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The LIBRARY of CONGRESS e5,*
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Informj ati©o n => RYu,y
Bulletin JAMES H. BILLINGTON
Vol. 65, No. 1 January 2006 Librarian of Congress
SS e- On the Cover: Detail from a French engraving from 1778 by Juste
Chevillet of a painted portrait of Benjamin Franklin by Joseph Duplessis.
od 2 » “7 i
Hs erwablie wa if, | Cover Story: A new exhibition celebrates the 300th anniversary
of the birth of founding father Benjamin Franklin. 3
Sy SNautten ho. n, vom Lhe hoyen SdPaha iwmels
er as a World Digital Library: The Librarian of Congress has proposed a
7 LI worldwide effort to promote cultural understanding.
t
Web Winners: The Library’s Web site has been recognized for
excellence in several categories.
Pr LIN’S Portico Partner: The National Digital Information Infrastructure
—_ THEATRE and Preservati‘o n Program has mad5e a $3 milal ion grant for the
=o development of an electronic archiving service.
Legislative Look-and-Feel: The Library’s THOMAS Web site has
received a major functional upgrade.
Sounds of Silence: A new study shows that most historic sound
recordings made before 1964 are no longer accessible.
Performance Palaces: A new sourcebook features the Library's
extensive theater architecture collections.
Saving Cinema: Twenty-five films of cultural, historical or aesthetic
importance have been added to the National Film Registry. Also,
the Librarian of Congress has received the 2005 Hollywood Film
Preservation Award.
Global Standards: The Library has implemented Unicode search
capabilities in its integrated library system.
Geographic Gems: Austrian Chancellor Wolfgang Schiissel
visited the Library’s Geography and Map Division.
Journalism Giant: USA Today founder Allen Neuharth has
donated his papers to the Library. 28
Living Legend: Distinguished American composer Gunther
Schuller has been presented with a Living Legend award. 29
In Search of Good News: CBS television producers used the
Library’s newspaper collections in search of positive stories. 29
News from the Center for the Book 30
The Library of Congress Information Bulletin (ISSN 0041-7904) is issued 11 times a year
by the Public Affairs Office of the Library of Congress and distributed free of charge to
publicly supported libraries and research institutions, academic libraries, learned societies
and allied organizations in the United States. It is also available on the World Wide Web at
www.loc.gov/today/.
Research institutions and educational organizationsi n other countries may arrange to receive
the Bulletin on anexchange basis by applying in writing to the Library’s Director for Acquisitions
and Support Services, 101 Independence Avenue S.E., Washington DC 20540-4100. All other
correspondence should be addressed to the Information Bulletin, Public Affairs Office, Library
of Congress, 101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington DC 20540-1610, e-mail [email protected].
CHARLES V. STANHOPE, Executive Editor
Aubrey FIscHer, Editor
JOHN Sayers, Art Director
MicHAELA MCNICHOL, Designer
IN His Own Worps
Library Exhibition Celebrates Tercentenary
of Benjamin Franklin’s Birth
Df weiss ofC ongress, which houses the second largest collection of ‘
e Benjamin Franklin papers in the world, is celebrating the ter- .
centenary of the statesman’ birth with an exhibition titled
“Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words.”
This display will occupy the central portion oft he larger ‘Ameri-
can Treasures” exhibition and will be on view from 10 a.m. to |
5 p.m., Monday through Saturday in the Southwest Gallery of |
the Thomas Jefferson Building through June 17, 2006. |
The display features more than 60 items drawn from the more
than 8,000 documents in the Benjamin Franklin Collection in
the Librarys Manuscript Division and other Franklin manu-
scripts in the Thomas Jefferson and George Washington papers.
Also included in the display are books from Franklin’ per-
sonal library, his own publications, newspapers, maps and
other visual materials provided by the Librarys Rare Book and
Special Collections, Geography and Map, Music, and Prints
and Photographs divisions. The exhibition will be accessible
online at www.loc.gov/exhibits/.
Above right, detail from one of Franklin’s favorite portraits of
himself, which depicts him as a learned scientist and inventor, in
a 1763 engraving by Edward Fisher after Mason Chamberlin. Below,”
an 1859 engravingby Robert Whitechurch (after a painting by Christian
Schussele) capturetshe abusive hour-long verbal attack on Frankly by Brit-
re ish Solicitor-General Alexander Wedderburn before the British Privy Council al
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: IN His OWN Worps
includes Franklin’s 1744 copy
By GERARD GAWALIT pe 3S of Marcus Tullius Cicero’s
Gved os
“NK penny saved is a penny 3 LAS “Cato Major,” or “His Dis-
earned.” “Honesty is the yf 6 CounterfeitN‘ia< a s “KDEEY OO A Tih course of Old-Age,” which is
best policy.” “A small leak can generally considered to be the
sink a great ship.” “Eat to live, finest example of printing in
not live to eat.” “Three may Colonial America. This work
keep a secret, if two of them are by the Roman philosopher and
dead.” kNei mes statesman is the first classic
Benjamin Franklin’s life was work translated and printed
far more complex, creative and in North America.
accomplished than can be sug- Soon after establishing him-
gested by his many clever quo- Ta RY self as an independent printer,
tations. Before Franklin’s long % ae~ ~ Franklin was awarded the
life and multiple careers were “very profitable Jobb” of print-
finished, he had achieved fame ing Pennsylvania bills of credit,
as a printer, author, philanthro- partly because he had written
pist, inventor, scientist, politi- and published a pamphlet on
cian, diplomat and abolitionist. the need for paper currency
The Library’s exhibition, “Ben- HRSPGheh P ERADin R1729. He was similarly
NROEMBSs K C
jamin Franklin: In His Own NG) DS Oe OCG OS, we employed by New Jersey and
Words,” reveals the depth and -d by B. Franxtrn, and a Delaware. Aware of the threat
2s
breadth of Franklin’s public and D. Hatt. from counterfeiters, Frank-
professional accomplishments I 764. ° ‘ lin devised the use of mica in
through important documents, the paper and leaf imprints
letters, books, broadsides and as ways to foil counterfeiters.
cartoons housed in the Library’s Both of these methods can be
collection. st j obs upon establishing seen in samples of currency on
nt printer was to print display in the exhibition.
