Leonardo da Vinci and The Scientific Revolution of Renaissance Visual Arts

13 Pages·2012·19.49 MB·English

by  Nora Hamerman

Click here for Full Issue of Fidelio Volume 2, Number 4, Winter 1993
Leonradod aV inci and
TheS cinetific Revoltiuono f
RenaisscaneV isuaAlrt s
byN oraH amermna
FIGU1R( Ebl )a.c odpeBo'a rbari,
"PorotfLra uictPa a ci"o li,
c1.489.
FIGUlRa(E)" .T he CarAse racthoirt ect
oft hUen isve"e,T roldeo Cathedral
TreasTuoryld,eS opa,i n.
�
AlinVAartrR esourNcYe ,
revolutcihoannwagareesy f feicntt hevedi saurabtlys t hGeo ld­
A
enR enaissraenflceeci,tnt e hdme i -dfifteecnetnht suhriyif nt
thceu rovfep otential popuwlhaitccihoo inn cwdiiedtnehsd i ty,
thCeo unocfiF ll oreanncdwe i tNhi coloafCu uss a's torfet ahtem ent
paradoofcx i rcquulaadrr aStuubrsee.q u,Le enotnlaydradV oi nci car­
rieodua ts ecornedv oluitna irobtna, s oenda d eepuenrd erstoafn ding
Cusaniudse'a s.
A comparoifst hornre eep resenotfaa fi tgiuordners a wiwnigta h
compapsrso,v iasd heasir mpa goeft hper ogrients hvsei sauradtlus r ing
thRee naisIsnaF nicgeul.ra (e)w ,es eteh Cer eaitmoarg iinnhe udm an
foramsA rchiotfte hcUetn iveirmspeo,os red weirt thh ceo mpaosfs es
thmea stmears oTnh.ii ssa d etoafit lht ei tplaego efG enefsriostm h e
Bible bgySi tvL.eo nuo ifsF rantcohe i cso usSitFn.e rdinoafSn pdai inn
thmei ddolfte h teh irtceeennttDuher syp.ti htbeee autnioftuiolofG n o d
WimSwaan
30
© 1993 Schiller Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission strictly prohibited.
Pacitohlseit ,u doefna t grReeanta issance
painPtieerr,o Fdrealnlcawe assnc oaat,n a rtist.
Hew ast hper ofesmsaitohneamla twihcoi an
clolaborwaittLehed o nadradV oi nocnit he
booTkh,De i viPnropeo rtiinto hn1e,94 0'Tsh.i s
portirmamiotr talizeasc mcPpoalciisohlmie'nst
ini dentitfhyreia nthgie oc alltehDdei vine
Proporktnioowntn,o dlaeyps rse ciasste hley
GoldSeenc taisoa un n,i qeuxep resosfsi eolnf ­
simislpairar catlii not nhu en ivecrhsaer,a cteris­
tiocfl ivtihnign Ygestt.h icso nciesnp otat d e­
quatceolnyv ebyyte hdpe a intwihnigcp,hl aces
an earmloyt ionalgegsrse ogfap taer ticulars
withaifi nx esdp acFeo.re xamptlhese,t udent
ora ssisttoPa anctit oalkine osr eapla ritnt he
limiatcetdi on.
Thet hierxda mpFlieg,u lrc(e)[ SaElEs o,
insbiadceck o viefsrr ]o 1m5 ,1o 0nlafy e ywe ars
lat.Ie tir sR aphaSealn zipoo'rst roafty hael
Greemka themapthiycsaiAlcr icshti mgeidve­s
inagg eomedtermyo nsotnr'.Aa lttihoiutg h
stanodnis t s tohwins, piiascc ttuuarad ele ltya il
of" ThSec hooofAl t hens" inft rheVesa ctoi ­
canw,h icwha saC hrisvtiieaownft hceo ntri­
PhotVoa ticMauns eums butioofnp sa gaCnl assGirceaeslkc ieAnnc e.
FIGU1R( EcR )a.p hAareclhe,id demesit flar o"mT hSec hoofAo tlh e"n s, imaginianrvye,rc toende supeornitm hpeo sed
15-0119S,t adnezlaSla e agntau,Vra ticPaanl aVcatei,cC aint y.
episowdieti,ht vse rtaetx tphoei wnhte re
Archimecdoemsp'ar sesso tnts h sel aatlel,o ws
creabtyim nega nosfc ircaucltairto hnpe,i ctiuscr oem ­ ust ot raacs ep iwrhailc h wcoounlndte hcfeta caensd
pletfellasytu ,g gestthiatnthgg e e omektnroiwcl eodfg eh anodfst hyeo utwhhsop articiintp hcaelt aeTs hse.ay r e
Godc annboemt a dien telltiohg uimbalbnee injguss,t nopta ssrievcei poiffie xnetidsn formbautetia ocnih,n di­
ast hmea themaktniocwalle odftg heme a stmears onsv iduaabls oarnbdts r anstmhlieet s stooon t hewrhsoa re
whob uitlhtGe o thciact hewdraaspl ass sseedc retivientl hype r ocoefas rsr iving.
throtuhgfeha mialnitdeh se guilds. Thiisl lustthrteah tiearsnd d,h ighleesvtoe fsl p atial
JacodpeoB' a rbaproir'tsor faL iutcP aa cigoilviia n g constriunpc atiinotnbi ansgde,id r eocntt lhdyei scoveries
geomeltercyt suhroew,in nF igu1r( eb d)a,t ferso m ofL eonadradV oi nci.
arou1n94d0 O.n t hsel aPtaec idoelmio nsttrhaceto ens­
strucotfai p oenn tafgroontm h eeq uilattreiraanOlgn l e.
