Table Of ContentLiberal Democracy and Peace in South Africa
L D P
IBERAL EMOCRACY AND EACE
S A
IN OUTH FRICA
T P F D
HE URSUIT OF REEDOM AS IGNITY
PIERRE DU TOIT AND HENNIE KOTZÉ
LIBERAL DEMOCRACY AND PEACE IN SOUTH AFRICA
Copyright © Pierre du Toit and Hennie Kotzé, 2011.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011
All rights reserved.
First published in 2011 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-29176-2 ISBN 978-0-230-11632-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230116320
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
D u T o i t, P. van der P. (Pierre)
Liberal democracy and peace in South Africa : the pursuit of freedom
as dignity / Pierre du Toit and Hennie Kotzé.
p. cm.
ISBN 978–0–230–10888–2 (alk. paper)
1. Democratization—South Africa. 2. Toleration—South Africa.
3. Peace-building—South Africa. 4. South Africa—Politics and
government—1989–1994. 5. South Africa—Politics and government—
1994– I. Kotzé, H. J. (Hendrik Jacobus), 1947– II. Title.
JQ1981.T65 2010
320.968—dc22 2010019215
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: January 2011
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Transferred to Digital Printing 2012
Contents
List of Figures and Tables vii
Acknowledgments xi
Introductory Comments xiii
1 Introduction 1
2 Democratization, Liberalization, and Pacification 13
3 The State as Guardian? 35
4 Society in Transition: An Overview 69
5 Interpersonal Relations: Trust, Tolerance, and Gender 91
6 Religion, Evil, and Liberalization 133
7 Outsiders 159
8 Conclusion 173
Technical Appendix: Technical and Methodological
Notes and Explanation 207
Notes 221
Index 243
Figures and Tables
Figures
3.1 Political fatalities in South Africa, 1984–1998 41
3.2 Public confidence in central state institutions by race,
1981–2006 44
3.3 Elite confidence in state institutions, 2000–2007 46
3.4 Public confidence in civil society by race, 1981–2006 48
3.5 Elite confidence in civil society, 2000–2007 49
3.6 Public perception of the legitimacy of democracy, 1995–2006 53
3.7 Elite and public perceptions of the legitimacy of democracy 54
3.8.1 “Legal” public protest propensity by race, 1981–2006 57
3.8.2 “Illegal” public protest propensity by race, 1981–2006 58
3.9 “Legal” protest propensity of elites and the public by race 59
4.1 Number of serious crimes reported, 1990–1997 82
4.2 I nternational murder and attempted murder rates, 2004 (rate per
100,000 of population) 83
5.1 Generalized trust among the public by race, 1981–2006 94
5.2 Generalized trust among the public by religiosity, 1981–2006 96
5.3 Free- rider index of the public by race, 1981–2006
(Percentage very intolerant) 105
5.4 P ermissiveness index of the public by race, 1981–2006
(Percentage very intolerant) 109
7.1 Public tolerance toward immigrants/foreign workers by race,
1995–2006 164
8.1 CART analysis – death penalty (dependent variable) 178
8.2 Importance plot – death penalty (dependent variable) 179
8.3 CART analysis – elimination of evil threats
(dependent variable) 182
8.4 I mportance plot – elimination of evil threats
(dependent variable) 183
8.5 CART analysis – immigration policy (dependent variable) 186
8.6 Importance plot – immigration policy (dependent variable) 187
viii FIGURES AND TABLES
Tables
3.1 Public confidence in state institutions by social class, 2006 47
3.2 Public confidence in civil society by social class, 2006 49
3.3 Public confidence in state and non- state institutions, 1981–2006 50
3.4 Elite confidence in state and non- state institutions, 2000–2007 51
3.5 Public perceptions of the legitimacy of democracy by race,
1995–2006 55
3.6 Elite and public rankings of essential characteristics in a
democracy 56
3.7 Elite and public support for aspects of liberal democracy 56
3.8.1 Liberal (first choice) priorities of the public, 1990–2006
(first battery) 60
3.8.2 Liberal (first choice) priorities of the public, 1981–2006
(second battery) 60
3.8.3 Liberal (first choice) priorities of the public, 1990–2006
(third battery) 61
3.8.4 Elite and public assessment of democracy in South Africa 62
3.8.5 Public assessment of government delivery by race, 2006 63
3.9 Elite and public perceptions about the death penalty, by race 64
3.10 Elite perceptions about the death penalty, by sector, 2007 64
3.11 Elite perceptions about the death penalty, 1991–2007 65
3.12 Elite and public perceptions about the death penalty,
by race and level of education 66
3.13 Public perceptions about the death penalty, by social class, 2006 66
4.1 Personal disposable income per head by race, 1960 and 2007,
at 2000 constant prices 78
4.2 Changes in living conditions by household (actual numbers),
1996–2007 80
4.3 Contact crimes: Actual reported cases 1994/95 to 2007/08 82
4.4 A ffirmative action and racial representativity in the SAPS and
SANDF, March 2007: Actual employment and equity targets
by race (Percentages) 87
5.1 Generalized trust among the public, 1981–2006 94
5.2 Generalized trust among elites by sector and religiosity, 2007 97
5.3 Interpersonal trust of elites and the public 98
5.4 Interpersonal trust of the public by race and social class, 2006 99
5.5 Interpersonal trust of elites by sector, 2007 100
5.6 Free-r ider indicators of the public, 1981–2006 104
5.7 Free- rider index for the public, 1981–2006 104