Printer and Writer: “Diligence some of the first paper Franklin’s views on making
Is the Mother of Good Luck” ne luding the note above money were not limited to
Benjamin Franklin was born in May 9, 1 754, edition of the business of printing cur-
Bostonon Jan. 17, 1706. The 10th 3azette newspaper, which rency. His humorous treatise,
son of Josiah, a candle maker, 1 or Die woodcut “The Art of Making Money
and Abiah Folger, Franklin was Plenty in Every Man’s Pocket”
educated at Boston Grammar School. He apprenticed with teaches that honesty, industry and frugality are the keys to
his father and then his half-brother, Peter, a printer in Boston. full pockets. Another work, “The Way to Wealth,” which
Young Franklin struck out on his own in 1723 and eventually Franklin wrote and published in the 25th edition of “Poor
found employment as a journeyman printer in Philadelphia.
By 1730, he controlled his own printing shop, including the
“A penny saved is a penny earned.”
newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, fathered a son, Wil- |
liam, and married Deborah Read Rogers.
“Three may keep’a secret, if two of
While working as a printer in London, Franklin pub- |
lished his first pamphlet at the age of 19. In “A Disserta-
them are dead.” °7’“
tion on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain” (1725), a
reply to William Wollaston’s “The Religion of Nature Delin-
eated,” Franklin argued that if God was infinite wisdom and | — Benjamin Franklin
goodness, vice and virtue were empty distinctions. After
distributing a few copies to his friends, Franklin became
disenchanted with his reasoning and destroyed all remain- Richard’s Almanack,” argues that those seeking prosperity
ing copies but one, which is on display in the exhibition. and virtue should diligently practice frugality and industry.
Several years later, Franklin documented his own personal Translated into many languages, this piece is the most exten-
liturgy in a 1728 manuscript titled “Articles of Belief and sively reprinted of all of Franklin’s writings.
Acts of Religion.” Not formally printed, the manuscript was
purportedly intended to be read by Franklin on Sundays, in Inventor and Scientist: “The Doors of Wisdom Are Never Shut”
lieu of attending formal church services. Franklin achieved fame as an inventor and scientist before
Franklin’s fame as a writer and printer rests on “Poor he began his political career. His experiments in electricity
Richard’s Almanack,” which is commonly recognized for | ~ such as those performed with a kite and key — are well
the wit and wisdom spun by Franklin under the pseudonym documented and have been depicted in many children’s
“Richard Saunders.” But Franklin’s accomplishments asa books. But in his day, Franklin was eminent in scientific cir-
printer were far greater, albeit less known. In addition to cles. In 1753 he was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal
the 1739 edition of “Poor Richard’s Almanack” (which Society for his contributions to the knowledge of lightning
Franklin printed from 1732 to 1757), the Library’s display and electricity. Moreover, his experiments led to the inven-
INFORMATION BULLETIN
NumsB. 1324.
May 9, 1754.
G fe ST: TE.
The PENNSYLVANIA
Containing the Frefheft Ad- vices, Foreign and Domeftick.
The SPEECH of his Excellency Lewis, the Tribe of St. Frascis (or Arrefigunticools) and the Ine to lay behome Sumt hefo llowing Letters? One from the Right Hon.
WiLte1:4M SHIRLE YX, 4; dians of the Seignorie (as the Frencb call them) of Becancouro n the the Earlo f Halderneffz, ont of His Majefty’s principal Secretaries
To the Great and General Court or Affembly of the Province of one Hand, ufed to affernble with the Norridgwa/ts here, from their of State, dated Whiteball, Auguf 23, 1753: And another from
the Maffacbufetes Bay, in New-England, March 28. 1754. feveral Settlements, and the Penedjcors from their River, on the the Right Hon, the Lords Commiffioners for and Plantations,
Gentlemen of the Council, and Houfe of Reprefensatives, other: Here they held their Confultations, and from hence iffued dated Weiteball, Sepember 18, 1753- The fir Lecter you wilf
AVING received im the Recefs of the Court fome out in Parties united or feparate, as beft fuited them, againf the fee, relates to any hoftile Attempts or Incroachments that fhould be
Difpatches, which neazly concern the Welfare of the Englih; hither they retired after Aétion, and brought their made on the Limita.of the King’s Dominions. And the other re-
tParl ovAitntceend :an Ic et hooufg htt he itM neemcbefefrasry otfo broetquhi reH ouaf egse nea-t fWaor'udn dweedll ;f ori fR enloit,e ft ;hea yn df ufhfeerre',d igfr eatthleyy fmoert Wawnitth oPfr ovtihfeimo.n s, they wfipetéht s thaen ChIinetfesr voife w thteh aSti xi sN attoi obne: hate lAdi,b atnhye. Middleo f ‘June next,
this Meeting of the Affembly, that the Matters con- It appears further from thefe Letters, that the feveral French T have alfo ordered to be communicated to you, threé Letters frorm
tain’d in them may have as full and {peedy a Confide- Miffionaries chiefly conduéted and managed this War ; that they the Honourable Mr, Diswiddie, Lieutenant Governor and Com-
ration, as the Importance of them feems to demandy had the Care of fopplying the Indians with the neceflary Provifions meanidne Chrie f of His Majefty's Territory and Dominion.of Vir—
By Accounts feat from Richmond Fort, and Declarations made and Stores for carrying iton ; were employed to make them per- gizia y which gave you the Particularso f the Invafion and Depre-
before me and His Majefty’s Council, by two of the Settlers at fevere in it, and to puth them on to their boldeft Enterprizes ;t hat dations made by a Body of Frencahn d Indoni thae Kning’ss L,and s 3
Frankfort, upon the River Kenaebeck, 1 am inform'd, that in the they tranfmitted Accounts of their Proceedings to the Government and of the cruel Barbarities and Murders comnmitted by them, om
Summer before laft a confiderable Number of French fertled them- of Canada thro” the Hands of the Superior of the Jefuits at Quebeck, His good Sobjegts ; and al! done in Infraétiono f the Treaties of
felves on a noted Carrying-Place, made Ufe of by the feveral indian thro’ whotn likewife they received ¢dcir Directions from ee 5 Peace, made between His Britif> Majefty and the French King.