TheD ivinCeo mye d
threi gihsatw oodmeond eolfa d odecaheAdbroovne.
hangacs r ysmtoadleo lfa 2 6s-idseedm i-resgoulliadr. OfD anteA lgihieri
Thep ainticisno gn strauccctoerdtd oti hnpegr incoifp les
artifipceiraslp etchtceio vneq,ub eyws hti cpha inting Twhaems o setf ficrieefnetr peonicfneott r h pirso grients hse
upliffrtoeamdm echanaircttaot l h lee veslc ioefin nc es cieonfpc aei ntiistn hgme e thpoodp ularinit zheed
thfief teecnetnht Uunrlyi.tk heGe o theixca mptlhepe,i c­DiviCnoeem dbyy D antAel ighwiheori isd, e picitne d
turiesc ompoisnse udc ahw aya st oe xprtehsaesc hieveF­igu2ri el lumintahtCeii ntogyfF lorewnicthehi s
mentistc se lebrAa ttherse.e -dimsepnasicisceo o nna­l poemw,h icwha sw rititnte hne tfiwrods etc aodfet sh e
vincirnegnldye ornea dt wo-dimenssuirofnaaclfe o urteceenntthuO rnty h.le e fcte,n taenrdi, nt hsek y
throtuhgaehp plicoafpt rioojne gcetoimveet ry. behihnidma re portthtreha ryceeaedn tiocftl hDeeis v ine
31
FIGEU2 RD.o meicndoiM icehlina,
"DnatAeil giheRreia ding His
Poe"m1 ,456,C atheodf ral
Florence,I taFllyo.r ence,
FIGEU3 RG.e raomlGou glielmi,
"UrbCiondaoef tx h Dei vine
Coemd"yc ,1.48i0l,l usttora tion
Can3t4oof I fenrno.
FIGU4R."E a¥ tTehso-mpCsoodnoe ftx h Dei viCnoeemd "yc ,1.44i0l,l tuistotonr a
Can2to ofP aradiso.
PhotBoi btleicoVaa ticana
TheB ritLiisbhr ary
Coemdayv, e rnacIutlaalerip aioncfa j ouronfea ly i vingb einignw, h omr easaonndf eelairnhega rmonbiyz ed
manD,a nthei mstelhfr,o utghwheo rlodft haef terlicfree,a tiintv hiietm ya gaen dl ikeonfeG sosd.T hed omi­
wherdei vijunset iiascc ec ortdoee adci hn divisdouuall.' nsa netm otiiaosgn a ptehG,er eewko ruds eidnt hNee w
Thel owedsomta iinn t hiwso rlIdn,f erinsto h,e Testamefnottrh uen ivelrosvcaehl a ractoeftr hies tic
domaionf t hger eeidnyf anetgioSl.ee l fissehn,s luya lCreaTthoircs.o rrestpoto hnlede sv eftl h ter ansfinite.
0
basleodv aese, x prebsyst ehdGe r eewko redr oisst,h e Dantceo nnetchtetssw eor ealbmyas n i ntermediate
domineamnott iGoeno.m etrsipceaalkltiyhn iigsst, h e domainP,u rgatTohriiysst. h eem otiolneavoelftl h e
domaoifanfi xegde omebtarsyoe nda lgePbhrial.o sopghrio­wiandgo leswcheoan ctc,e tphtvesa liodfei xttye rnal
calilityts ,h d eo maoifAn r istotle. lawasn tdh oer doefsr o cibeutwtyh ,o seem otiaornsest ill
Theh ighdeomsati ni,nt hteh iCradn tiocftl hee tietdot heea rtphalrya doifss eel fidsehs iArtei stb.se st,
Coemdyi,sP ardaisFei.l ledp owliytphhm ounsiiicct , thkei nodfl oveex emplbiyfit ehgdeo ocdi tiozfPe unrs­
corsrpenodpss ycholotgoit chmaeal tluyhr uem an gatoircsyo nvebyyte hdGe r eewko rpdhi loirab ,ro therly
32
love. form flrioqmut iovd a powrh,i cthh etne ntdosr isTeo .
Dantaen dh igsu idtehL,ea tpione Vti rgtialka,es pi­dot hihsem usdtr auwp oanh ighleorv egaepby
--a -
rajlo urdnoewytn h ien te(rnneagla tciuvrevsleuydr )f acteh inkoiftn hgie m agofeab elowvoemda wnh oh adsi ed,
ofa ni nveritrerde,gc uolnTaehr.e s picroamlb irneecst i­Beat.rT ihcee boefts htPe l atolneigcao cfay n tiquity,
linemaort iwoint chi rcaucltairao nnda, c complisehmebso dbiyeh dig su itdhepe o et Viinsro gatid le,q utaot e
worTkh.e s ouilnHs e lalrc eo ndemtnote hde fiixrec di r­carhriymf urtohneh rij so urnFeoyrt.h tihsie m aDgeoi
cleDsa.n taen dV irgaiclc ompwloirsbkhy c omitnog bestobwyCe hdr isftaiiiatrsnhe quired.
