Table Of ContentLeveraging Technology as
a Response to the COVID
Pandemic
In 2019, the world was struck with the Coronavirus (COVID-19) infecting
major portions of the world’s population. There were no vaccines or treat-
ments available to help mitigate the disease or offer a cure. The world’s
health systems were inundated with massive numbers of patients with vary-
ing ranges of symptoms, acuity, and levels of criticality. The world’s health-
care organizations soon found themselves in an unmanageable situation,
directly impacting the ability to manage patients across the entire healthcare
environment. Most healthcare institutions had plans for emergency pre-
paredness and procedures to deal with temporary crises, none of which
were effective against the impact of COVID-19. COVID-19 was a highly con-
tagious disease, resulting in high volumes of admissions with long lengths of
stay. The virus quickly overwhelmed institutions with large patient volumes,
resulting in shortages of patient beds, medical equipment, personal protec-
tive devices, cleaning agents, and other critical supplies. Hospital operations
were further impacted by staff shortages due to exposure, resulting conta-
gion, the shutdown of transit systems, and responsibilities at home due to
school and business closures.
This timely and important book describes the impact on the hospital abil-
ity to provide patient care and how healthcare institutions leveraged diverse
technology solutions to combat the impact of COVID-19 on providing patient
care. The authors also discuss the implementation of these technology solutions
and the many lessons learned of how healthcare institutions can enhance their
emergency preparedness in the future from the COVID experience.
The authors would like to acknowledge, thank, and dedicate this book
to the hundreds of thousands of healthcare workers around the world who
spent countless hours and put their own lives and families lives at risk to
help patients through this pandemic.
Leveraging Technology as
a Response to the COVID
Pandemic
Adapting Diverse Technologies, Workfow,
and Processes to Optimize Integrated
Clinical Management
Edited by
Paul H. Frisch, PhD and
Harry P. Pappas
First published 2023
by Routledge
605 Tird Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Paul H. Frisch and Harry P. Pappas; individual chapters, the contributors
Te right of Paul H. Frisch and Harry P. Pappas to be identifed as the authors of the editorial material, and of the
authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any infor-
mation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 9780367769338 (hbk)
ISBN: 9780367769307 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003352297 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/b23264
Typeset in Garamond
by codeMantra
To my wife, Susan and our children and their spouses, Paul & Katie,
Lauren & Tom, and Daniel & Gabby and our grandchildren, Reagan,
Mia, Austin, Zoey, and Landon, thank you for all the support which I
needed to do my share and help deal with the impacts of the COVID
pandemic. I hope you will all beneft from lessons learned from dealing
with virus and will never need to deal with this type of virus again.
Paul H. Frisch
I would like to thank and dedicate this book to Dr. Paul H. Frisch,
my longtime friend and a TOP healthcare technology professional.
And to all of the front line healthcare givers who gave to save
others. May the Creator grant them a long and healthy life.
I would also like to thank and acknowledge the hidden contributions that
my wife, Linda, has made on this project and many others, along with
my children Mark Pappas and Maria Pappas Sparling; my daughter in
law, Giorgia Meseti Pappas; my son-in law Steve Sparling; along with my
grandchildren, Penelope and Giada Pappas for their support as I worked
on this book so that others may learn and unlearn about COVID-19.
Harry P. Pappas
Contents
About the Intelligent Health Book Series ........................................ ix
Acknowledgments ............................................................................ xi
About the Editors ........................................................................... xiii
List of Contributing Authors ......................................................... xvii
Introduction—About the Book .................................................... xxvii
1 COVID-19—What We Learned from a Global Health Crisis .........1
TOM LAWRY
2 COVID-19 Healthcare System Impact and Hospital Response .....7
PAUL H. FRISCH
3 Hospital at Home: Transformation of an Old Model with
Digital Technology .....................................................................31
ALISA L. NIKSCH
4 Biomedical Engineering’s Response to Drive COVID-19
Patient Care Solutions: Lessons Learned from the
Front Lines .................................................................................49
ASHLEY JACKSON AND JENNIFER LARBI
5 Data Management and Analytics to Drive COVID Response .....73
JIM BEINLICH
6 The Role of Real-Time Location Systems in Ambulatory Care
in the Post-Pandemic Era ...........................................................87
MARY JAGIM AND JOANNA WYGANOWSKA
7 Medical Devices: Responding to a Crisis with 3D Printing,
Design, Engineering, and Production ........................................97
SAMUEL HELLMAN, PAUL H. FRISCH, AND PAUL BOOTH
vii
viii ◾ Contents
8 Combating COVID-19 with Germicidal Ultraviolet
“C” Light ..................................................................................121
ARTHUR KRIETENBERG
9 Optimizing Infection Control and Hand Hygiene during
COVID ......................................................................................139
MATUS KNOBLICH
10 How COVID-19 Catalyzed Community-Driven AI in the
Metaverse of Medical Data ....................................................... 151
DEXTER HADLEY, CYNTHIA KYIN, RACHNA SANNEGOWDA,
JENNIFER NEDIMYER HORNER, ELENA CYRUS, AND DAVID METCALF
11 Remote Respiratory Care for Rural Asia—Impetus for the
World .......................................................................................181
CHRIS LANDON AND VINAY JOSHI
12 High-Throughput Antibody Discovery Comes of Age in
Response to COVID-19 .............................................................191
TIM GERMANN
Index ..............................................................................................203
About the Intelligent
Health Book Series
IHA’s COVID Book
The Intelligent Health Association (IHA) is pleased to be publishing a series
of educational books under the name of the: “Intelligent Health” series in
cooperation with our publisher, Taylor & Francis, a division of Informa a
publicly traded London based, global events corporation.
The IHA advisory board and the IHA Educational committee have identi-
fed experts in many areas of health and wellness and have formed several
committees, comprised of healthcare professionals and technology thought
leaders for the purpose of publishing a set of technology centric books for
the health and wellness community.
This book will be targeted to health and wellness professionals and
clinicians who were involved in the recent COVID pandemic, designers,
and manufacturers of medical devices and medical instruments, as well as
healthcare and government administrators.
We organized a team of pandemic experts to both authors and edit chap-
ters in this book.
The publication of this book and others will be available online via
Barnes and Noble, Amazon, etc. Content from the books will also be repur-
posed into audio books, podcasts, webinars, and conferences in cooperation
with its editors and authors.
Prior books sponsored under IHA’s leadership, and its partners have been
well received and circulated internationally. For an example:
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