health in Childhood THe rise of concreTe operaTional THoUGHT
and Adolescence 136 (aGes 7 To 12) • piaGeT’s formal operaTional sTaGe
(aGes 12 To 15)
THreaTs in cHilDHooD • THreaTs To aDolescenTs
MODuLE 5.2 Appraising Piaget: Support, Challenges,
The Health Concerns of Adulthood 142
and Alternatives 173
HeiGHT, WeiGHT, anD sTrenGTH • HealTH • cUlTUral
The Critics Weigh In 173
anD oTHer facTors affecTinG HealTH • coronarY
HearT Disease A FINAL SUMMATION
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: How Cultural Beyond Piaget 175
Beliefs Influence Health and Health Care 146 laBoUvie- vief anD posTformal THoUGHT • perrY’s
approacH To posTformal THinKinG • scHaie’s sTaGes
THe THreaT of cancer
of coGniTive DevelopmenT
Health Risks Facing Older Adults 147
MODuLE 5.3 Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive
common pHYsical DisorDers in olDer
Development: Taking Culture into Account 178
aDUlTs • psYcHoloGical anD menTal DisorDers
in olDer aDUlTs • alzHeimer’s Disease Cognitive Development and Social Interactions 179
From Research to Practice: Can Alzheimer’s Disease From Research to Practice: Why It’s Important
Be Prevented? 150 to Read to Young Children 179
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: The Zone of Proximal Development 180
Caring for People with Alzheimer’s Disease 150 scaffolDinG • cUlTUral Tools
Evaluating Vygotsky’s Contributions 181
MODuLE 4.3 Promoting Health and Wellness 151
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: A Walk
Good Diet: The Foundation of Wellness 151
through a Cultural Landscape 181
BreasT or BoTTle? • soliD fooDs: WHen anD WHaT?
effecTs of DieT • eaTinG THe riGHT fooDs epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts
Exercise: Use It or Lose It? 153
6 Cognitive Growth: Information
Sexuality 154
Processing Approaches 185
THe climacTeric anD menopaUse • THe psYcHoloGical
conseQUences of menopaUse • THe male climacTeric
Looking Ahead 186
Wellness in Old Age: Avoiding the Inevitable? 156
MODuLE 6.1 The Basics of Information Processing 187
facTors affecTinG HealTH in olD aGe • promoTinG
GooD HealTH in olD aGe • seX in olD aGe Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval: The Foundations
epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts of Information Processing 187
aUTomaTizaTion
5 Cognitive Growth: Piaget Cognitive Architecture: The Three- System Approach 189
and Vygotsky 160 THe sensorY sTore • sHorT- Term memorY • WorKinG
memorY • lonG- Term memorY • lonG- Term memorY
Looking Ahead 161 MODULES
MODuLE 5.1 Piaget’s Approach to Cognitive Comparing Information Processing Approaches
to Alternative Theories of Cognitive Development 192
Development 161
Fundamentals of Piaget’s Theory 162 MODuLE 6.2 Attention and Memory 192
Cognitive Development in Infancy: Piaget’s Attention 193
Sensorimotor Stage 163 conTrol of aTTenTion • planninG
sUBsTaGe 1: simple refleXes (firsT monTH) • sUBsTaGe Memory and Its Duration 194
2: firsT HaBiTs anD primarY circUlar reacTions (1 To 4 THe DevelopmenT of Basic memorY capaBiliTies •
monTHs) • sUBsTaGe 3: seconDarY circUlar reacTions THe DUraTion of memories • aUToBioGrapHical
(4 To 8 monTHs) • sUBsTaGe 4: coorDinaTion of seconDarY MEMORY
circUlar r eacTions (8 To 12 monTHs) • sUBsTaGe 5: TerTiarY
Neuroscience and Development: Memory
circUlar reacTions (12 To 18 monTHs) • sUBsTaGe 6:
and the Brain: I Am Stuck on Palmitate,
