Table Of ContentLIFE OF SAINT AUGUSTINE
by John Capgrave
edited by
Cyril Lawrence Smetana, O.S.A.
This edition of Capgrave's Life ofSt Augustine is found in a unique Middle
English manuscript, British Library, Additional MS 36704, written about
1451. To make the text more readable, this diplomatic transcription ex-
pands Capgrave's abbreviations and includes modern punctuation, capitali-
zation, word division and paragraph breaks. As well the extensive glossary
makes the edition accessible to readers whose knowledge of Middle English
may be elementary.
Capgrave's Life provides a detailed and very human representation of
Augustine, his friends, and his formidable mother, Monica. This volume
will also be of interest to those who are studying Capgrave's language, be-
cause the manuscript is an autograph and is also corrected with evident
care by Capgrave himself. It provides rare evidence for the language of
King's Lynn, Norfolk, in an age when the London dialect was becoming the
'received standard'.
The edition's introduction provides basic information about Capgrave's
own life and the body of his work; a description of the manuscript and of
Capgrave's language; a consideration of his alterations made to his main
source-Jordanus of Saxony's Vita s. Augustini-evidently in order to make
the text more attractive to the 'gentill woman' at whose request he prepared
the life.
The volume also includes an edition of Jordanus' autograph copy of the
Vita (Paris, Bibliotheque de l'Arsenal, MS 251), which allows for a detailed
study of Capgrave's methods of translation-at times word-for-word, at
others allowing scope for omission, digression, expansion, and the inclu-
sion of local colour and relevant exempla.
The bibliography includes the most recent studies of Capgrave, whose
work is enjoying something of a revival because of the unusual number of
extant autograph manuscripts in his corpus, and also because of his evident
interest in a female readership (reflected not only in this work but in his
Life of St. Katharine), a manifestation of the rise of literate lay women in
the fifteenth century.
Studies and Texts 138
Life of Saint Augustine
by
John Capgrave
edited from British Library Additional MS 36704
together with
Jordanus of Saxony's Vita s. Augustine
from Bibliotheque de FArsenal, MS 251
by
Cyril Lawrence Smetana, O.S.A.
Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
This book has been published with the help of a grant
from the Humanities and Social Sciences Federation of Canada,
using funds provided by the Social Sciences and
Humanities Research Council of Canada
and through funds made available
by the Order of Saint Augustine
An electronic version of the two texts in this volume can be made available
for scholarly research upon application to the publisher.
CANADIAN CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA
Capgrave, John, 1393-1464
Life of Saint Augustine
(Studies and texts, ISSN 0082-5328 ; 138)
First text in Middle English; second text in Latin; introduction in English.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-88844-138-X
1. Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. I. Smetana, Cyril Lawrence,
1920- . II. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
III. British Library. Manuscript. Additional 36704. IV. Bibliotheque
de l'Arsenal. Manuscript. 251. V. Jordan, von Quedlinburg, d. 1380.
Vita s. Augustine. VI. Title. VII. Series: Studies and texts
(Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies) ; 138.
PR1845.L53 2001 270.2'092 C00-933014-3
© 2001 by
Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
59 Queen's Park Crescent East
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C4
www.pims.ca
Manufactured in Canada
To the memory of
Fr. Rudolph Arbesmann, O.S.A., Ph.D.
1895-1982
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations x
Introduction 1
A. Life 1 B. Works 3 C. The Manuscript 6
D. Language 8 E. Source 9 F. Capgrave's
Additions 11
John Capgrave
LIFE OF SAINT AUGUSTINE
The Manuscript; Textual Apparatus 14
The Text 15
Jordanus of Saxony
VITAS. AUGUSTINE
The Manuscript 78
The Text 79
Bibliography 113
A. Extant Works of John Capgrave 113
B. Select Bibliography 114
Capgrave's Debt to Jordanus 119
Glossary 120
Acknowledgements
Shortly after I had completed this edition of Capgrave's Life of Augustine, I
was informed that my increasingly poor vision was the result of advanced
low vision glaucoma. It became virtually impossible for me to do any fur-
ther work, and I was forced to put the project on hold for several years.
Happily, two of my colleagues at York University offered their help in
preparing the edition for publication and securing a publisher. For them,
this has involved work over a number of years: updating the introduction
and bibliography in light of recent Capgrave scholarship, re-reading the
Middle English and the Latin texts against the manuscripts, expanding the
notes and re-ordering the glossary in response to the recommendation of
outside readers.
I am grateful to Professors Frances Beer and Michael Gummings for
their invaluable contributions. Without their encouragement and their help
this edition would not have been possible. They in turn have asked that I
express their particular thanks to A.G. Rigg, Angie Wong-Hayes, Douglas
Hayes, and Ron B. Thomson for their crucial assistance in the preparation
of this volume.
