Legal Handbook for FBI Special Agents Part 1 of 1

138 Pages·2003·6.13 MB·English

LEGAL HANDBOOK
FOR
SPECIAL AGENTS
PAGES REVIEWE- D13 7 A
PAGES RELEASED - 137
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L HBSAI- NL EGAH LANDBOF SOOPRKECIAL AGENTINST RODUCTION
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S ECTIOO N F OREWOA RNDDI NSTRUCTIOF NOSRU SINGTHIS
L HBSAP~ 1LEGALH ANDBOF OOKRS PECIAA LGENTP SART1
S ECTION 1 P ROBABLECAUSE
DEFINITION
R ELEVANTINFORMATION
A PPLICATION O F T HE STANDARD
S OURCES O F FACTS
C OMUNICATING T HE FACTS
R EVIEWA NDA PPROVO ALFC OMPLAINA TNSDAFFIDAVITS
P REPARATIG OUNIDELINEF SORP ROBABC LAEUSSETATEMENT
DELETED
S 2E CTION A FFIDAVITSA NDCOMPLAINTS
BACKGROUND
DELETED
DELETED
DELETED
DELETED
M OVEDT O A PPENDIX 8-1
DELETED
DELETED
S 3ECTION ARREST
I SSUANCE O F A RRESTWARRANTS
C RIMINAL LIABILITY-ESCAPE
ARREST
ARREST
- 1 PROMPT
3-12
3-13 W ITH WARRANT
3-14 U SE OF W ITHOUT WARRANT
MANNA PEPREARANCB EEFOREM AGISTRAT ES7-e1e6 and
3-15
F ORCE SeeM IOG,P art 2 , 1 1-1.1 !
SEARO CFHE NTRY See 5 -2.1 a ndM IOG,P 2a,rt
3-16
I NCIDENTAL T O ARREST
MEDIC ,ALA TTENTIOF NORA RRESTEE SSeeM IOGP art 2,
F OREIGN NATIONAL SSeeM IOG,P art I I, ll-2.3.3.!
A RRESTI SN F OREIGC NOUNTRIES SeeM IOG,P art II,
D IPLOMATICI MMUNITY See 5-11.!
N EWM SEDIAM EMBE RSSeeM AOPP ,artI I, 5 -7.1 a ndMIOG,
A RMED F ORCES PERSONNEL
S ERVICE O F SUBPOENAS
ARREST O FJ UVENILES SeeM IOG,P 2a, rt 4-1.1.!
SECTION 4 . I NVESTIGATIVE DETENTION
I N GENERAL
DETENTION
L IMITED S EARCHF ORWEAPONS
(cid:20) O THERA PPLICATIONO FD ETENTIONAUTHORITY
S ECTION 5 S EARCHA ND SEIZURE
I N G ENERAL See8 -3.2 a ndM PIaOrtG , 1 , S ect1on91-9,
S EARCHU NDERS EARCHWARRANT
I NTRODUCTIONE XCEPTIONT S0 T HES EARCHWARRANT
S BEYA RCH CONSENT
E MERGENCS YEARCHES SeeA ppendix, 4-1.!
SEARCH I NCIDENTALT OA RREST See 3 -8 a ndM IOG,Part
M OTORV EHICLEE XCEPTION Formerly 5 -7 1!
I NVENTORY SEARCHES
M ARKINE GVIDENCF EORI DENTIFICATIO NFormerly5-8!
S BEYA RCHESU S C USTOMS SERVICE Formerly5-9!
D IPLOMATII CMUNITY Formerly5-10!
- . _,WnWTT....,. -_< .. W , WW
5-12
I 6 5-13 . -.... |(cid:20)nl|l92ll>l9292 n|<| 1| xll. I, Tl , UIL4. ulllllillillll(cid:2)
I 7
FIRST AMENDMEPNRTI VACY PROTECTIO NF ormerly 5-11!
SEARCH FORD OCUMENTS INP OSSESSION OFT HIRD PARTIES
SECTION 6. EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION
IN GENERAL
LINEUPS
SINGLE SUSPECT CONFRONTATIONS
PHOTOGRAPHIC IDENTIFIC ASTeIeO MN IOG,P art I,
SECTION 7 CONFESSIONS ANDIN TERROGATIONS
IN GENERAL See MIOG, Part 2, Section 7.!
- 1 VOLUNTARINESS
7-12 WARNING OF RIGHTS
7-13 WAIVER OF RIGHTS See LHBSA, 7-2 1 (cid:1)!.!
INTERVIEWO S FUBJECT B UY.S. ATTORNEY
7-14 INTERVIEW UNDO SEAeRTe H 7-12.15 and M PIaOrtG , I,
DELETED
7-15 RECORDING oIrN TERVIEWS Formerly7 -14! See 7-9.3.!