BeGinninGs of THoUGHT (18 monTHs To 2 Years)
and Palmitate Is Stuck in Me 196
Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years 167
piaGeT’s sTaGe of preoperaTional THinKinG (aGes Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Memory
2 To 7) • THe relaTion BeTWeen lanGUaGe anD and Culture 197
THoUGHT • cenTraTion: WHaT YoU see is WHaT YoU
Memory Development and Control 197
THinK • conservaTion: learninG THaT appearances
are DeceivinG • incompleTe UnDersTanDinG of memorY conTrol sTraTeGies • THe GroWTH
TransformaTion • eGocenTrism: THe inaBiliTY To TaKe of meTamemorY anD conTenT KnoWleDGe •
oTHers’ perspecTives • THe emerGence of inTUiTive THoUGHT PERSPECTIVES ON MEMORY DEVELOPMENT
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contents vii
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: BineT’s pioneerinG efforTs • DevelopinG THe measUre
Effective Strategies for Remembering 200 of inTelliGence
Measuring IQ: Present- Day Approaches to Intelligence 233
memorY in aDUlTHooD: YoU mUsT rememBer THis
Central Issues in Intelligence Testing 234
MODuLE 6.3 Applying Information Processing
GroUp aDminisTraTion • Bias • reliaBiliTY anD valiDiTY
Approaches 201
THe meaninG of iQ scores
Children’s Eyewitness Testimony: Memory on Trial 201
What IQ Tests Don’t Tell: Alternative Conceptions
Information Processing Contributions to the Classroom 202 of Intelligence 236
HoW sHoUlD We TeacH reaDinG? • TeacHinG criTical Neuroscience and Development: When Song Is Silent:
THinKinG
Why Amusia Sufferers Can’t Hear a Tune 238
Reconsidering the Information Processing Perspective 204
sTernBerG’s TriarcHic THeorY of inTelliGence •
From Research to Practice: Do Video Games Improve
CREATIVITY
Cognitive Ability? 205
MODuLE 8.2 Controversies Involving Intelligence 241
epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts
What Is Infant Intelligence? 241
7 Language Development 208 DevelopmenTal scales • informaTion processinG
approacHes To infanT inTelliGence
Achievement and Aptitude Tests: How Do They Differ
Looking Ahead 209
from Intelligence Tests? 244
MODuLE 7.1 The Course of Language Development 210
Group Differences in IQ 244
The Fundamentals of Language and Prelinguistic
eXplaininG racial Differences in iQ • THE BELL CURVE
Communication 210
CONTROVERSY
prelinGUisTic commUnicaTion
Cognitive Functioning in Adulthood 246
First Words: The Production of Speech 212
Does inTelliGence Decline in aDUlTHooD? • cross-
firsT senTences • linGUisTic inaccUracies secTional researcH • lonGiTUDinal researcH •
Language Advances during the Preschool Years 214 crYsTallizeD anD flUiD inTelliGence • recenT
privaTe speecH anD social speecH conclUsions aBoUT aDUlT inTelliGence
Language Development during Middle Childhood: Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?:
Mastering Language 216 Bulking Up the Brain 249
meTalinGUisTic aWareness: learninG s elf- conTrol reframinG THe issUe: focUsinG on compeTence, noT
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?: coGniTive a BiliTies
Assessing Early Language Development 217 From Research to Practice: What Is Multitasking Doing
to Our Brains? 250
MODuLE 7.2 The Origins of Language Development 218
Language Acquisition 218 MODuLE 8.3 Intellectual Disabilities and the Intellectually
learninG THeorY approacHes: lanGUaGe as a learneD Gifted 251
sKill • naTivisT approacHes: lanGUaGe as an innaTe The Least Restrictive Environment 251