5.8 Free-r ider indicators of elites, 2000–2007 107
5.9 Permissiveness indicators of the public, 1981–2006 108
5.10 Permissiveness index for the public, 1981–2006 109
FIGURES AND TABLES ix
5.11 Permissiveness indicators of elites, 2000–2007 110
5.12 Permissiveness index for elites by sector and religiosity, 2007 111
5.13 Indicators of tolerance of people by the public, 1995–2006 112
5.14 Indexes for the public’s tolerance of people, 1995–2006 113
5.15 Permissive outsiders index for the public by religiosity,
1995–2006 114
5.16 Permissive outsiders index for the public by race, 1995–2006 115
5.17 Tolerance among the public by social class, 2006 115
5.18 P ublic attitudes toward women wanting children as single
parents, 1981–2006 118
5.19 Public attitudes toward men being given preference for jobs
during employment scarcity 119
5.20 Public attitudes toward gender equality, 1995–2006 119
5.21 Public attitudes toward gender equality by race, 2006 120
5.22 Public attitudes toward gender equality by gender, 2006 121
5.23 Public attitudes toward gender equality by race and gender,
2006 122
5.24 Gender equality index by race and social class, 2006 123
5.25 Trust- tolerance matrix of the public toward people of
a different race, 2006 131
6.1 Attendance at religious events by the public, 1981–2006 136
6.2 Religiosity of the public, 1981–2006 136
6.3 Practice of prayer/meditation among the public, 1981–2006 136
6.4 Importance of God among the public, 1981–2006 137
6.5 R eligiousness index among the public by race and social class,
1981–2006 138
6.6 Public response pattern to items on Evil, 2006 146
6.7 Religious threat and religious policy support,
public responses, 2006 147
6.8 Elite response pattern to items on Evil, 2007 147
6.9 Religious threat and religious policy support of the elites, 2007 148
6.10 Elite and public attitudes toward Evil 149
6.11 Religious threat and religious policy support (Percentage with
high threat perception and low support for policy) 149
6.12 R eligious threat perception of the public by social class,
race, and religiosity, 2006 150
7.1 Public tolerance toward immigrants/foreign workers by
social class, 2006 163
7.2 Policy preferences of the public toward foreigners, 1995–2006 165
7.3 Policy preference of the public toward foreigners
by social class, 2006 165
7.4 Policy preferences of the public toward foreigners by race,
1995–2006 166
7.5 Elite tolerance toward immigrants/foreign workers, 2007 166
x FIGURES AND TABLES
7.6 Elite attitudes toward migration issues, 1995 and 1997 168
7.7 Elite preferences of authorities’ actions against illegals, 1995 170
8.1 M ultivariate regression: Attitudes toward the death penalty
relative to trust, tolerance, confidence, and socio- demographics 176
8.2 Multivariate regression: Attitudes toward the elimination of
evil threats relative to trust, tolerance, confidence, and
socio- demographics 180
8.3 Multivariate regression: Attitudes toward immigration
policy relative to trust, tolerance, confidence,
and socio- demographics 184
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude to a number of institutions. Without
their interest and assistance, this study would not have been possible.
Our thanks go to the Open Society Foundation (OSF) whose generous
support made possible the leverage funds for the fifth leg of the World Values
Survey in South Africa in 2006. In many ways, the WVS has guided the elite
survey and served as the foundation of this study.
We would also like to extend our thanks to the National Business Initiative
(NBI) for its recognition of the importance of values research. The NBI was in-
strumental in helping us to identify South Africa’s top companies and putting
us into contact with their CEOs and directors.
In this vein, we wish to express our deep appreciation to the South African
corporate sector and especially to Xstrata, Goldfields, and South African
Breweries Limited for their financial support and contributions to the World
Values and Elite studies.
We are much indebted to the National Research Foundation (NRF) for
their financial assistance and support for research initiatives such as this un-
dertaken in South Africa. (Reference numbers: IFR2008052300019 and
IFR2008051600007).
Our thanks go to our colleagues in the international research unit, the
Transformation Research Initiative (TRI) led by Prof Ursula van Beek, spon-
sored by the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation in Stockholm. We
also wish to acknowledge the financial support for the Elite study offered by
Daimler-Fonds in Germany, which made it possible for us to include Sweden,
Chile, Poland, Turkey, Germany, and South Korea in the study.
A special word of mention and gratitude is extended to our colleagues:
Prof Martin Kidd, Center for Statistical Consulting, who undertook the
CART analysis for this study; and Prof Edwin Hees, who was responsible for
language editing.
With a data base comprising many surveys conducted over a number of
decades, this project has been assisted by many researchers in a variety of ways.
The decisive work was that of merging all the data sets into two manageable
units for the Elite and Public surveys. Many have contributed to this effort;
however, we single out Cindy Lee Steenekamp, researcher at the Center for