7-16 INTERVIEW LOG SS ee MIOG, Part I, 263-5.1 (cid:3)!.!
7-17 INTERPRETERS
7-1s PLEA BARGAINING
PREPARATIONS OIGFN ED STATEMN STSee MAOPP, art II,
7-19
RETENTION OINFT ERVIEW NOT SEeSe MAOPP, art II, 10-12,
IDENTITY OFI NTERVIEWING AGEN TSSe e M PIaOrtG , 2,
7-20 INTERVIEWS INF OREIGN COUNTRI ESSe e M PIaOrtG , II,
7-21
APPEARANCE BEFORE U.S MAGISTRATE
7-22 MOVED TO 7-14
REMOVALO P FRISONER FROM CUSTODO YUF .S MARSHAL
PRESENCO ECF OUNSEL D INUTREINRGVIEW See MIOG, Part
7-23
PRESENCE O SFTENOGRAPHERS
7-24 EVIDENCE OFFE DERAL INCOMTAEX VIOLATIONS See MIOG,
REQUEST T SOEE JUDGE OR U S MARSHAL
7-25 QUESTIONING ABOUT SIMILAR CRIMES
I 9
PROTECTING IDENTITY O INFFORMANTS
7-26 DELETED
REQUEST TO USE TELEPHONE
7-27 LEGAL ADVICE BY AGENTS See MIOG, Part 2, 7-2 1.!
7-2s ADVICE O CFHARGE, LOCAL CUSTODY
SECTION B INFORMANTS AND ENTRAPMENT
IN GENERAL See MIOG, Part I, Section 137.!
INFORMATION REGARDING L CORCIMALES
LEGAL LIMITATIONS
- DISCLOSURE O INFFORMANT(cid:24)S IDENTITY
SECTION 9. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY
IN GENERAL S3-e4e 3 and MIOG, Part 1 S,ection 197 !
CLAIMS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT
SUITS AGAINST T EHMEPLOYEE
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
LEGAL REPRESENTATION S ee 9-4 and MIOG,
Part 1, 197-4 !
_ 1 DISCLOSURE O OFFFICIAL FBI INFORMATION
I 2
I 3
I 4
Table of Contents
CASLEHSBSAXO - LEGAL HANDBOOFKO R SPECIAL AGENTS APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1 FD(cid:20)26 - CONSENT TO SEARCH
1-1 FD-26 - CONSENT TO SEARCH
APPENDIX 2 FD-395 - ADVICE OF RIGHTS
2-1 FD-395 - ADVICE O RFIGHTS See LHBSA, Part 1, 7-3.3.!
APPENDIX 3 . FD-404 - Y ROIGUHRTS AT A LINEUP
3-1 FD-404 - YOUR RIGHTS A T A LINEUP
APPENDIX 4. SELECTED FEDERCAILR CUIT COURTOSF APPEALS
I _
I Iwmw" mm
_ n 92|-1 (cid:2)~mI~||Il92.A mwum||uu
4-1
I 5
_ 5-1 SELECTED FEDECRIRALC UIT COUROTFS APPEALCSA SEST A HRAET
_ 6. APPENDIX 5 . FEDERAL JUDICIAL CIRCUITS MAP
_ 6-1 FEDERAL JUDICIAL CIRCUITS MAP
_ 7 APPENDIX 6. FORFEITUREA ABNADN DONED PROMPAETRTTEYR S
GOVERNMEFONRTFEITURE AANBDA NDONED PROPMEARTTTYE RS SEFEO RFEITURE
APPENDIX 7 ETHICAL STANDARFDOSR ATTORNEYFOS R THE
_ 7-1
ETHICAL STANDARFDOSR ATTORNEFYOSR THEG OVERNMENT
_s APPENDIX 8 SEARCH WARRAUNPTO N ORATLE STIMONY
_ e-1 Search Warrant Upon Oral Testimony
I (cid:20) (cid:20) ~-- ---;
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Manl-ID: LHBSALIENG AL HANDFBOORO SKP ECAIGALE NTS INTRODUCTION
SECTION O. FOREWORDIN ASNTDR UCTIONSU T FSHOIINSRG HANDBOOK
**Ef£Dte: 04/28/M19C7R8T #: D0 iv: D9 Cav: SecCls:
O-1 FOREWORD AND INSTRUCTFIOONRS U SINTGH IS HANDBOOK
The Legal Handbook forS pecial Agents is not
intended tob e a treatise o thne law. Rather, i t i sdesigned
as a compilation of basic principles of constitutional and
criminal procedural law i nthose a orfe as greatest concern to
the Agent-Investigator. It is written in understandable
language andin corporates, w phoessreible, applicable Bureau
policy.