sKill • THe inTeracTionisT perspecTive on lanGUaGe
Below the Norm: Intellectual Disability 252
DEVELOPMENT
Above the Norm: The Gifted and Talented 253
How Are Language and Thought Related? 220
UnsociaBle Brainiacs or inTelliGenT, Well- aDJUsTeD
MODuLE 7.3 Children’s Conversations: Speaking to
people? • eDUcaTinG THe GifTeD anD TalenTeD
and with Children 221 epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts
The Language of Infant-D irected Speech 222
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Is Infant- Directed 9 Social and Emotional Development 257
Speech Similar in All Cultures? 223
Looking Ahead 258
The Links between Language Development and Poverty 224
MODuLE 9.1 Forging Early Social Relationships 259
English Language Learners: Bilingual Education versus
Attachment: Forming Social Bonds 259
Immersion 225
THe ainsWorTH sTranGe siTUaTion anD paTTerns
BilinGUal eDUcaTion
of aTTacHmenT • proDUcinG aTTacHmenT:
From Research to Practice: The Benefits of Speaking THe roles of THe moTHer anD faTHer
One’s Mind 226 Infants’ Sociability with Their Peers: Infant–Infant
epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts Interaction 263
MODuLE 9.2 Emotional Development 264
8 Intelligence 229 Emotions in Infancy: Do Infants Experience
Emotional Highs and Lows? 264
Looking Ahead 230
sTranGer anXieTY anD separaTion anXieTY •
MODuLE 8.1 Intelligence: Determining Individual smilinG • DecoDinG oTHers’ facial eXpressions
Strengths 231 Social Referencing: Feeling What Others Feel 266
Intelligence Benchmarks: Differentiating the Intelligent THeorY of minD: UnDersTanDinG WHaT oTHers
from the Unintelligent 231 are THinKinG
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viii contents
Emotional Development in Middle Childhood MODuLE 10.2 Evaluating the Self 301
and Adolescence 267 Self-E steem: Developing a Positive— or Negative— View
miDDle cHilDHooD: emoTional conTrol anD of Oneself 301
empaTHY • emoTional DevelopmenT in aDolescence self- esTeem in aDolescence: HoW Do i liKe mYself?
Neuroscience and Development: Aging and Emotional From Research to Practice: The Danger of Inflated Praise 302
Regulation: It’s All in Your Brain 270
BeYonD aDolescence: s elf-e sTeem in aDUlTHooD • GenDer
Emotional Difficulties in Adolescence: Depression Differences in self-esTeem
and Suicide 270 Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Are Children
aDolescenT Depression • aDolescenT sUiciDe of Immigrant Families Well Adjusted? 304
Emotions in Adulthood: Fulfilling Psychological Needs 272
socioeconomic sTaTUs anD s elf-e sTeem
THe role of psYcHoloGical neeDs in DeTermininG Happiness
Social Comparison: Asking “How Do I Measure Up?” 304
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?:
DoWnWarD social comparison • social comparison
Preventing Suicide 273 in aDolescence: THe imporTance of peer
Happiness in laTe aDUlTHooD: WHaT is THe secreT? GroUps • reference GroUps • THe conseQUences
of self-e sTeem
MODuLE 9.3 Personality Development across the Life Span 275
MODuLE 10.3 Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life’s Work 307
Temperament: Stabilities in Infant Behavior 275
Embarking on a Career 308
caTeGorizinG TemperamenT: easY, DifficUlT, anD sloW-
GinzBerG’s career cHoice THeorY • HollanD’s personaliTY
To-Warm BaBies • THe conseQUences of TemperamenT:
TYpe THeorY • GenDer anD career cHoices: Women’s
Does TemperamenT maTTer?