Cyril L. Smetana, OSA
Marylake, King City. Ontario
November 20G0
Abbreviations
AdfratresSermones adfratres in eremo++++++
BL British Library (olim British Museum)
CCL Corpus Christianorum series Latina
Conf. St. Augustine, Confessions
CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
Etym. Isidore of Seville, Etymologiorum sive originem
JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History
PG Patrologia Graeca
Pisciculi Pisciculi Studien zur Religion und Kultur des ALtertums
PL Patrologia Latina
RB Revue Benedictine
REA Revue des etudes anciennes
Retract. St. Augustine, Retractionum libri duo
Introduction
A. LIFE1
The name of John Capgrave (1393-1464) does not appear in contemporary
catalogues of recognized authors.2 A century after his death, however, he
is listed among eminent British writers, ironically, by the Protestant
bibliophiles, Leland and Bale,3 where he emerges as the most learned of
English Augustinian authors. The existence of two Augustinians named
Capgrave, however, gave rise to considerable confusion about his identity,
his birthplace, and his university, problems resolved only in our own day.4
He has been denigrated as a 'flunkey5,5 and raised to the status of 'almost
a kind of latter-day Church Father5.6 Capgrave could certainly have de-
1 For biographical and bibliographical data we are indebted to de Meijer,
'John Capgrave OESA (1393-1464),' Augustiniana 5 (1955) 400-440 and 7 (1957)
118-148, 531-575; Seymour, 'John Capgrave' (1996); and Lucas, From Author to
Audience (Dublin, 1997).
2 de Meijer, Augustiniana 7 (1957) 118-119 mentions four catalogues, among
them two by Augustinians: Ambrogio da Cori (1458) and Giacamo Filippo Foresti
da Bergamo (1518).
3 Ibid., 119, 121.
4 The General Archives of the Augustinian Order confirm the existence of two
English Augustinians of the same name. A John Capgrave was nominated for stu-
dies at Oxford on Oct. 13, 1390. Our author, born in 1393, was approved for stu-
dies at Cambridge in 1422 and served as Provincial between 1453 and 1457.
Seymour asserts that the first John Capgrave was uncle to ours. De Meijer, Augu-
stiniana 5 (1955) 405, 409; Seymour (1996) 204, 208.
5 Furnivall, foreword to Capgrave, Katharine (ed. Horstmann [1893]) xv:
'Capgrave, being an Englishman, was of course by race and nature a flunkey, and
had an inordinate reverence for kings and rank .... While Henry VI was alive,
Capgrave was his profound admirer .... But as soon as York has turned-out Lan-
caster, and Edward IV is on the throne, Capgrave dedicates his Chronicle to him....'
6 Capgrave, Abbreuiacion (ed. Lucas [1983]) xxiv: 'In the Middle Ages the
mendicant friars were the "principal exponents of dogmatic, moral and biblical
theology" (Roth i, 176) and a number of Augustinian friars were well known as
scholars and literary men. Among them Capgrave was pre-eminent.... He was a
kind of latter-day Church Father .... [His] collection of works is very similar in
2 INTRODUCTION
fended his political orientation on the one hand,7 and would, no doubt,
have taken modest exception to alignment with the Church Fathers.8
In the Prologue to the Life of St. Katharine,9 Capgrave says that he is a
native of Lynn in Norfolk, and in the Abbreuiacion of Chronicles that he was
bom on the 21 of April, 1393.10 It is not known when he entered the Augu-
stinian Hermits' Order—Ordo fratrum eremitarum Sancti Augustini: Sey-
mour (1996) suggests 1404, Lucas (1997) prefers 1410; but it is likely that
he was ordained at twenty-four in 1417, after which he would have gone
to the studium generate in London. The General Archives of the Augustinian
Order document his progress from Lector on April 8,1421 through his ap-
pointment as a student at Cambridge on April 13, 1422 to his degree of
Bachelor of Divinity on March 20,1423. They later confirm his election as
Provincial of the English Province on July 22,1453 and his re-election two
years later on August 6, 1455.n Leland says that he died on August 12,
1464.12
Except for his studies in London and Cambridge, Capgrave probably
spent most of his life in Lynn, Norfolk. He confirms his own early years in
Lynn in asides on portents and events at Lynn which he had witnessed.13
After 1427 there is no record of an assignment for over ten years. Frede-
man conjectures that he may, during these years, have been stationed at
the Friary in Northampton.14 We know that he was at Woodstock on Janu-
scope to those produced by some of the early Church Fathers, such as St. Jerome.'
(F. Roth, The English Austin Friars, 1249-1538 [New York, 1961-1966].)
7 Fredeman, Augustiniana 29 (1979) 235-36.
8 The number of works attributed to him is phenomenal, but he is essentially
a compiler and translator.
9 'My cuntre is Northfolke, of J>e town of Lynne.' Katharine 16.240.
10 'In J)is 3ere, in \>e xxi day of April, was J>at frere bore whech mad \>ese an-
notaciones.' Capgrave, Abbreuiacion (ed. Lucas [1983]) 203.12, 13; Seymour
(1996) 209; Lucas (1997) 8.
11 de Meijer, Augustiniana 5 (1955) 408, 410, 401, 400 quotes the pertinent
decrees from the General Archives.
12 Leland ii, 454, quoted by de Meijer, Augustiniana 5 (1955) 419.
13 Examples include memories of comets, severe weather, floods, a kidnap-
ping, the departure of Princess Philippa to become queen of King Eric of Denmark.
14 Fredeman, Augustiniana 29 (1979) 221-22. Although St. James's Abbey in
Northampton was home to Augustinian Canons rather than Hermits, and there was
a longstanding dispute between the two, this assignment could explain Capgrave's
acquaintance with John Watford, abbot of St. James, to whom he dedicated his
Concordia (c. 1442); indeed, perhaps the purpose of Cap^-ave's mission was to
make peace (see note 42 under 'Source').