Tribes inhabiting thet Part of the Country, in their Paffage to and as the Governor of Canada feems to have done bin Upae thieO cca- Lalfo fend, with the other Letters mentioned, One from his Ex~
from Canada, which feparates the Head of the aforefaid River from fion, from the Court of France, cellency Mr, Séirkey, Governor of His Majefty's Province of the
that of the River Chaudiere, which lai falls into the great River And I would further obferve, that this Route affords the French Maffachafitts Bay, in New-England: Another from the Honourable
t. Lawrence, at Four Miles and a Half above the City of Quebeck. a thorter Paffage for making Defcents from Quebeck this Pro- - DeL eneey, Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of
And I have received further Intelligence, that the Frencb are fet- vince, and deftroying the whole Province of Maine, with the King's His Majefty’s Colony of New-York.
wattia eyda bvoeburety t w4te0he incM ki tlhefeos r RD1ii2vf etrMa inlcSeets . aoLbnaoewvarece hntc heeS iMdaeon udo tfht h teho efb effiatio,dr eaRmnidev netriia o Cnthehaedu diMCciardre--, oWtohoTehdr esf weht ahteAerdve,ve ra natfnardgoiemns ,C tahnwea hdiGac .h the Poffoeff fNioenw -Hoaf mpthfiesi rRei,v ert hawonu alndy aFrnedBn tyth h aatr e tfhem eatykw iofn ege Lmeu tpttoeorn s b,te hleya oyuKi inngwg i’lSslc hfeTiemnredr si ttohfreoi re sua n jgiuenfn te MraeAlwt -tDEeenmfpgttrlsuac ntdit ohne5
t2y3i4n g-oPfi alcaeft J: anAunadr y,th e iCnafpotramisn moef,, RicThhmaotn d thFeo rtN eirnr :hdigs wLaeltkt er,I nddastaends cgiovnef tatnhte FrEenndceha voovuerrs thiesv ePrr ovfiinnceee, t hmea Tkree aityt e aoffy tBor eadcac,o uantt wfhori cthh eiirt athned grReuaitn Noeefe ftfhitey ofE oxguiir Pjorionvinign wcietsoh n t thhei ost hCeorn tCionleonntie:s , Aisn faelnfdo~,
have declared to him, ‘* That they had given the new Freneb Set- was determined in the moft folema Manner, between two ing Commiffionerst o in June next, there to confult the
“* clers upom the Carrying-Place, Liberty to bunt any where in Crowns, that the River Pentagog? or Penobfcot, was the Boundary moft prudent Meafures for holding and confirming the Six Nationa
** thatCountry, a: a Recompence for the great Service they will be between New-England and Accadia or Nowa-Scotia, toe xtend the in the Eagif Intereft. Yet, if, upon the Whole, there becomes
“* of to them, ina Time of War with the Engi, by fupplying Limits by Ciaim upon all Oceafions (as in Faét they have done) a frit Union among all His Majefty’s Colonies, we may reafonably
“ them with Provifions and Military Stores." to the Eaftern Side of the River Kennedech ; tho” they never at- hope (with the Help of God) the Defigns of the French will foon
¢ fame Officer further acquaints me, in another Letter, dated tempted, until within thefe few Years, to pafs over the River St. be rendered vain and abortive ;w hich at prefent {> nearly affect the
February the uath, That feveral Indians of the drrefigunticosk, and Lawrence, within the Extent of this Province. Honour and Intereft of the Crown of Great- Britain, as well as the
fome ot the Penabfeot Tribe, amounting, together with the Merridg- Tam fatished it is needlefs for me, Gentlemen, to urge any Thing future Peace and Welfare of this, and the neighbourirg F-svinces =
walt Indians, to Sixty effective Men, befides Boys, capableo f bear- more to thew how neceffary for the Safety of this Government itis, I therefore earneftiy recommend to your moft deliberate and mature
ing Arms, were then lately arrived in the Nemhbourhood of the that we thould fecure to ourfelves the Pofleffion of this important Confiderationy thefe dinary Proceedings ; and then I fhall
Fort under his Command: And that tho’ they sfiembled there on River againft the Incroachments of the French withovt Delay: not doubt your doing every Thing in your Power, in Aid and Af-
rhPearpdee taetRneecdae f ooonpf e ntw or Tihteirxnepgae tétsa jfoofri onmtf oLmtehete tieror f Htatohu egmmeh,,t y aaenI dnt fhotelhyeea th parviBeve ahtdaeo vnieWo,au rrn,y ietn tghhsee AcDonendpve inndcaetn hicyneok u,, fotrhh oeg wap irnveiafniegnn t tah SiSisct uhaPetomiieonn t ituo fpw oonAu flfmda airknsio wni gn beta hntanotu ahClao vuePn rtyerfoyeu nrt msuf oflttoe fwyiioflutlra nccPeho efatwrerifiuttlhyl ,y thtuehn ei Rteefa fttwa li tohfC otnthfhee eqmEu,neg nlcitfoe ss w aCtorhldao tn iomefufs f tf: r oaItm i fcaayydo, u rtLfh eehl ovppersee fayenondut
from others, that as foon as the Rivers thou!d befree from Ice, they Indians, who appear to enter’d into an offenfive Alliance unjoftifiable Violeaces and Infolts of the French (in Conjunétien
would commit Hoftilities againft the Engh, upon that and neigh- with the French again 3 and have thew'd evident Marks of with the Jndidss) And on this Occafion it is with Pleafure, Gen-
bouring Rivers ; in which they intimate, they arto be aflifted by a 2 Difpofition to put the River into their Power. tlemen, that I mention to you, the Zeal and Alscrity, with which
Number of Frenco from Canada, difguis’d like Indians: And in How different are fach Proceedings from thole of the French? many of our Neighbours have already exerted ¢! wes, for the
anocher Letter, dated the roth of Mareb, he acquaints me, that the Whilft we have been fuing in vain to a few Indians for their Per- King’s Honour and Intereft, and in Compaffion to their Fellow-
Frenco Prieh, Miflionary to the Indians of the River Kennebec, ap- milfion to fettle Lands within the undoubted Limitso f this Pro- Subjeéts, on this uncommon Exigency, And your aofwering the
peared to him to be continually ufing Artifices to excite the Indians vince, and which themfelves can’t deny to have been purchafed of King’s jot Expectations in thefe important Affairs, you may de-
nt our Settlements from being extended higher upit ; to fer their Anceftors; and have in Eifeét promis’d thema yearly Tribute pend, will greatly recommend you to the Royal Grace and Favour.
