Liberalising fisheries markets : scope and effects.

381 Pages·2003·3.064 MB·English

by  OECD

«
Liberalising Fisheries Markets
Scope and Effects
Liberalising
Over the past several decades, the fishing sector has experienced dramatic changes.
Fisheries Markets
Production and trade have increased considerably. The relative importance of developing
countries has grown as they expanded their fishing efforts and as a result of over-fishing in
Scope and Effects
OECD countries. Aquaculture production has expanded significantly. And many of the
stocks of fish species in international trade are either fully or over-exploited while a number
of other stocks are depleted or recovering.
Previous rounds of multilateral trade negotiations have produced positive outcomes for the
trade in fish products. However, there remain a number of market measures that can hinder
trade. Is there scope for further liberalisation in the world fisheries sector? What are the key
trade and market measures on which policy attention should be focused? What will further
trade liberalisation mean for the sustainability of fish resources? This publication reviews the
significant changes that have taken place in the world fisheries sector and provides an
in-depth analysis of the prospects for and potential effects of further market liberalisation in
L
the sector. It also contains an inventory of market measures and policies in place in OECD ib
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countries. A principal outcome of the study is that there is room for further market
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liberalisation in the trade in fish and fish products. lis
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Liberalising
Fisheries Markets
Scope and Effects
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came
into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) shall promote policies designed:
– to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of
living in member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the
development of the world economy;
– to contribute to sound economic expansion in member as well as non-member countries in the
process of economic development; and
– to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in
accordance with international obligations.
The original member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries
became members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan
(28thApril1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7thJune1971), New Zealand (29thMay1973),
Mexico (18thMay 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland
(22ndNovember 1996), Korea (2thDecember1996) and the Slovak Republic (14th December 2000). The
Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD
Convention).
Publié en français sous le titre :
La libéralisation du secteur de la pêche
Sa portée et ses effets
© OECD 2003
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FOREWORD
Foreword*
I
n its Programme of Work2000-2002, the Committee for Fisheries launched a Study of Fisheries
Market Liberalisation, with the following objectives:
A study that will explore world and regional fish trade flows, issues and
problems. This will include an analysis of how fisheries trade and production are
likely to be affected by reductions in present tariff levels and by changes in non-
tariff barriers. In addition the study will explore the effects of changes in
restrictions on investment, access to services, subsidies in the fisheries sector, as
well as other relevant factors.
The Committee for Fisheries has so far developed an inventory of tariff and non-tariff measures,
relevant government financial transfers, investment and service measures in fisheries across OECD
countries, a database on tariff measures, an analytical framework and has started the major work
on analysing the effects of market liberalization for each of the seven measures identified.
The analytical framework developed for the Study emphasises the central importance of the
level of resource exploitation and the fisheries management regime in determining the extent to
which market liberalisation will affect trade and resource sustainability. These linkages are
increasingly gaining attention in international discussions on fisheries market liberalisation.
The study has relevance for the WTO Doha process and has also links to developments in other
international fora dealing with fisheries related issues, in particular:
● the FAO International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity and the
FAO International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and
Un-regulated Fishing, and
● actions undertaken by the relevant regional fisheries management arrangements in
accordance with UNCLOS and the UN Fish Stock Agreement.
The Study is the fruit of comprehensive discussions of various issues related to fisheries market
liberalisation within the Committee for Fisheries. Due to the importance of the work carried out and
the timeliness with developments in other international fora, in particular the launch of the WTO
multilateral trade negotiation following the Doha Declaration, the Committee decided to make this
work available to the public. In finalising this work the Committee also adopted a Statement,
Executive Summary and Synthesis Report highlighting the key points emanating from the Study. At
its 90th Session in October2002 the Committee for Fisheries decided to make this work and its
supporting material available to the public.
* This foreword was adopted as a Statement by the Commitee for Fisheries meeting in October2002
3
LIBERALISING FISHERIES MARKETS – ISBN 92-64-19986-1 – © OECD 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Synthesis Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2. Trends in the Fisheries Trade and Resource Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Trade, Investment and Market Policies in Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Analytical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5. Market Liberalisation: Special Cases with Implications on Resources and Trade . . . . . 29