understthagene do meotfer vyai slt hedye sctehnrdo ugh Dantter iteofs o lltohwee x ampolfBe e atbryig caez ­
Inferfnrool,mu sitr,r atainogn,eaa rnld g reetdov; i o­ inign ttohs eu nt,hg el oorfGy o db,u hti mso rteaylea sr e
lentcofe r;a uandfid;n altloty r eason. towoe atko s tatnhdie n tenseS ohl,ei r gihstteo.Ps a r­
ConsihdoewDr a ntceo mmunictahnteoe ns- lineaadri bsyeg aziinngtt oh ree flceteldi gihnht e er yeas ,
shibfett weeeanco hft hteh rdeoem aiwnist,h d iiftfse remnett apfhooPrrl atodniiacl oNgouwet,.h peo sietnievre­
partilcauwlIsant.r h pei otft hnei natnhdfi nacli rocrl e,g izifnogr ocfed ivilnoevh ea rse platcherede latively
statoifIo nnf,e rVnior,gc ialr rDiaenstc el,i ngtiohn igs entro"pniecg aotfit ohnnee gatiaostn h,me"o toorfh is
necaks,t ehyc lidmobw tnh gei apnetlo tft hhei deousc ontijnouuerdn ey.
Luciwfheori ,es n caisnse odl iicdTe h.e Vni rmgaikle as Paradiists hdeeo maoifnt rusec ienitniqfiucei srpye.­
108-degtruerTenh .i issa phansgee-c,oc mhpaartaob lec iaclolnyc ertnhsiecn ige onfoc pet iDcasn.ta en dB eatrice
thqeu alisthatiifvte which ioctceuc rutnross wwahteednri sctuhsoesr igoiftn hs ep ootnts h Meo ont,hfi er slte vel
atz erdoe grceeenst igrade. ofh ijso urtnheryo utghpheh ysiucnailv earsis twe a s
Danttee'rsar tot rht iusr tnohs o pweh ehne a nVdi rgilu ndersbtyto hoaeds tronooftm hyte i mDea.n toef fae rs
emeroguet otthhese ird oeft heea rtwhh,e rteh ey hypothbeassioesndp ureqluya ntictoantsiivdee rations,
glimMposuen Ptu rgataonrdsy et eh set a(rSsFE iEg ­ whicBhe atriceb ypr reofpuotsetiswn oeg x periments,
ur3e) . andt heonf faeh risg hheyrp othoefhs eiorsw n( SFEiEg ­
Purgaitsto hrdyeo maoifns hadaonwdt imweh,e re ure4 )T.h iists h fier sitn stwahnecrease c ienetxipfiecr i­
thsee lfiismhp ulosfHe esla lr nee gataenddt, hi en fernamle natn dt hper ocoefhs ysp othfeosrimsa itsii onnt ro­
noiosfed isordseernlsyu ailsr ietpyl abcyue ndi sond uciendt apo o em.
singoifhn gy mnTsh.ej ourunpewya orndt hoeu tside,I nt hfien acla notfto h Pea radDiasnetg,er apples with
positciuvrevlseyud r fiancveo lpvheysse ifcfaolir nct o,n ­ makitnhgTe r iniitnyt ellbiygo ifbfleera,is negro ife s
tratsott h ael tlo eoa sdye scienntHtoe lWlh.i lsee emingm­etaphooftr hpsea raodfot xhO en ea ntd hMea nyO.n e
lym athematsiicmaitllotla hyrse p ijroaulr tnote hyae p ex oft hese tehvoeop kteipsch aeln omebnywo hni cah single
ofI nfeiritnps oh ,y sigcoailinlngty h oep posite
direcnteigoantt,ih nneeg g atoifeo vni l.
Passtihnrgo utghghea tewoafPy u rgatory,
Dantiers e quitrode ednt yh eev ideonfsc een se
certaTihneat nyg.e l ihnismtt rhuahctemt asy
nottu ranr outnovd e rwiiftyhh ie sy etshn eo ise
oft hgea tseh utbtienhgih nidmw ,h ichheh ears
withhi esa rTsh.ep aradiostx h ehne ightened
bya rFto.ri na d ivincerleyas teerdoi fer se lief
sculpwthuirceihsss howtnoh imD,a ntceo n­
templaanta erssto p owerfullyt hraaet a listic
smawlalrb reaokusbt e tweheisnse nsUelst.i ­
mateDlayn,ti esm adteo c onfrtohfneut hl olr ­
roorf t hdee adloifte hssete vdeena dsliyn s­
pridtehi,er ratoibosneaslws iitohn fioxneed' s
knowledge.
Havicnogm pltehtseee dv ceonr noifcP eusr ­
gatowrhye,rt ehs ei onfsp riednev,ry a,g lea,z i­
nesgsr,e egdl,u ttaonndly u,s hta vbee en
purgDeadn,t meu sfitn dt hceo urtagowe a lk
throuawg ah lolffi r.eT hiissa p hasheag-nec FIGEU5 RL.e odnoad arV indceit,oa fCi hrli "sTth,L ea sStu pAlpi"nA1ea rtwR9r 4e5,-so89ur,NcYe ,
agairne,m iniosfct ehqnetu alitsahtiiifnvt e S .Ma rdieal Glrea zMiieln,a,I t aly.
33
EIRNASlndreSwp annaus
FIGU6R(.Ea A)b ovCeat:h eofdF rallo rdenocmdeeeg, sn ieadnc do nstbryuF ciptlpeiod
Bruenlleis(.cb hB)o ttroitmgS: ht aotfFu iepl piBor uenlleFslcohrzeI;nt ca(elc,yT) .o p
ritgL:he oBna ttAisltbae" rSt-eiPlf,o ir"ttb ,rraomnezdeca 1.l4 , 35.
light-otnhewe,h icihsw hites-pilsbi yat p risimn to ofu su.rT yhen
thteh ree primaryye lcloaolnwobd,lr use,. r ed, catacsltyrsumc k.