Variance with the Exgiif>; and difpofe them to a War with to reftrain them from committing Aéts of Hoftility againft us ; the ‘entlemen,
het this Spri French have marched Armies into diftant Countries of numerous You will, according to your wonted Care, make Inqa'ty inte
Moft of the Accounts are confirm'd by the Declarations of the and powerful Tribes, which without any Colour of Right they any temporary Laws that are expired, and that ought tobe revi-
befor ¢ «stmhnieeld i eFsSr eecrtieln edr st Phraaitte itF Sraehntakdtf loerbteme,en n twv i;etr hya ndti hnequ ufiaefddid tiitvEieno ndaaeflzt e1y r C iCi rRcouwmet-no habanuivyle d ioinfng v atfdhteerdior n g; LFTaonhrdetsys , htwoa ivttehh ef aonEr bnaigvd oiw,t'h de maI nndtt eon htma avtkeo e d bruifivulrett ,h teharen mdG roaa: rnet s ftiolfl ved.A s Getnhet lePmreonv ifoifo nt hem aGednee railn yAjofuerm bllya,f Seffion, for the Support of
particulafrF lyf omteor boufi ltdhien g Ina hCabhiatpaenlt s anidn toa Dtwheel lSienrgv-icHeo uloef thfeo r Fhrieaancfbe it ; tChoem mLearncdes awlirteha dyt hogfrea nItneddi antso, twhheom,m atnhde y thoa veex ctlhurdeea ttehneedm wfirtoh m Deai-l tnho:w Godvoeinrgn mwehnatt, maexyp irbees ntehcee flnaerayt Mfoorn mtahin ;ta iIn itnhagl ! tnhoet Hdoonuobtu r yoaunrd
tpwheoero fnu aDdittehat ta ntcheRe imv oefrt ,h a2r4 a biotf urtwo ams t hrFwerieat nhkiofnro rftto;hu er aFnMrdie lnecsbh e eaTnbe orvrevie troyCr ui/eisan:rd uaf,t Arincadun sd thtaeot DfierpIuetG niidos anT,n icmeie f, u tphoGeney n ttlteeamlmple no,rp arrefyfo ru mEvexo pute doi tieonn ttedser,ffi efrtwe hfiircmoh m t hfeheiaervm i Fnargva otuhrey.ro utro chhaiveef JofIti dcGeefe inortfel etmyheoenu Porwofivl itihn ecc eo.Cno fuindceirl , ofa nda nyo fT thhie nGge neyroaul Amfafym btlhyi,n k fyrther
Indians have further declared, that they have been inftigated by the expos’d the Government to the Contenpt of thele Indians, than to needful to be done at this m, for His Majefty's Service, and
GPCaaorpvtte .r onfLo irtt hhego fo wR,Ci avnemarad;ad e wthioin chhAi zndgieusrf tf ttlrhaoet n.g Elnyg iciojn>f irfmr'odm bfyec tai iDneg poulpiotino n anoyf fhravoVemi gcotorhneoc uislPio altiMecedya fuothfre eisor u rF argiNaeeinindgith hbitophu er tsoF. r ietn c5h ,a nd int oc atfaek et hCeoyu ntfhealll inr ePfauslte fmoer,E ltihyzeoa ubW eemtlahfy-aT reebw en'o,af f fuHrAiespd r,i glo Io 2dt5h ,aPl e] op1h7lea5er4;t. i layn dc onocnu Jry. o uBwriE thlLa yCiyHnoguE iRtth .beer feoirne.
Upon this Occafion, Gentlemen, I fent as foon as might be, with to quit his Majefty’s Territories within this G without
tofh e MAednv icaen d ofS toHriess Mtao jeafltl y'thse CEoaafntceirln, Ftohret sn;e ceifflfaureyd CRoemimniffofricoenmse ntfosr bHeeiandg ocfo mtpheel i’Rdi verto iKte nbnye.d eFcko,r ceab ;ov beu ildtihneg Seat tfltermoenngt s Foorft tnheea rN etrh-e Bourdeaux, Feb. 8. Our Parliament's Artie of the x5tb of Fa-
rhnaeoixlftdi ngat dhjefamicxf eenlItvn edsteo p eitnnh deecmon,nt f tawCniott mhp RaeOnariddeiensre sf sif no tro t htmeh aerT coOhfw fnituchepriospn s aennyda ndSA ollaDdriifmetr,rs i étttsoo rfmieendnfgtiwsbal le to fM aIntndhnieea rnFs,o, rmwaeonrud,l d pauetnfhdfi enéetgiu taholenlr y ohurroi ldd S tehtteth leP ermLoeavntitrnsecr e u pioonf n a thdietu, e IniDcner poaea ncddhe--- oTsruhdaereyr ,eC du rwacathsee ma bftfecorov anedddwei dms,ip faoinne rdt h tte hheeCu VrSiaactcaerr asm raeennfdtu sf tehtde otVaoi coabresy othfe DAa~rxrTe htt,eh e wrPbri2ie50od6. r
taRtihhtleeti yta icSetkush,c’ ocduo lt;uodr t ob orfce uatkao nfyut p netthiheegi hrb EonVueirmlilyna gg eisnF oratthnt edki orIr Sn edRStieetatnltr:ete mlaeehtnma tevsne; t acunopwdomh nmi iicnthK te ceaanmdfee a SyetH chokab-,te Iaonnfcd Aeit anhndue poWPfnaau frrs tu,hs i,en r w,ho1 ri7 c2boh3yb lmiawganaedks itn1thg7he2 em4 o ,gu ertofn oeeflarv abelaas ln,idP lotanhtc ehe rt Tohoreufi g bhRRe isev ntehderiens. z gavMgoeeuadns s i,dn u riMtia,n fgtb eotrthsh e oitdhnrfe e batildhsaie t neD gCias Mrct.meh efele Di.Cet ioeHlsnlo,fe wneecqw,vuh eeorbn ,ca boesat fd ah ti ehfIir nsséff flouerfdmé adAt ffifatorioron ,ms p reFerounffirdtorei rercdmée d.t aab yHFTo truhhtneeee sPr,Biaa jbrlop l ai aSmeerovniftc eDb aefxoo,-r
and to kill or captivate all they can meet with of their Tribe : in their Incurfions and Retreats, we thould have it in our Power to ing been wade, they were recewed Yefterday ; and cbis Day all the
likewife ortdtbelyre emtdeh net a,nf irOfitfn f iOcoperprdo,er r tuctnoori mtdmyii ffcfotivoo enrte hde thfeub pypC eormtsa’iendt yf oPrl acteha antod f PCtaihrrep counfmeew-, cvSeuenrttbt leamtlleh netmtsh .o lfer oImn dians foprt itnhge tfou tmurae k;e andDep in a ions greati n Meouarf ureex popfreed- Cathlhefa em obttweborer s Pferbtioetimin ognt sha,ef ffeoimncebk l ifLdra odtmhye , t Shedel elmRieacliratietdrii onngpsr etfohefen ttEbeexd elcatuthteei oMIsn. f oroDmfaai tltilhoeenn se,,A rraaenntedd