WorK • immiGranTs on THe JoB: maKinG iT in america
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development 277
Why Do People Work? It’s More Than Earning a Living 311
psYcHosocial DevelopmenT DUrinG infancY anD
inTrinsic anD eXTrinsic moTivaTion • saTisfacTion on THe
prescHool • psYcHosocial DevelopmenT DUrinG
JoB • a cHanGe in perspecTive: HoW aDUlTs vieW WorK aT
miDDle cHilDHooD anD aDolescence • psYcHosocial
miDlife • sWiTcHinG—a nD sTarTinG— careers aT miDlife
DevelopmenT DUrinG earlY aDUlTHooD • psYcHosocial
DevelopmenT DUrinG miDlife: eriKson’s sTaGe of G eneraTiviTY Challenges of Work: Burnout, Unemployment,
versUs sTaGnaTion • eGo inTeGriTY versUs Despair: and Age Discrimination 314
eriKson’s final sTaGe • eriKson’s approacH in perspecTive BUrnoUT • UnemploYmenT • olDer WorKers: comBaTinG
Moving beyond Erikson: Personality Development aGe DiscriminaTion
during Adulthood 279 Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?:
oTHer THeorisTs: vaillanT anD GoUlD • levinson’s Choosing a Career 316
seasons of life • THe miDlife crisis: realiTY or
epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts
mYTH? • personaliTY in laTe aDUlTHooD
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Middle Age: 11 Moral Development and Aggression 320
In Some Cultures It Doesn’t Exist 282
levinson’s final season: THe WinTer of life • life Looking Ahead 321
revieW anD reminiscence: THe common THeme of aDUlT MODuLE 11.1 Developing Morality: Following
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Society’s Rights and Wrongs 322
Trait Approaches to Personality 283
Moral Development 322
THe BiG five personaliTY TraiTs: mappinG personaliTY •
social learninG approacHes To moraliTY •
THe sTaBiliTY of personaliTY • personaliTY anD THe
empaTHY in aDolescence • GeneTic approacHes
inTeracTion of GeneTics anD THe environmenT
To moraliTY • empaTHY anD moral BeHavior
From Research to Practice: Come On, Get Happy 286 Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior 324
epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts GilliGan’s accoUnT of moral DevelopmenT in Girls
Moral Behavior and Moral Reasoning: Why
10 Development of the Self 290 the Disconnect? 327
prosocial reasoninG anD prosocial BeHavior:
Looking Ahead 291
THe oTHer siDe of THe coin • GenDer anD cUlTUral
MODuLE 10.1 The Development of the Self 292 Differences in prosocial BeHavior
The Roots of Self- Awareness 292 Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior 329
THeorY of minD: infanTs’ perspecTives on THe m enTal cUlTUral Differences in cHilDrearinG pracTices
lives of oTHers— anD THemselves • self- concepT MODuLE 11.2 Values, Religion, and Spirituality:
in THe prescHool Years: THinKinG aBoUT THe self
Focusing Meaning of Life 332
Understanding One’s Self in Middle Childhood
Religion in Childhood and Adolescence 332
and Adolescence 295
Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood 334
miDDle cHilDHooD: THe sHifT in s elf- UnDersTanDinG
from THe p HYsical To THe psYcHoloGical • reliGion anD spiriTUaliTY in miDlife • foWler’s sTaGes
aDolescence: THe searcH for iDenTiTY of faiTH DevelopmenT • reliGion in THe final sTaGes of life
Adulthood: Defining the Self through Life Events 298 MODuLE 11.3 Aggression and Violence 335
THe social clocKs of aDUlTHooD • Women’s social Aggression and Violence in Children: Sources
clocKs • THe role of WorK in sHapinG iDenTiTY DUrinG and Consequences 336
aDUlTHooD scHool violence
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contents ix
The Roots of Aggression 337 filTerinG moDels: sifTinG oUT a spoUse. • aTTacHmenT
sTYles anD romanTic relaTionsHips: Do aDUlT lovinG
social learninG approacHes To aGGression • vieWinG
sTYles reflecT aTTacHmenT in infancY?
violence on Tv: Does iT maTTer? • coGniTive approacHes
To aGGression: THe THoUGHTs BeHinD v iolence The Course of Relationships 376
From Research to Practice: Do Violent Video coHaBiTaTion, marriaGe, anD oTHer relaTionsHip
Games Make Children Violent? 341 cHoices: sorTinG oUT THe opTions of earlY aDUlTHooD
The Ups and Downs of Marriage 377
Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic 341
WHaT maKes marriaGe WorK? • earlY mariTal
THe prevalence of spoUsal aBUse
conflicT • THe coUrse of mariTal saTisfacTion
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Is Aggression Divorce • remarriaGe • marriaGe in THe laTer Years:
as American as Apple Pie? 342 ToGeTHer, THen alone
epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?:
Dealing with Spousal Abuse 344 13 Friends and Family 385
cHilD aBUse • elDer aBUse: relaTionsHips Gone WronG
epilogue • looking Back • Key Terms and concepts Looking Ahead 386
MODuLE 13.1 Social Relationships across the Life Span 387
12 Gender and Sexuality 350 Preschoolers’ Friendships 387
plaYinG BY THe rUles: THe WorK of plaY • caTeGorizinG
Looking Ahead 351 plaY • THe social aspecTs of plaY
Building Friendships in Middle Childhood 389
MODuLE 12.1 Gender: Why Do Boys Wear Blue
and Girls Wear Pink? 352 sTaGes of frienDsHip: cHanGinG vieWs of frienDs •
GenDer anD frienDsHips: THe seX seGreGaTion of miDDle
Gender Differences 352
cHilDHooD.