Dantfien'aisl m agiets h aotft hgee omewtheosr t rug­In1 432t hmeo st
glewsi tthh per obloeftm h qeu adraotftu hrceei rcalse ,p owerbfaunlk s
posbeydA rchimaenddre esd efiantae h di ghleervb eyl ofE uropteh,e
NicoloafCu uss Daa.n tree potrhtaistn s truggwliitnhg F lorenBtairn­e
thpirso blheesm u,d delnelaypt eotd h set aotfme i nidn diP,e ruzaznid,
whichhii sn tealnldhe icwsti lwle rmeo veodnt hsea me Accaicuoolllia,ap fstteehdrKe i nogfE ngladnedf aulted
patbhyw hicLhoe v--agape-movess utanhn etd h oet h­ onh idse btIsn1. 43 8t,h Bel aDceka tshw eptth rough
ers tars. Eurofpreo Ams ia, bbryso luagvhet shtihpBesl afcrko m
Anda sD ante dlioroekicsnt tltoyh d ea zzlpiunrge Seaa,st hcea tastorfto hpMeho en gionlv asiinCo hnisn a
ligohfGt o da,tt hcee ntoeftr h Eem pyrehaesn e,e" so ur spretaotd h Wee scta,r ryoifanfsmg u cahs fi ftpye rcent
owne ffigTyh.i"is sC hritshtme,a n-Gaodn,dn od epic­oft hpeo pulaotfmi aojno r ucrebnatnee srpse,c iina lly
tiocno mecsl otshearLn e onadradV oi ncCih'rsio sftt h e Itaalnyds outhFerrann Fcreo.mt hfea mi,t loty he
"LaSsutp p(erS"FE iEg u5r)e. Churcthot, h e Holy ERmpoimraeenv, ei rnys titution
crumbilnet hdfe a coeft htiws ofoldB yc1 r04i0ts,hi es .
populahtaidco onl latpots helede voeflt sw oc enturies
Leonaradnod
earlYieebtry t. h mei ddolfte h fief teecnetnhts utrayr,t ing
TheS cienocfPe e rpesctive aroutnhdte i moeft hCeo unocfiF ll oreonf1c 34e9 t,h e
growctuhr hvaerd e sumietvdse rtcilciamlb .
WhenD antwer ottehD ei viCnoeem djyu satf ter TheR enaiswsaassn hcaep ienFd l oreonntc hebe a sis
1300,t hger owth osfEu urrgoep peoapnu latiooftn h ceu ltouprtailm oifsD ma ntSet,A. u gustainnde ,
A.D.
densfirtotymh hei ghpoofti hnGeto thciact hedral-PbluaitlFdoi­l.i Bprpuon elltehsfiecr hsit, moadrecrhni tect,
inegr haa dd rastsitcaaglnltayht aendtk,ots h ter iumphs weapsti tdhese e creptoiwveoerft hmee diemvaaslo ns,
34
ande stabltihpserh iendc oifip nltee rvienntthoii osnt ory
FIGU7R.E .D pemveeonlfAto l berpetpriesacnt ive.
bya ni ndivoifdgu eanliH uisds.o mfeo Frl orecnacteh e­
draslh,o winnF igu6r(ewa a)ts h tee chnolaorgtiicsatli,c ,
(a)
anedc onommaircv wehli chhe raladn eedwg oldaegne .
Brunelleschii,nF ipgou6rrb(te)rd aryaewdiw nigta h
compaasnsdl ookuipna gth idso mea,l sroe discovered
paintpeerr'ssp eacptpilvyeti,hn lega wosfp rojective
geomettotr hype r obloefrm e presetnhtrieneg- dimen­
sionalo nra et awloi-tdyi mesnusrifoancael.
LeoBna ttista[ SAFEliEbg eur6rt(e]ic a, )n otFhleor­
rentine geniaunsdw, r oatddeoa wpnBt reudn elleschi's
discoivnae b royo iknI talpiuabnl iisnh1 e34d,6a st he
domwea sb eicnogm pleatnedjd u sbtef otrhece o nven­ (b)
inogft hger eEactu menCiocuanlic niF ll oreinn1c 34e9 ,
whertehE ea staenrWdne steCrhnr iscthiuarncw heerse
reuniafireodu hnidg hperri ncwihpilcsehus b sudmiefd­
ferencbeest wepeanr ticcuullatrua rnedrs i tuals.
Brunelldeisscchotivh'eusbrs ey c akmneo wansA lbertian
perspeTchtiiksvi en.od fc onstruccatnei aosnib el y
taugthoyt o uncgh ildarnedsn h,o uld agaian become
standpaarrodtft hsec hool curriculum.
BrunelalnedsA clhbies ritmip lviifiseitdoo an s ingle
eyaen di magitnheardta yosfl igehntt tehree y ew,h ich (c)
isap assrievcei piinae c notn,oe rp yram[iSdFE iEg ure
7(aE)a]c.lh i innet ertshepecl taosn fet hpei ctwuhriec,h
isi nterposedt hbteeh trweeee-nd imoebnjseoicfotn al
sigahnttd h eey ien,o naen odn loyn peo itnhtu,ps e rmit­
tinagl awfuolrldye red mparpopcieFnisggs u.7r b(e)
showtshs ei ngvlaen isphoiinncgto ,r resptoont dhien g
eyweh,i ciphs l acoentd h heo riozfto hnp ei ctAulrtleh .e
orthogfoornmat lhsse c eonreo bjebcetir negp resented,
armea ppetdoc onveorngt eh ipso int.