6. Linking Theory to Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7. Conclusions and Further Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter 1. Markets and Resource Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2. Overview of the State of Major Fisheries Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3. Overview of Trade in Fishery Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4. Groundfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5. Tuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6. Shrimp and Prawns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7. Salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8. Herring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
9. Mackerel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
10. Sardine and Pilchard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
11. Cephalopods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
12. Fishmeal and Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chapter 2. Preliminary Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2. Tariff Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3. Non-Tariff Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4. Government Financial Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5. Sanitary and Hygiene Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6. Technical Import Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7. Access to ports/Joint ventures/Over-the-side sales/Direct landings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
8. Restriction on Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9. Restrictions on Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 3. Analytical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
A. Proposal for an Analytical Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3. High Seas Fisheries (which are not subject to management regimes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
4. Fisheries Operating in Third Countries under Bilateral Access Agreements . . . . . . . . 154
5. Under-exploited Fisheries with Development Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6. Summing Up and Some Final Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
B. Effects of Liberalising trade in Fish, Fishing Services and Investment in Fishing Vessels 161
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
2. Management Regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3. Fishery Dynamics under Open Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4. Effects of Removing Barriers to Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5. Trade in Fish Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6. Government Financial Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7. Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
8. Trade in Fishing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
C. Effects of Trade Liberalisation on Supply in Selected Fisheries Management Regimes 198
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
2. Supply Response in Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
3. Supply Responses in Shared Stocks and High Seas Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4. Stocks under Bilateral Access Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5. Supply Response in Under-exploited Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6. Supply Response in Multi-species Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Chapter 4. Inventory of Trade and Other Measures: National Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Chapter 5. Inventory of Investments Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
The OECD Code of Liberalisation of Capital Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
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Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Chapter 6. Case Studies and Other Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Japan: Impact of market liberalisation on fishery resources: a case of tuna fishery . . . . . 310
Japan: The Economy of Flag-of-Convenience Tuna Fishing Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Japan: Analysis of Factors Determining the Decreasing Trends of Bigeye Tuna Resources
in the Indian Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Spain: Some experience from the Spanish fishing sector: non tariff measures
and solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
World Trade Organisation Tariff and Information Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
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LIBERALISING FISHERIES MARKETS – ISBN 92-64-19986-1 – © OECD 2003
PREFACE
Preface
T
his Study is the fruit of comprehensive discussions of various issues related to fisheries
market liberalisation within the Committee for Fisheries as part of its Programme of Work2000-
2002. In finalising this work the Committee also adopted a Statement (see Foreword), Executive
Summary and Synthesis Report highlighting the key points emanating from the Study. At its 90th
Session in October2002, the Committee for Fisheries decided to make this work and its supporting
material available to the public.
Acknowledgments. This report has been prepared with the active participation and
help from Member countries of the OECD. Particular assistance was provided by the
Danish, Norwegian and Korean authorities through various secondments. These
included Mr. Max Nielsen (on secondment from the Danish Research Institute of Food
Economics) who was responsible for the development of the tariff analysis, Ms. Trine
Trollvik (seconded from the Norwegian Seafood Export Council) who was instrumental
in building the tariff data base and Mr. Ki-Jeong Jeon (on secondment from the Korean
fisheries authorities) who is the author of the chapter on Markets and Resource
Trends.
The OECD’s Fisheries Division provided overall guidance and co-ordination in the
development of this study.
9
LIBERALISING FISHERIES MARKETS – ISBN 92-64-19986-1 – © OECD 2003
ISBN 92-64-19986-1
LIBERALISING FISHERIES MARKETS
Scope and Effects
© OECD 2003
Executive Summary
LIBERALISING FISHERIES MARKETS – ISBN 92-64-19986-1 – © OECD 2003