fwtiatnhcedsr awof it ; Paeoodp lteo urnedqeurir e hitsh eC oFmrmeancnhd Cofmrmoamn dtahnatt S to retaiar eb eianngd howI mduafnggyefruorutsh eDre 'aoybsf ertov e matkoe yofuu itaubploen Ptrheipsa raOtcieoanfsi on,f or Greenmtloevmienng, daulcree adfya mief fiamepdo brtya ntthe RPeafrolliaatmieonn.t . To-morrow, ‘tis ¢: led, will pro-
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« having fagstify’d themfelves upon the River of St. ‘Jobns, clofe.to between that and the River St. Fodns. and to this End Deputies foall repair forthwith ts the King, in order
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mattah deW ea Eraaf tNweeirwtah PSauerst,tt sl;ea mnedn Ttth,h ee wHagaser neetxrh:ae,l CetRnheten rdeJe rzzovqfuo ouimsso fto off o ft ahltelh et hFTaatrl lisbc eaosmf et hSettn.o LjyTeof uty H'tOso gUreGotyhHael r Oart detLrhisas,m Tihfaemvnefe;b l mea adinet d i Isi tha aabvbuefl oyld uiStreeealdfyt oednn ,e tcheyefe ftaS reyHc rlet ot aMcraay-l,l DSto.T uhMeic ckeelf,i.r” Pirifeiden t pbraesm sbfeeedn 0d edfo ifn3 ot ewoipd to hr btihtee leKlifn ga’ts thLee aHveesa dfoo fr taPbtoe
JANUARY 2006
ee
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: IN His OWN Worps
&
tion of the lightening rod, which is still
The Benjamin Franklin Papers in the Library of Congress
in use today to protect structures from
the damaging effects of an electrical
he material on display in the Benjamin Franklin exhibition is drawn from
storm.
the Library's various collections in the Manuscript, Prints and Photo-
But Franklin’s interest in science was
graphs, Rare Book and Special Collections, Music, and Geography and
not limited to electricity. During his
Map divisions. However, the Library’s largest assemblage of Franklin materials
trips to England, he became intrigued
by the warm waters of the Gulf Stream is housed in the Benjamin Franklin Papers in the Manuscript Division. This
in the Atlantic Ocean. The exhibition collection of nearly 8,000 letters, journals, letter books and documents is the
contains the Franklin-Folger Chart of second largest collection of Franklin Papers in the nation (after the American
the Gulf Stream, printed in London in Philosophical Society).
1768. He was also fascinated by the The Library acquired the Benjamin Franklin Papers in 1903 through transfer
mystery of the “Northern Lights,” from the U.S. Department of State—but not before the collection had made two
which he observed on his voyages transatlantic voyages. The bulk of the collection was first brought to London
across the North Atlantic to England. by Benjamin Franklin’s grandson William Temple Franklin, who had plans to
On display is a manuscript titled profit from the publication of his grandfather's papers. Most of the collection
“Suppositions and Conjectures on consists of journals, records, articles, letters and other materials, which William
the Aurora Borealis” (1778), in which Temple Franklin thought would be valuable for publication. However, after the
he posits that the shifting lights are a
collection was brought to London, Henry Stevens, an American book dealer,
result of a concentration of electrical
acquired itand subsequently sold the collection to the U.S. governmentin 1882.
charges in the polar regions, which
Stevens had acquired the collection from H.A. Pulsford, who had received it
are intensified by the snow and other
from William Temple Franklin’s widow.
precipitation.
Several of Franklin’s other inven- Benjamin Franklin’s personal library was sold after his death. Some anno-
tions and “improvements” are also tated books from the Franklin library were purchased by Thomas Jefferson
represented in the Library’s display, and came to the Library of Congress when it acquired Jefferson’s library in
including “An Account of the New 1815 to replace its own collection that had been largely destroyed by the
Invented Pennsylvanian Fire-Places” British army in 1814.
(Franklin stove) and his sketch of bifo- Since the initial acquisition of the coilection, the Library has acquired a variety
cal glasses, which appeared in a 1785 of Franklin papers and documents by gift and purchase. A major addition of
letter to his friend George Whatley. “1
Franklin material to the Library of Congress came in 1999 when the Library
understand the French better by the
obtained the Marian Carson Collection. Init was a small trove of Franklin imprints
help of my Spectacles,” wrote Frank-
and documents, including many fine examples of currency designed and
lin, who explained that he finds the
printed by Franklin, autograph manuscripts and a copy of Franklin’s famous
bifocal glasses particularly useful at
self-styled epitaph. The Library has also acquired many books, broadsides
dinner in France, where he could see
and newspapers printed by Franklin.
the food he was eating and interpret
the facial expressions of those seated The Library’s Franklin collection is too extensive to display in its entirety.