GenDer roles
The Role of Peers in Adolescence 391
Gender Identity: Developing Femaleness and Maleness 353
cliQUes anD croWDs: BelonGinG To a GroUp • GenDer
Explaining Gender Differences 354 relaTions • online social neTWorKs: cYBerspace peers
BioloGical perspecTives on GenDer • psYcHoanalYTic Popularity and Peer Pressure 392
perspecTives • social learninG approacHes •
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Race
coGniTive approacHes
Segregation: The Great Divide of Adolescence 393
MODuLE 12.2 Sexual Maturation and Sexuality 358
personal QUaliTies anD popUlariTY • popUlariTY
Psychological Aspects of Sexual Maturation 358
anD reJecTion
BoDY imaGe: reacTions To pHYsical cHanGes
Neuroscience and Development: A World of Faces
in aDolescence • THe TiminG of pUBerTY: THe
conseQUences of earlY anD laTe maTUraTion and Facing the World 395
Becoming Sexual 360 Changing Relations with Relations in Adolescence 395
masTUrBaTion • seXUal inTercoUrse • seXUal THe QUesT for aUTonomY • THe mYTH
orienTaTion: HeTeroseXUaliTY, HomoseXUaliTY, of THe GeneraTion Gap
BiseXUaliTY, anD TranseXUalism • WHaT DeTermines Maintaining Social Networks: The Importance of
seXUal orienTaTion? • TeenaGe preGnancies
Friendship in Adulthood 396
Are You an Informed Consumer of Development?:
WHaT maKes for frienDsHip in aDUlTHooD? • THe social
Preventing Unwanted Pregnancy 365 neTWorKs of laTer aDUlTHooD • social sUpporT:
THe siGnificance of oTHers
The Ongoing Sexuality of Adulthood 366
MODuLE 13.2 Family Life 400
seXUaliTY in olD aGe: Use iT or lose iT
Parenthood Today: Choosing to Have Children 400
MODuLE 12.3 Relationships 368
THe TransiTion To parenTHooD: TWo’s a coUple,
Getting to Know You: Dating and Falling in Love
THree’s a croWD? • poverTY anD familY life
in the Twenty- First Century 368
Changing Times: Family Life in the Twenty- First
THe fUncTions of DaTinG • DaTinG, race, anD eTHniciTY
Century 402
Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving
familY size • DUal- earner coUples
during Early Adulthood 369
Family Constellations: The Array of Possibilities 404
fallinG in love: WHen liKinG TUrns To lovinG
THe impacT of Divorce on cHilDren • livinG in BlenDeD
From Research to Practice: Emerging Adulthood:
families • sinGle-p arenT families • mUlTiGeneraTional
Not Quite There Yet! 370 families • race anD familY life
passionaTe anD companionaTe love: THe TWo Gay and Lesbian Parents 407
faces of love • sTernBerG’s TrianGUlar THeorY:
MODuLE 13.3 Family Ties in Middle and Late Adulthood 408
THe THree faces of love
Family Evolutions: From Full House to Empty Nest 409
Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right 372
Caught in the Middle at Midlife: Boomerang
seeKinG a spoUse: is love THe onlY THinG THaT maTTers?
Children and Aging Parents 410
Developmental Diversity and Your Life: Gay
THe sanDWicH GeneraTion: BeTWeen cHilDren
and Lesbian Relationships 373 AND PARENTS
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