Andi nF igu7r(ecw )e, seea s heorowif e s
linaersme a ppoedn to ptlhafenore m t he
three-dimoernisgiiionnnAa alllb ertian
perspeNcottiev et.h taotp otlhofegae i­cal
turaersme a intasiunceahdst , h neu mber
ofc ornbeurttsh ,se h abpeec omdeiss tort­
eda ccortdoit nhdgei staanncdae n golfe
visoifot nhi en terpploasSenudec .dh i stor­
tioanrsce a l"loferde shortening."
Brunellseeustpc a hf ima ouesx p­eri
mentto c onviontcheeo rfhs i dsi scovery.
Hep ainttheBeda ptisatf maeoruyls,o cal
buildfiornmgt ,h deo oorf tnheea rby
catheHderd arli.l als emda cloln ihcoalle
int hpea intaittn hgve a nisphoiinngt .
Whenap erssotnoi ontd h cea theddoroarl
anldo oktehdr otuhgheho lient hbea cokf
thpea inthionlgd,aim nigr riontr h oet her
handh,ec ouvledr yit fhatth pea inted
imagceo rrespeoxnadcettdotl hyre e alF IGU7R(EAd l)b.r Deucrhe"trA M, a nD rawAiL nugt "1e 5,25.
35
buildTihnisgsh. o wtehda t
thheu mamni nwda csa pa­
bloefi ncreiatspsio nwge rs
ofc ompreheonfts hieo n
FIGU8R(.E a B)e low:
laws wghoivcehr tnheed
Leodnoad arV inci,
physiucnailv earnsdoe f,
>­z "Aodratofit ohMnea g"i ,
rendetrhienimgn telligi­
1498.Lft e:(A br)c hitctural
ble. stufodr"y A draotiooftn h e
Oneo ft hmeo sfta mous Magi.
demonstroafst eivoenrsa l
devifcoeirsm plementing
Alberpteirasnp eacptpieviaenra st ext­
boopku blisbhyte hdGe e rmaanr tist
AlbreDcuhrtea rr ou1n25d0 i,n eafnf ort
tob riIntga laidavna ntcoGe esr ma[nSy EE
Figu7r(e]d .) Nohtoiwac p el umlbi nies
usetdod raw stlrianfiergsoh tmth eed ges
oft hmeu siicnaslt rutmoae s nitn gelyee ­
poionntt hwea lTlh.es tricnogrsr,e spond­
intgo l igrhaty asr,pe u lltehdr ouag h
transpwaerbme,an rtk iasn egr oifpe osi nts
whicwhh,e cno nnecytieeadlf ,do reshort­
eneidm agoeft hleu toent hpel anTeh.e re
isb iaot fa j okient hwioso dcOufct o:u rse,
th"er eallu"ti esa lsaof oreshortened
imagaen,dD urehra csr eaatp eidc ture
withaip ni ctourra es ,e lf-resfloelxiilvoe­
qubyy t haer toinhs itcs r eamteitvheo ds.
Soona fteArl bertbio'osko n
Brunelldeisscchoibv'eesgr acyni rculating
amonagr titshgters e,Ea ctu menCiocuanl­
ciwla sc onveinneF dl oreBneccea.iu ts e
gathelreeaddt ihnign fkerroasmlo lv etrh e
Mediterrwaonrelaadnn dA fri,tc hae
counncoiotln ldye battehtdeh eological
princwihpilcuehns i aflyCl h ristbiuatn si,t
provitdhefedo rum, otuhtoesf ifidcseie asls ifoonrs ,O nL earnIegndo rea,tn acckalfirnegts hpher obloeftm h e
debaotnte h fer ontoifte hreso reatniadcp aplls iceide ncqeu,a draotftu hree cpiorscbelydAe r chimedes.
inclupdriinngtn ianvgi,g aatnidmo anp,m akianswg e,l l Cusanwuosr'ck i rcualmaotnelgde adPilnagt oinni sts
asf otrh cer ucpioalle mmoiucn tbeytd h Ger eepkh ilosoI­tawlhye,rf er o1m54 8t o1 644h es petnhtle a yseta orfs
phePrl etwhhoona ,r gutehdaP tl awtaoms orceo nsonanhtil si afset hhei ghest uonfdfiePcroi pPaeil u IsIT .h is
witthhC eh risftaiitathnha A nr istotle. worfko rmaem da joirn spirfaottrhi ieod neo afLs e onar­
NicoloafCuuss[ aS pEaEg4 e3,t hiisss wuaeas]l eadindgo d aV incbio,r n Fnleoarr einn1c 5e42 L.e onardo's
organoifzt ehrCe o uncHielh .e adtehdde e legatiuonnfi nis"hAeddo raotfti hoMena gi["S FEiEg u8ra()e] ,
whicthr avetloCe odn stanttioin novpitlhteGee r eek beguinn1 840d,e monsttrhatetr eadn sforfmraotmi on
EmperaonrdO rthocdhouxr hcihe rhayra,cn dw hile thhey pothoefls iinspe earrs petcott hihevi eg hheyrp oth­
thehreeg athered documetnhtaesr gbuomlesnttee srwiihsni gcw hew itlelr "ms phepreircsaple ctive."