at the table. However, the complete collection is available on microfilm and it is hoped that
Franklin’s experiments with drink- it will one day join the papers of fellow founders, George Washington, Thomas
ing glasses led him to make improve- Jefferson and James Madison on the Library’s American Memory Web site at
ments on Richard Puckeridge’s musi- http://memory.loc.gov.
cal glasses or “armonica.” By fitting
a series of graduated glass discs on
a spindle laid horizontally in a case Diplomat and Statesman: “Where Liberty a brief return to Philadelphia, until the
and revolving the spindle by a foot Is, There Is My Country” outbreak of the American Revolution in
treadle, Franklin could create bell- Franklin’s career as a diplomat and 1775, serving as an American provincial
like tones by touching his wet fingers statesman began in 1757 when he went agent and pursuing his interests as an
to the revolving glasses. Franklin’s to London as an agent of the Pennsyl- inventor, scientist and author. It was in
armonica became popular in Europe, vania Assembly and became an absen- London that Franklin made his transi-
with Mozart and Beethoven compos- tee deputy British postmaster for North tion from supporter of a royal takeover
ing music for it. America. There he remained, except for of the Pennsylvania proprietorship to
Acquires Philadelphia ——
Pennsylvania Gazette; son illiam born
Leaves
Boston and
Franklin born travels to Forms self- Marries :
in Boston, Philadelphia help group, Deborah ;
Jan. 17 the Junto, Read 1731
or Leather Rogers Founds Library
Apron Club Company of
JAp prenticperdi to brother Philadelphia, first
ames, a printer subscription library
INFORMATION BULLETIN
The Supreme Executive Counci} po
of Penn/yhania,
the Commonwealth
To all to whom thefe Prefents Shall co me, GREETING:
dnaiyHdinW rd oEiaot f ifnkaRt Ap dl apdtpe rhsoafd,ierEayo lt iarA,Giao domenSdnfdnbiUe 1fee ode p7bar’oget8ar laftt1u ibnlfl ,uni yagca 2A l tfse82i fah ofnprf fet,eup itm fWf brtb leeloleeefiygdAe c, \,r H a vRf oAio*nur ogec fAftbaEnfittii, axo ohgdoenreh,2nc A oe d1u fct G8ttphfot ioea5m a rvfbo ,mfl efitSoo ae dsrVnaadd e eCtlLit noente1h Luhd)de o8.en ,a ufH (c6 n beiiie,e ,dghlit diha gtsvt he 2aebtraffrh1hl ipos erefr 8percduul7cefLpart ado pyt,ito eid(srin,nhoi at naafn an Andtntt ttpohohd bf ree o i2p btuuoLel/ccg b ai,8ihlfttnt 8tiyohdy lce s d ot1, ofhcC 7 eifr8l tpePy6y udhLi ,Priino ohtfgltf, uia se dala Pnennhatblitiddoplty realb afeb:litnod oePap r, dii,h eet niiitchmgphaee“mb le s,eiaw dta Diie,SiAt a ruohnbteftmie ayé n hnt SALeidooaa¢o t &fhrlnhn esa d e&od ft tNe foheeoroarbeff ai a rt tfoct|yt fi eho i = eFw eni tdAnaot lhyfsLEli ie aFen e ogonnrf i dSCs onsL f utdI i hGept sebtfhtar nh eiltAeb rSell eiRaamorbdGlAeSweeeietedalM nna p y o tebaf,Eeir mnu ,axaedf ,n e al ticnsifrdu yArorab tnonaffodm eineof dtv mr,[eebu ft de nhetl,ewaaio C?annte Corgre5di ruedeft faG nv y,ftncotu t l5hifLtlae0lyf bh o fS0l iaeo7esictaC2 i hduafo.e trge mso Cin mernro Cisreogmoe m nmfem awo aa tmihenenioyfeaw end eeeltw,P atnye ullhaosrat,nolc,awh ”th”f, ahrt u ‘hlag eaoa fMSeee,re edldoef e nati dgh e 3 4 q
W KNOW YE, That the 5 Med Executive Council reed |po r and in confideratia be
Counbcyi lt htehe a iRdec eptlveesr -DGeérneirgaerle eso f tehMee iLdacnbde-elO ffiincteo tohfe tThree afafiudr yC so olf th e faid Cobmamtoh nwceeart,i failetdh, duolyf patHhiAeV d , fgay irelSe aublme p itot ath e dfier‘ eairoanbsi ao f dinedas
idt hsL ootfw Afojre mbPliye,c es DoOf giLvea,n dg rant and contirm unto the faid 2 Le pia €a Hei O’ tE E g ive“+ Granted, and confirmed, andt e
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Cd haglh or tfth e Merlth e an dalle a ¢ wertlSyS >ua fee f, f el et Diente e VrsC horac ad Lom . ‘s
p thf east i —bhauar twJ ee veulhivaia &, preincl b lary “4 e f,H ae bs .
L 2 ae 46 /-‘ Lhe fhv eh Mé bp
ri
with the Rights,P ,
D the faid Lat or Piece of Land hereby ee 4,a the ena a LZth e faid
propeUrj and Beboof of the faid OY Porat €
recited Adds of Affembly. YIELDING AND PAYING ‘herefér into the Treajfury of the faid Gnoinn aieO f the
ber, in every year hereafter, ONE ACORN, Ff the fame foal be demanded.
IN HaWndI,T NonEdS cSa ujwehtdehr eeGi rfe,a tA bbapsd faa c ellp ol low rin han hien— i GandEf yttlier e, uk pcan Prejid.en t V;th e y—ii —meBe rwcuti&ve Co+unc ila fref4 batfethb i e®
wde nde ighty Fever» and of the Commonwealth the.k ee 7~—in t he
ATTEST.
4
Among Franklin’s notable titles was “President of Pennsylvania,” whose duties included ceremonial func-
tions and signing land grants as in this 1787 bill of sale.
ish Empire. On display is a woodcut, However, he became an opponent of
an American revolutionary.
