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Life into Space PDF Edition
About the PDF Edition
Life into Space, 1965-1990, published in 1995, and Life into Space, 1991-1998,
published in 2000, present an overview of space life sciences missions, payloads,
and experiments developed and/or managed by the NASA Ames Research Center
and Kennedy Space Center. In order to extend access to this information, the original
print publications have been adapted for electronic distribution. These PDF versions
allow for printing any or all of the books as they appeared in the published hard copy
form.
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Life Into Space 1965-1990
Pages A-B book cover and "About the PDF Version" page
Pages i-viii contents, dedication, preface, acknowledgments, and foreword
Pages 1-789 main section of the book
Life Into Space 1991-1998
Pages A-D book cover, "About the PDF Version" page, information pages
Pages i-viii contents, acknowledgments, and preface
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For More Information
Life Sciences Division
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, CA
NASA/SP–2000-534
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Ames Research Center
Life into Space
Space Life Sciences Experiments
Ames Research Center
Kennedy Space Center
1991–1998
Including Profiles of 1996–1998 Experiments
Edited by Kenneth Souza, Guy Etheridge, Paul X. Callahan
Inquiries about this book can be sent to:
Life Sciences Division Office
Mail Stop 240-10
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, CA 94035
phone: 650-604-5760, fax 650-604-4503
email: [email protected] or
[email protected]
Contents
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS) Payloads
SLS-1 (STS-40) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
SLS-2 (STS-58) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE) Payloads
PARE.01 (STS-48) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
PARE.02 (STS-54) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PARE.03 (STS-56) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
International Microgravity Laboratory (IML) Payloads
IML-1 (STS-42) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Space Agencies: An Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 IML-2 (STS-65) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Pituitary Hormone Cell Function (PHCF) Payload
PHCF (STS-46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Studying Living Organisms in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Spacelab-J (SL-J) Payload
SL-J (STS-47) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE) Payloads
Programs, Missions, and Payloads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 PSE.02 (STS-52) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
PSE.03 (STS-57) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
The Space Shuttle Program PSE.04 (STS-62) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
CHROMEX Payloads IMMUNE Payloads
CHROMEX-01 (STS-29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 IMMUNE.1 (STS-60) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
CHROMEX-02 (STS-41) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 IMMUNE.2 (STS-63) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
CHROMEX-03 (STS-54) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 NASA/NIH Collaborative Cell (NIH.C) Payloads
CHROMEX-04 (STS-51) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 NIH.C1 (STS-59) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
CHROMEX-05 (STS-68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 NIH.C2 (STS-66) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
CHROMEX-06 (STS-63) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 NIH.C3 (STS-63) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
NIH.C4 (STS-69) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Contents
NASA/NIH Collaborative Rodent (NIH.R) Payloads Index
NIH.R1 (STS-66) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
NIH.R2 (STS-70) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) Payloads Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
BRIC-01 (STS-68) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
BRIC-02 (STS-64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
BRIC-03 (STS-63) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
BRIC-04 and -05 (STS-70) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
BRIC-06 (STS-69) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
NASA/Mir Program
NASA/Mir Payloads
NASA/Mir Phase 1A (STS-71/STS-74) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
The Cosmos Program and Payloads
Cosmos 2229 (Bion 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
Post-1995 Missions and Payloads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Appendices
Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413
Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461
ii Life into Space 1991–1998
Figures
1. Choosing a Research Subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 14. BRIC-05 Daylily Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
2. Spacelab/SPACEHAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 15. Mir Space Station Docked with Space Shuttle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
3. Plant Nutrient Delivery Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 16. NASA/Mir Life Sciences Experiment Schedule . . . . . . . . . .184