thaetar Glrye eakn Lda tcihnu rfctahh ewresr uen itiend Int hper eparsattuodryy sihnFo iwgnu 8rb(e)[ SEE
theciorn coeftp thT eri niHteyt .h eonr gantihzGeee dr ­ alsboa,cc ko vr,e]L eonasrhdoow heidms a steofrt yh e
manp rincwehos , wseurep poratnia nngt i-Ptoop eA,l berstcihaenbm yem appionngeo ft hmeo sitn tricate
rejotihCneh urocfhR omeW.h ilient hteh iocfkt his imaginnaebtlweoo rfok rst hogcoonnavlesro gnai s nign ­
ecclesainadps otliicbtaailtc tailln1e 44,0C ,u spau blishegdlv ea nisphoiinnBgtu .tt h per obloeftm h ipse rspective
36
FIGU9R.E
SandBroot ticellz;
"Adroatoifto hnMe a gi,
"
1467.
construbcyit tisoiensl f,
thaitct a nnaoctc ofuonrt
whaitsm ositm portant:
thpeh asen-gcferh oaam
lowteora h ighgeero me­
tr.yT hel imitaitsi on
inadveretxepnrtelsys ed
bya t heorettriecaatli se
onp aintpeerr'ssp ective
writitnet nhm ei ddolfe
thfei fteceenntthiu nr y
ItaTlhye.a utohrP,i ero
delFlraa nceasscsae,r ted
thapta inting ocfo nsists
threelee mecnotlsoo:ur t,­
linaen,dt hdei minution
off orimnss payceeot,n ly
thteh icradnb et reated
AliaAnrtrVR esourcNeY.
scientiHfiecp aorlueldy .
scoornna nya rtwihsotd oenso mta staenrdi ndeedA,l berpteirasnp eacctcievipemt psl iTcihtulsLy,e.o nar­
advantchseec, i eonfpc eer speHcotwievveae.srL ,e onar­do'Csh riCshti lwdh,ol eaennse rgetaiwcafayrl olhmyi s
dol atreera lipzeerds,p eicsrt eiavltelh seyc ieonfc e motheprr'ost elcatpii,nv iet ais aptiersa l wmhoitciho n
visiaonndt, h ereifmtou rseetn compaalaslss p ectthse oafc ttsot ranstfhoeern mt siurrer ouanrdeiTanh.geM agi
visuunailv eIrnhs iets.r eaotnpi asien tLienogn,a trhdeo­ weraef,t aelral s,t rologers-Zwohropo raascttriicaends
orizfeudlt lhyr keien odfsp erspective-opfe rsapnee vccituliol vftme a giicnw hicthhf eo rocfed sa rakn ldi ght
coloofrf ,o rmasn,do fd iminuWteid oonn .ol ti ivnea n werceo nsidiener teedr bnaatlft oltreh uen iverse-and
airlEeucslsi dsepaanic new hicahs ingelyere e ceiveLse onasrhdoow tsh efsieg uarsie tws e raet vtheer y
straliignwhehtsi cahrn ee itbheennrto r re fracted. momenotft hetirra nsforAmtta htleie oafnnt.rd i gahnt ,
Moreoovfec ro,u rhsuem,aa nn adn imfiaglu rdeons o t old aay nodu npgh ilosfloapnhke rpt ahien taisin ftg o
stalnidkg ee ometcryilcianlad nedsr psh eirnte hsci rsy s­annouintcdsee epmeera nitnotg h vei ewTehre.ay r e,
tallsipnaecb eut,th emyo veS.a ndBroot tiacneo llldie,r u nlitkhfieeg urwehsoo ccuaps yi milar ipnBo ostittii­on
artoifLs eto nargdeon'esr ahtaidgo rna,p pwliettdhh is celpliic'tsou urtes,ti hdceeo ntemppoorlairetyli icotafel
problIenhm i."s Ad oratoifto hnMe a gi("S FEiEg u9r)e, Floreanncdae p,p etaoal m oruen ivenrostaiolof tn h e
Bottischeolwlaeip d a raodffie g urdeosm inabtyte hde concrientdei vidual.
membeorfts h Mee dici wfhaomu inloycffi iarlullye d Then ewp erspescytsitbveaems oendl igahntds had­
Florecnocnev,e rognti hnHego lFya miwlhyi,ci hss e atedo wi fsu lelxye mplbiyLfi eeod nadradV oi nc"iV'isro gfi n
undetrhs eh elotfae m ra ngpeerr feccotnlsyt ructtheRedo ckasc ,o"m pleatletda r(piSeFEciEeg u1r)0eA.
accortdoti hnAegl berrtuilaYenes dt.e sptihtceeo lorfuvle royl Odr ienttraald ihtaidiot tnh aCth riwsatsb orinn
costuamnedas n imaptoesdt uorfie nsd ivitdhupeai lcs­,a g rotbtuott,h i itssh fier spta inttiocn rge aanta em bigui­
turree masitnasIt nidce.be ydc ,o mpartioLs eoonn ardot'yas s t ow hethweear r ien sitdhceea vleo okoiuntgo,r
nearcloyn temp"oArdaorrya titohknee, yfi" g urteh,e outstihdceea vleo okiinnL.ge onahradpsoe rcuhseod n
ChriCshti bleds towabi lnegs sointn hgoe l deosftt h e thbeo undbaertyw een apnodsn ietgiavtceiu vrev ature.
