Table Of ContentLIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS
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LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS
HSIEN HUI KHOO
ICES, A*STAR, Singapore
REGINALD B H TAN
A*STAR, Singapore and National University of Singapore
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI • TOKYO
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Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
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USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Khoo, Hsien Hui, editor. | Tan, Reginald B. H., editor.
Title: Life cycle assessment : new developments and multi-disciplinary applications /
Hsien Hui Khoo, ICES, A*STAR, Singapore,
Reginald B.H. Tan, A*STAR, Singapore and National University of Singapore.
Description: New Jersey : World Scientific, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021038193 | ISBN 9789811245794 (hardcover) |
ISBN 9789811245800 (ebook) | ISBN 9789811245817 (ebook other)
Subjects: LCSH: Environmental management. | Environmental protection.
Classification: LCC GE300 .L54 2022 | DDC 333.7--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021038193
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright © 2022 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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For any available supplementary material, please visit
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Desk Editors: Balamurugan Rajendran/Amanda Yun
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Printed in Singapore
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© 2022 World Scientific Publishing Company
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811245800_fmatter
Preface
The growing demand for natural resources and products worldwide
placed by an ever-increasing population will in turn lead to an intensifica-
tion in industrial activities. As various types of raw materials are extracted
and manufactured, they are accompanied by emissions in the air and
water, and direct or indirect impacts on the land. This raises a serious
concern in the areas of sustainability science. It becomes clear that an
environmental assessment tool is required to aid in making decisions and
solving problems related to process or manufacturing systems and their
relation to the natural environment.
Often, product or process designs and decision-making are motivated
by one single objective, using less energy, reducing waste, or increasing
profitability. However, it is necessary to adopt a holistic approach, in which
the different parts of the system are assessed simultaneously, considering
different types of impact in each part of the process.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been internationally accepted as a
core topic in the field of environmental management in various industries
in order to obtain a complete picture of the environmental impacts of
products or processes. In contrast to other types of environmental man-
agement tools or sustainability assessment methods, LCA methodologies
consider a holistic boundary that includes all relevant processes starting
from the extraction of natural resources to various manufacturing stages
that lead to the final product. Founded on quantitative science, LCA meth-
odologies have been developed to address real-world, complex problems
to uncover “hidden” impacts beyond the conventional boundary of a
single-stage manufacturing system to identify sustainable strategies
for improvements without burden shifting along the regional or global
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b4430 Life Cycle Assessment: New Developments and Multi-Disciplinary Applications 6”×9”
vi Life Cycle Assessment: New Developments and Multi-Disciplinary Applications
production chains. Over the years, LCA methodologies have broadened
to include life cycle costing (LCC) and social LCA (S-LCA) covering
all three dimensions of sustainability (i.e. planet, people, and prosperity).
In summary, such developments entail a comprehensive concept known as
life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA).
This book is the first of its kind to offer multi-disciplinary perspec-
tives of new LCA developments and applications — varying from data
variability and ecosystem services to the evaluation of the net greenhouse
gas emissions from Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) methods and
waste management. Perspectives of green chemistry principles via LCA
and combined life cycle atom economy approaches are explored. In addi-
tion, industrial symbiosis concepts, LCA as an Entrepreneurial Tool for
Business Management and Green Innovations, and blockchain-enabled
LCA are also presented. Land use changes are also considered among the
most significant impacts on the environment, particularly on climate, eco-
systems, and biodiversity in the field of LCA.
I gratefully acknowledge the Institute of Chemical Engineering and
Sciences (ICES), A*STAR, for all the support, research supervision, and
opportunities given. My sincere appreciation also goes to the local and inter-
national research scientists who contributed to this book. Combined exper-
tise of green chemistry, chemical engineering, process modeling, emerging
technological advancements, and economics was applied to expand to the
applications and methodology developments in the field of LCA. Among
the science experts from A*STAR are Valerio Isoni, Praveen Thoniyot,
Pancy Ang, Albertus Handoko, Jonathan Low, and others. My appreciation
also goes to Lee Cher Kian, Piya Kerdlap, and Alvin Ee from the National
University of Singapore.
With upmost gratitude, I also acknowledge the following (overseas)
author contributors who dedicated their time and effort to this book: Van
Schoubroeck Sophie (Belgium), Benedetto Rugani (Luxembourg), David
Teh (Australia), Arnab Dutta (India), Rodrigo Salvador (Brazil), and
Gamini Mendis and Justin Richter (US). Additionally, immense credit
goes to Assoc. Professors Miguel Brandão (Stockholm) and Michał
Biernacki (Poland), and Prof. Ir. Dr. Suzana Yusup (Malaysia) for sharing
their expertise and knowledge to add value to this book.
Most of all, I am extremely grateful to Professor Reginald Tan for
providing invaluable guidance and expert advice during my Ph.D. journey
at NUS, and most importantly, his professional support for this book.
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Preface vii
Last but not least, a special thanks to the WS book project administra-
tor for inviting me to translate my research experience into this multi-
disciplinary LCA book. I greatly appreciate the WS project team members,
Amanda Yun and Balamurugan Rajendran, who have devoted their time
to this book.
Hsien Hui, Dr. KHOO
Scientist, ICES, A*STAR
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© 2022 World Scientific Publishing Company
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811245800_fmatter
About the Editors
Hsien Hui KHOO is a Research Scientist at the
Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences
(ICES), Agency for Science, Technology and
Research (A*STAR), Singapore. She graduated
with an MEng degree (Master of Engineering) from
Nanyang Technological University in 1998, and
completed a research internship for environmental
and sustainable management studies at CQU,
Australia. In 2007, she obtained her Ph.D. from the
National University of Singapore (NUS) specializ-
ing on LCA research topics. With a passion for research, she has over
15 years of research experience in the areas of sustainability science and
environmental management. Her research topics include sustainability
evaluation of processes involving green chemistry, CCU (CO capture and
2
utilization), bio-derived products, waste management, and recycling. She
obtained the certificate of Business Sustainability Management from the
Cambridge Institute of Sustainability Leadership (CISL), UK, in year
2017. Dr. Khoo was also awarded the Singapore Commonwealth
Fellowship in Innovation in 2017 by The Royal Commonwealth Society
and Enterprise Merit Award in 2018 by Singapore’s Quality and Standards
Board. In the year 2021, she was invited to be part of the board of
Reviewers and Editors for the Journal of Sustainable Consumption and
Production.
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