4. Jellyfish Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 17. Bioregenerative Life Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
5. ESA Biorack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 18. Mir Incubator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
6. Otolith Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 19. Cosmos Biosatellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
7. Pituitary Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 20. Portable Linear Sled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
8. Frog Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 21. International Space Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
9. SL-J Frog Inflight Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
10. Bone Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
11. Muscle Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
12. BRIC-02 Orchard Grass Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
13. Petri Dish for BRIC-04 Tobacco Hornworm Study . . . . . . . .175
Figures iii
Interviews
Hangar L at Kennedy Space Center Rodent Development in Microgravity
Interview with Jerry Moyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Interview with Jeffrey Alberts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
The Ethical Use of Animals in Space Life Sciences Research The Challenges of Payload Science and Engineering
Interview with Joseph Bielitzki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Interview with Deborah Wells and David Chapman . . . . . . . . . . .172
The Challenges of Plant Biology Research in Space Space Life Sciences Hardware Development
Interview with Abraham Krikorian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Interview with James Connolly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Biospecimen Sharing and Tissue Archiving
Interview with Paul X. Callahan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
An Astronaut’s Experiences of the SLS Missions
Interview with Rhea Seddon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
The Growth of KSC’s Life Sciences Program
Interview with Howard Levine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
NASA Space Life Sciences in the 1990s
Interview with Joan Vernikos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
A Cell Culture Model for Space Life Sciences Research
Interview with Herman Vandenburgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
iv Life into Space 1991-1998
Acknowledgements
The editors would like to thank the many individuals who contributed to Life into Space,
1991–1998and facilitated its completion.
The following scientists, engineers, and managers generously made themselves available to be
interviewed about various aspects of space life sciences research: Jeffrey Alberts, Joseph Bielitski,
Paul X. Callahan, David Chapman, James Connolly, Abraham Krikorian, Howard Levine, Jerry
Moyer, Rhea Seddon, Herman Vandenburgh, Joan Vernikos, and Deborah Wells.
A number of NASA civil servants and contractors from both Ames Research Center (ARC)
and Kennedy Space Center (KSC) reviewed the manuscript and provided important commentary
and suggestions. These include: (at ARC) Randall Berthold, Joseph Bielitski, James Connolly,
Bonnie Dalton, Philip Davies, Paula Dumars, John Givens, Emily Holton, Joellen Jarvi, Ester
Johnson, Christopher Maese, Debra Reiss-Bubenheim, Paul Savage, Ronald Schaefer, Terri
Schnepp, Michael Skidmore, Galina Tverskaya, and Charles Wade; (at KSC) David Chapman,
Douglas Gruendel, Howard Levine, Jerry Moyer, and Deborah Wells. Many others provided fac-
tual corrections and corroboration of information throughout the book.
The offices of the Life Sciences Data Archive at both ARC and KSC were helpful in a num-
ber of ways. At ARC, Alison French and staff provided support throughout the duration of this
project by tracking down source documents, verifying information, and pointing the way to key
contacts. At KSC, Elise Blaese acted as the primary researcher and writer for the portions of the
book directly related to that center. She also coordinated most of the review process within KSC.
Life into Space 1991–1998 v
Spaceline at the National Library of Medicine was used to conduct literature searches for exper-
iment publications. Charlotte Barton of the ARC publications group provided publication support.
In particular, we would like to thank Mains Associates for their research, writing, editorial,
design, and production work on this volume: Greg Leonard for overall editorial and project man-
agement, writing, and graphics planning and editing; Richard Mains for editorial expertise, writ-
ing, and management support; Ruvanee Pietersz for writing much of the initial draft of the body
text; Sharon Reynolds for research and writing, as well as editorial oversight of experiment
descriptions; Karen Dodson for research and writing of experiment descriptions; Scarlett Chidgey
for research and writing, as well as layout, production, and editorial support; Walter Lencki for
research of flight hardware descriptions; James Kim for research and writing of experiment
descriptions; Megan Kelly, Jennifer Larson, and Jack McKenna for their support as research
interns; Kathy Scott for literature searches for experiment publications; Kendall Moalem for all
illustrations and graphics, as well as design and production consultation; Bonnie Berry for produc-
tion assistance; and Janet Perlman for the index.
vi Life into Space 1991–1998