Magiiss,o s malcla hnha er dbledy i stinguished.T hes ujbecitsa c ommoFnl orenotnietn,he ao tft he
ExamiLneeo narvdeor'ssHi eornhe.e, u setsh lei ghti nfaSntJt.o hn Btahpetv iissti tthiVeni gr gainndC hild
itsteool rfg antihzpeei ctiunar h ei ghgeero metthrayn anadn a ttenadnagnetl .
thadti ctabtyte hdEe u clidsepaant fiiacltw ihoinc h Thep ainthiatnswg o d istsionucrtoc fle isg Ohnte.i s
37
thnea tulriaglsh otu rwchei cihl lumitnhasetk eiysn t he Thea ngaep lu,r eslpyi rbietiunagl, l oaolokousnat en d
backgroTuhneod t.h iesars upernaltiugwrhhatil c h connetchvteis e wteotr h pea intTihnehg e.ai dts u rniend
picokust htahnead nsfd a cetsh feoo fufi rg ures. three-qvuiaermwta,ex ri miztiheenf gf oefci tm plicit
Eacphe rsiosdn i stingbuyai d sihfefde qrueanlotif t y motiLoeno.n acrrdeoa atb eesa utgiefoumle sthraiipcne
gestTuhreeh .u mapnr ecuorfsC ohrr iJsoth,tn h Bea p­ thoeu tloiftn hehe e abdu,wt i thdoruatw iahn agr ldi ne.
tisktn,e ealnsdj oihnishs a ndisnp rayaeg re,s toufr e The" liinest" ho ep ticalo ftr hemese ueltti ng between
bondaTgheeV. i rgMianr tyh,e cfiornsvtte oCr htr istiaanr­eoafsl igahntdd ark, hweho ifcthe n bilntu hrer ed
itwyi,th he arc ceptoaftn hmceie s sgiiovnte ohn e bry t he finaplh asoefps a intbiysn mge ariiwtni gt hfi nhgiesr .
angienlt haen nunciuartgiJeoosnh f,no rwawridth he r Nod oubLte onaarldsomo e anttoa llutdoPe l ato's
righhatn wdh icloev ertihcnehg i wlidta hp rotegcetsi­vep araobftl hece a vient hReep ulbiocn,oe ft hfier sPtl aton­
turwei thhe lre fTth.eC hriCshti bledl olwi fhtirssi ghti cd ialotgohu aevsbe e etnr ansilnafi tfetde ecnetnht ury
hanidn a g estoufrb el essTihneog c.t aivnet ervaFll orePnlcaeit.mo a gitnhehedu marna cteob el ikae
betwetehVnei rgainnCd h iilpsdu nctubaytt hepedo int­grooufpp erscohnasi innesdai c daev weh,o soen lnyo tion
inhga nodf t haen gewlh,i cdhi vitdheiesn teartvt ahle ofr ealwietrtyeh seh adowwhsi cphr ojoentc htwe a lolf
distoafna cm eu sificfatlLh e.o nahridmos,ae nla fc com­thcea vfer oamfi roeu tside.o nepWr hiesno ner escapes
plismhuesdi cwiaashn i,g hcloyn scoifto hubese auotfy andr etutrorn esp otrhtat th eir prisonearr e perceptions
proporetmiboondsii nse udc ihn tervals. beicnrge abtyem da nipuloauttosrhisidf see ,l lsolwa ves
trtyok ihlilm P.l attoolt dh piasr atboil lel ustthfreaa lt­e
siotfsy e nse-pearstc hebepa tsoiifoks nn owledge.
Leonadredmoo nsttrhaatAtel db erpteirasnp ective
wasi nadeqtuopa otret ray breecaaeluivsteeyr ything
depenodnea ds incgelnet rraiyPc.a inhtaerdlso nrge al­
izetdh atth ewreer see riloiumsi tattoAi lobnesr stiina­n
gle-ppoeirnstp eIcnat nii vnes.t saunccahest haotfa r ow
ofc oluminlsl ushterraietnF e idg ulr(1ae) a,r tifipceira­l
specwtoiuvlecd a utsheoe u tceorl umtnoas p pemaurc h
widtehra tnh mei ddolneee ,v etnh outghhew ye raelt lh e
samsei zHeo.w evLeero,n ardo arnenyjo etciotofean d
retutrotn hs ei mpelmep irmiectahloo dfts h per e-Alberti
geneiroanIt.no nep assoafgh ein so tebohoewk asr ns:
"Perspceocmteiisnvw eh erjeu dgmenatst fota hdieil ss­
tanocfoe b jewchtiscd hi minTihseeh y.ce a nne vbeera
trujeu dfgoedr e termwiintiehnx ga cthiotwun deeao rn e
objietsco ta notwhheirci hes q utaoil t 2a, n"hde p roceeds
too ffaem ra themactoincsatlr ufcomtrai kointn hgi s
determination.
Ina d rawifnrgot mh eea r1l94y0 ['sSF EiEg u1r(1eb )],
Leonasrhdoow sekde tcohfae nAs l berctoinasnt ruction
ofa l ong raonodam n,u nfolddoiunbgl e-whheilcihx
suggebsotthshi o sb servoaftt ihsoeen lsf -orgpaanti­zing
terinnws a tfleorw sa,n dt hsee lf-deveolflo ipvmienngt
formEsl.s ewhheewr reo tceo,n cerpneirnsgp e"cJtuisvte :
asa s toflnuen ign ttohw ea tbeerc omtehsce e ntaenrd
cauosfem ancyi rcalnedas ss, o unddi ffiutsseiesncl ifr ­
cleisnt he saoia rn:yo bjepclta,ci entd h leu minous
atmospdhierfef,u seisnc iirtcsaleneldfisf l, lt shs eu r­
roundaiinwrgi tihn finiimtaeg oefis t sAenldfi .rs e peat­
edt,h weh oleev erywahnedtr hewe,h oliene vesrmya ll­
espta r3t ."