Prior to the outbreak of the French which Franklin designed and printed the legislation when he learned of fer-
and Indian War, Franklin hoped to per- in The Pennsylvania Gazette, depicting vent Colonial opposition. Franklin’s
suade the American Colonies to unite America as a divided snake, with the transition can also be seen in the mul-
their governments to protect them- slogan “Join or Die.” tiple annotations he made on a British
selves from the French and their Native Franklin also initially supported the pamphlet titled “Reflections Moral and
American allies, but he thought this Stamp Act of 1765, by which Parliament Political on Great Britain and Her Colo-
unification would come within the Brit- levied a new tax on British Colonies. nies,” which supports taxation of the
mApeporinetsed Borfi tish PSaera oism =) 1745 1748
eeeeeeee1e7s3e2s es AeLrMu iAwNe r" iACs yKi eeeees1e7hei3el7ae deelspheisa es p1e7e4e4ee eesese or RVATIONS egiee bale Esagt ableiseheese eeeeeeee
ELECTRICITY electrical — with
Publishes first issue | atlees 2 Americ, experiments beagviinds Heaxlple;r iamnedn ting
of “Poor Richard's
with lightening
Almanack™
Begins marketing Franklin
fireplace or “stove”
JANUARY 2006
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: IN His OWN Worpbs
tered their skepticism by
Colonies. In the mar-
gins of the pamphlet, carefully orchestrating a
circulation of letters, such
Franklin carries on a
heated debate with as his July 5, 1775, letter to
the author, Matthew his old friend and member
Wheelock, quarrel- of Parliament, William
ing with his igno- Strahan (1715-1785), in
which he declared. “You
rance of American
life and arguing that PRIVATE DPre are now my enemy, and I
Parliament has no am yours.” Franklin never
right to tax the Colo- actually sent the letter to
OF THE LATE Strahan, but circulated it
nies. After Franklin’s o
death, Thomas Jef- among friends in Philadel-
ferson acquired this BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, LL.D. phia before returning it to
among several vol- his personal papers.
luimn’ess libfrraorym anFdr anwka-s LATE MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY FROM THE UNITED as Far adneklleigna tel attoe r thse erCvoend-
especially pleased to STATES OF AMERICA TO FRANCE, &c. &c. &c. tinental Congress, where
receive these “pre- he helped draft the Dec-
cious reliques of Originally written by Himfelf, laration of Independence
and the Articles of Con-
Doctor Franklin,” AND NOW TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH.
which he valued federation and created a
“not only [for] the seal for the United States
intrinsic value what- TO WRICK ARE ADDED, with the motto “Rebellion
ever came from him, SOME ACCOUNT OF HIS PUBLIC LIFE, A VARIETY OF Against Tyrants Is Obedi-
but [also because] of ANECDOTES CONCERNING HIM, BY M. M. BRISSOT, ence to God.”
“my particular affec- CONDORCET, ROCHEFOUCAULT, LE ROY, &c, &c. Because of his interna-
tion for him.” AND THE EULOGIUM OF M. FAUCHET, tional experience, Franklin
As tensions CONSTITUTIONAL BISHOP OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CALVADOS; was chosen by the Conti-
mounted between AND A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, nental Congress as one of
the American its first ministers to France.
Franklin reached his peak
Colonies and Eng- Eripuit coelo fulmen, mox fceptra tyrannis. Turcor.
land, Franklin was A Paris, cé grand homme, dans notre ancien régime, feroit reft“ dans !obe of fame in Paris, becoming
branded a “true fcurité ;c omment employer le fils d’un chandelier? Le Roy. the focal point for a cul-
incendiary” and the tural phenomenon among
“prime conductor” in Franklin was 65 when he wrote the first part of his autobiog- the French intellectual elite
the agitation against raphy that focused on his early life to 1730. During the 1780s, that can only be described
the British govern- he added three briefer parts that advanced his story to his as “Franklin-mania.”
ment. These accusa- 50th year (1756) and revised the first part. In the summer When not attending social
tions were largely of 1790, shortly after his death, extracts of Franklin’s mem- functions or witnessing
due to a belief that oirs appeared in two Philadelphia magazines, but the first the world’s first balloon
Franklin leaked the book-length edition, based on a French translation, was flights, Franklin busied
inflammatory letters published in 1791. The first English edition, pictured here, himself raising money for
of Massachusetts Gov. was published in London in 1793. the American cause, secur-
Thomas Hutchinson ing an alliance with the
(1711-1780), filled with advice on how of Great Britain. signed by 51members French government in 1778, sending
to subdue the colonists by restrict- of the Continental Congress. French officers, such as the Marquis de
ing their liberties. His defense, “Tract When Franklin returned to Pennsyl- Lafayette, to fight in America and ulti-
Relative to the Affair of Hutchinson’s vania in 1775, he was under suspicion mately negotiating the 1783 Treaty of
Letters,” is on display in the Library’s on both sides of the Atlantic. American Paris with Great Britain, which ended
exhibition, along with the 1774 petition radicals doubted Franklin’s commit- the American Revolutionary War and
for a redress of grievances to the King ment to revolution. Franklin coun- secured for the United States a vast ter-
CHRONOLOGY Appointed deputy British postmaster 1757
orth America
eeeoeeeseessece Seeereeeeeeseeeeseeseoeesese POSSESSES HHH HH SEEEEHEEEE SESE HH EEEEEEESESEHEHHEHHEEEEEEEESESHEEHHEEEEEEHEHEHEEEHEEHEEHHEEEESEHEES
1750 1751 1752 753 1754 Goes to London as agent of 1762 1763
the Pennsylvania Assembly
Academy of Elected to Pennsylvania Prepares Returns to French and
Philadelphia, later Pennsylvania Hospital opens Albany Philadelphia Indian War
the University of Assembly with Franklin's Plan of ends excluding
Pennsylvania, opens support; Union for French from
its doors with Franklin erects American North America
Franklin's help first lightning provinces
rods
INFORMATION BULLETIN
ritory between the Atlantic Coast and
the Mississippi River. A letter book The Musical Franklin
copy of the Treaty of Paris is on display
in the exhibition. By RAYMOND WHITE
Franklin returned to the United States enjamin Franklin was an amateur musician with wide-ranging musi-
in 1785 to a hero’s welcome and was B: interests. He played the harp and the guitar, and he perfected an
promptly elected president of Pennsyl- instrument called the “armonica” — the design for which appears in
vania, a lucrative but largely ceremo- the Library's Franklin exhibition. Sometimes known as the “glass harmonica,”
nial position. Despite having brought it achieved limited pcpularity in America, but attracted far more attention
two slaves to England in 1757, Franklin in Europe, where com-
worked strenuously for the abolition posers such as Mozart
of slavery later in his life and became wrote musfiorc t he glass [31KS n ayen af ni id Dein
president of the Pennsylvania Anti- instrument.