Leonadridndoo atb andsoinn glep-eprosipnetc tive,
AliaAnrtrilR esource, NY buhte t ransfiobtry ms etdu dytihanerg e oafas m biguity
FIGU1R0LE. e odnoda arV in"cTih,Ve i rogfti nhR eo c"k s,
whicahr feo rmbeydc austaissc esei,nn F iguIr(Iec ),
14-883L6o,vu rPea,r Firsa,n ce.
38
whicahrf ero mebdy i ntersfemacitlioinefcgs u rvTehsi.s FIGU1R.1ELe onraddoaV indcraiw,gi sn.
takuests ot hdeo maLieni blnaitzce arl tlreadn scenden­
talIsn.s toefoa ndl fyco usionntg h cee ntrraihyce,d evot­
(a)
eda ttenttoit hopenh enomwehniac ohc counrt he
periphoefvr iiseiseo snp,e caista hlelasyre ae fe fctbeyd
atmosphere.
Leonawradtsoh fier shty draeunlgiicni enhe irs ttoor y
stutdhyee f efctosfc hangvienlgo cointw iaetsefl ro ws,
whichhei llustirnma atnedydr awi[ngSsFE iEg ure
l(1d)H]e.s tattheadht ic so ncwearsn dtios chovoewr to
measutrhfleeo wo fw atewrh,i cihn voluvseiddni gs con­
tinuous qourua nnitotifmst e iaessu,r etmode invtit,dh ee
continhuyodurso,d yflnoawm.i c
{\ -
RaphaeEll aborLaetoensa r'dso
Dicsoveries
Onltyw elavuet hepnatiinctb iyLn egosn adradV oi nci
have cometo u dsao,nw dmn a noyf t hoasrene o cto m­
pletIetwd a.sl argleetltf yoa na rtoifts htne e xgte nera­
tion, Raphaboerlin n1 S 84a3nt,zoa i pop,Ll eyo nardo's
(b)
discovRearpiheaAser.lc 'hsi mesdhoewsin,nF igulrc(e) ,
(c)
isn omte realfi yg urient h"eS choofoA lt henhsei" s;
actuaacltlitynoc gr etahtpeea intiinwn hgi chhea ppears,
fobry c orrefcotfriro negs hortweenc ianongv ,e rtlhaey
desiognAn r chimesdleatstot'e h oer thogoofn atlhse
architbeechtiutnrhdfiee g urreesp respehnytsisinccgi a­l
encients h "eS choofAo tlh efnerss"c[ oS FEiEg u1r2ae]() .
ThuRsa phapeole ticcraelalttyhe cedo ntienwx hti ch
Plaitnot erivnetntoehV sea tiacgaani tnhsietn flueonfc e
Aristwohtofll ae,n khsi mu ndetrha er cihnt hcee nter
backgrooftu hnfedul "lS choofAo tl henTsh.if"ser scios
parotfa s quarriosohim n t hpea paapla rtmceanltlse d
thSet andzeallSa e gantau[ rSFEiEg u1r2be( )R]a.p hael's
muraolnst hfeou rw alalnsdc eilrienpgr estehnet ed
(d)
totaolfih tumya knn owlefdorgmet hset andpoofi nt
ChrisPtliaatno nwihsimcw,ha sa ti tasp ogien1e 51in0
thCeh urcwhh,e nR aphapeali nttheedfs eres coHes .
imagitnheredo oamsi tfh dei efrfegnatt heroifgn rgesa t
thinkweerrpser ojeocnttteohdn e e gatciuvrevlieynd s ide
ofa s pheFrieg.u 1r2ce() s howass pherqiucaadlr iann t
whicahf g iurset anadtts h cee ntoefar s phetrhei;s
matchtehpsee rspeocftt hiSevt ea dzeall Sai agtnau.Ir n
thvea utlhtce,o ncecpotnsn ectthiefinsegel odfsh uman
knowleadrdgeee p icted.
Fore xampbleet,w eteh"neS choofoA lt henrse,p"r e­
sentpihnygs sicciaelan ncdte h,ae d joiwnailnolgf" Par­
nassruesp"r esepnoteitanrngydm usiRca,p hael shows
cAesptotrfto hnHe[oa SmrFEymi oEgon ufyt1r h3aSee]()p T.hh eulrsitea,ehstPts e lh baeot uocnnodinac­r y ,,,� ,� :,<i.At."-V,*.�t,.j' .,.Hl,' ;I ".".)I _ fl,;i,,:;j, ,I M'. ,u,· .1..,"1. ' �'.,. "t''.'.'ot..\'l.,, h''�iY. ...,'� ,$o• "'4� .."�p",. �/il 1... -."'· 1t"f.vn.�'..<YI''r:".,... ,m ..i"A� .n..-�',,1..i ! ,."1, ",., ©""[,(.I/-....> "t"' 1! ·Ii' ''fJ"' hf.""�)��l'I'!"n"� r�"' '!.A-1I"'''..,I�!Iij ',;<f!""�� k'<--.'1" fffl ;tt,.,.frlM'tf"I l'v.t.rlI<�"<If..f-.'t � -""r'
betwtehedeno maionfms u saincpd h yssicciaeln ce. ThReo yCaoll leHcetMria ojnQe usetEyel ni z"a beth
39