Slavery Society. On display is a letter to The Heineman Foun-
Anthony Benezet, a Philadelphia abo-
dation Collection in the
litionist, in which Franklin appeals for Library’s Music Division
public support of a humanitarian plan
includes a letter from
to not only emancipate slaves, but to
Franklin to Francis Hop-
educate free blacks and their children
kinson (1737-1791), an
and to facilitate their progress toward
American statesman, a
good citizenship.
signer of the Declara-
Franklin, who supported a strong ; miserwahii ahaa. nim eilere
tion of Independence, IN'G
ctehnet rFaeld ergaolv eCronnmsetnitt,u tieoangaelr lCyo nsveernvetdi onin and generally regarded SF Nuala jdvon, vem ober Viuj i as nyi "ott‘ Yum
of 1787. He spoke out in favor of pro- as the first native-born > op ¢ oe y
American composer of
portional representation (illustrated Franklin once owned a copy of a 1746
in his draft speech of June 11, 1787), a secular song. Writing manuscript volume of hymns titled “Die
an issue that was heatedly debated from London on Aug. 15, bittre Gute, oder Das Gesang der einsamen
among the convention's delegates. As 1765, Franklin inquires Turtel-Taube” (detail above), also known as
the eldest delegate at the convention, about Hopkinson’s the Ephrata Community Songbook.
Franklin acted on several occasions to recent performance
restore harmony. In a letter dated Oct. on the newly-invented
14, 1787, Franklin enclosed a copy of armonica: “Did it answer Expectation, so as to please; or was it drowned
the new federal constitution and sent by the other instruments[?]”
it to Thomas Jefferson, then American The Music Division also holds an extremely rare imprint of “L’Armonica:
minister to France. At the conclusion of
Lettera di Beniamino Franklin al padre Giambatista Beccaria...” (Turin: Stam-
the struggle to form anew government, peria Reale, 1769). One of only four copies known to exist, this pamphlet
Franklin wrote to George Washington
transcribes Franklin's letters to Father Beccaria, Italian philosopher and
on Sept. 16, 1789, rejoicing that suffer- scientist, in which he describes the armonica in detail.
ing through two years of “excruciating
Included in the Library’s exhibition is a manuscript volume of hymns titled
Pain” had enabled him to enjoy “the
“Die bittre Gute, oder Das Gesang der einsamen Turtel-Taube” (“The Bitter
growing Strength of our New Gov-
Good, or The Song of the Lonesome Turtledove”), produced by the German
ernment” under the administration of
Seventh Day Baptists at the Ephrata Cloister in Lancaster County, Pa., in
President Washington.
1746. Once owned by Franklin, the volume contains a facsimile copy of the
manuscripto f a string “Quartetto” attributed to “Sig[no]re Benjamin Francklin.”
Epitaph: “One Day Is Worth Two
The piece is notable because of its unusual instrumentation—three violins
Tomorrows”
and cello, as opposed to the traditional violins-viola-cello ensemble. Musical
Death came slowly and painfully to
historians disagree as to whether the attribution to Franklin is accurate.
Franklin as he suffered through gout,
kidney failure and the general dete-
Raymond White is a senior music specialist in the Library’s Music Division.
rioration of old age. A year before his
death, Franklin was still at work on his
1770
Boston Tea Denounced by British government
Boston Massacre Party intensifies and dismissed from post office;
1766 occurs 1772 American fervor 1773 Deborah Bend Franklin é
Goes to London Supports repeal of Sails ibamminiag 7 74
with petition Stamp Act before letters of Governor 1775
for Royal the British House Thomas Hutchinson Returns to
Government for of Commons to Massachusetts Philadelphia:
Pennsylvania elected delegate
to Second
Continental Congress; drafts
Articles of Confederation for the
United States
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Franklin, always an advocate of science and invention, published this early map of the Gulf Stream in the
Atlantic Ocean in 1786.
benevolent causes, such as the educa- After his death, Franklin was honored hour in his company without hearing
tion of the youth and citizens of Phila- by members of the L .5. House of Rep- some observations or anecdote worth
delphia. In a 1789 essay titled “Obser- resentatives, who wore black crepe remembering.”
vations Relative to the Intentions of the for a month. The U.S. Senate declined But perhaps the best summation of
Original Founders of the Academy of to follow suit, many of its members his life came from Franklin himself. In
Philadelphia,” he discussed his efforts believing that Franklin was too closely 1728, at the age of 22, Franklin penned
to found a public subscription library allied with France. However, Frank- his own epitaph:
and the establishment of the Philadel- lin was publicly eulogized by many, “The Body of B. Franklin, Printer; like
phia Academy (later the Univ ersity of such as the Rev. William Smith, whose the Cover of an old Book, Its Contents
Pennsylv ania). When he died, Frank- words of praise quoted Thomas Jeffer- torn out, And stript of its Lettering and
lin left substantial bequests to fund son, then secretary of state. Jefferson Gilding, Lies here, Food for Worms. But
public education in Philadelphia and wrote that there was “more respect and the Work shall not be wholly lost; For it
Boston. The remaining funds, totaling veneration attached to the character of will, as he believ’d, appear once more,
more than $7 million, were distributed Doctor Franklin in France than to that In anew & more perfect Edition.”
to schools and scholarship funds as of any other person in the same coun-
recently as the 1990s. try.” James Madison, who, at the time Gerard Gawalt is a historian in the
Franklin died on April 17, 1790, just of Franklin’s death was a member of Library’s Manuscript Division and
one month before Rhode Island became the U.S. House of Representatives from curator of the Library’s Benjamin Franklin
the last state to ratify the Constitution. Virginia, noted, “I never passed half an exhibition.
CHRONOLOGY v7 |
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to France as United States minister Revolution
10 INFORMATION BULLETIN