This handbwoaosk prepabrye dth e|0fficoef t Gheeneral I
Counsel|basSeudp orne me dCeocuisrti ons ionr ,t hosaer eas I
where the SupremC eh oaus rt not addresseda p articular legal
issue, on a annalysis of lower Federal courtd ecisions. The
main bodyo f the handbook containtsh e general rules in effect -
for each area of the law discussed. Appendix 4 at the end of
the handbook contains information on selected Federal circuit
courts of appeals cases that are in conflict, in w hole o inr
part, w thiteh general rule. Therefore, in using the hand-
b Aogoekn,t-Investigators are required to s Acpapnendix 4 for
any special rules in effect in t chierciruit, in addition to
locating the general rule in the main body of the handbook.
Appendix 4i s broken downb syection Search andS eizure, Pro-
bable Cause,C onfessions, etc.!; therefore, Special Agents need
not review the entire Appendix eacht ime the handbook is used.
Local policies and practices of U.S. Magistrates
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Hanl-ID: LHBSAINL EGAL HANDBOFOORK SPECIAALG ENTS INTRODUCTION
and U.S. Attorneys often vary from district to district. Any
such l orucleasl, not contrary to stated Bureau policy, should
be deemed supplementary to instructions contained i nthis
handbook.
The handbook w biell revised from time to time as
the law and Bureau policy change. It has been prepared i na
handy size and form, and Special Agents are encouraged to have
it a vailabli enthe course oaf n investigation.
**srrm== 09/09/1994l &#39;lCRT#D: iv2:8 1D C 9av: SecC1s:
*********************************** END OF REPOR*T* ***************************
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Hanl-ID: LHBSAPL1E GAL HANDFBOORO KS PECAIAGLE NTS PA1RT
SECTION 1 P.ROBABLE CAUSE
**EffDte: 04/28/1M9C7R8 T#: D0 iv: D9 Cav: SecC1s:
1-1 DEFINITION
| l! Probable cause isa reasonableb elief basedo n
available facts and circumstanceasn,d thel oingfeicreanlces that can
be drawnfr om t hem.I tis determined btyh e totality o thfe facts and
circumstances,a vsiewed f trhoem perspective o f a reasonable law
enforcement officer.
(cid:2)! The probable causstea ndard iso ne ofp robability,
not certainty; thus, it is significantly l othwaenr the " bperyooonfd
a reasonable doubt" standard necessary to support a criminal
conviction.|
**EffDte: 07/26/19H9C9 RT#: 9D15iv : D9 Cav: SecCls:
1-2 IRELEVANT INFORMATION
Any relevant, reliable, legally obtained information may
be usedt eostablish probable causee, ven thoughth at same information
may bee xcluded fromt rial by a rule o efvidence. For example,
probable causem ay beb ased inw hole or in part on hearsay second
hand! informatioenv en thougthhe ruleso efvidence generally exclude
hearsay evidencfreo ma trial. Likewise, ad efendant&p #crr3iiom9r;isn al
recordm bea y relevant t tohe issue of probable causeev en thougthh at
same informmaayti obnneo ta dmistos ibplreoh vies /her guaitlt
trial.
**EffDte: 07/26/19H9C9 RT#: 9D15iv : D9 Cav: SecCls:
1-3 |APPLICATION or wasS TANDARD]
**EffDte: 07/26/199H9C RT#: 91D5i v: D9 Cav: SecCls:
1-3.1 |General
Probable cause is the level o pfroof required by the
Fourth Amendmeton ts upport the issuanceo wfarrants to arrest or to
search andb sytatute to obtain a court order to intercept
communications.I tis also the Fourth Amendmesntat ndard for
WARRANTLESS ARaRnEdS foTrS C, ERTAIN WARRANSTELAERSCSH ES~-e.g.,
emergency searchefosr evidence, the vehicle exception, etc.|
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Hanl-ID: LHBSAL PHE1AG NADLBOOK FOR SPECAIAGLE NP TSA R1T
**E£fDte:
07/26/1999 HCR91T5# :D iv: D9 Cav: SOCCII2
l-3.2 |Probable Cause to Arrest
The constitutional validity of every arrest, whether made
Awn iatrrhes tor without aw arrant, depenudpso n thee xistence oPf ROBABLE
CAUSET AHTE MOMTHEEN TA RRISE SMTA DEE.v idence obtasinuebds equent
arrest is
to the arrest c baen not used retrospectivelyto justify the arrest.
by warranet nsures thaa mt agistratej udge ora g rand jury
has predeterminethde existenceo f probablec ause. A warrantless
valid if a federal offense(cid:20)-felony or misdemeanorr-is
committed itnh e presencoef Agentso, r, if the arrestingA gents have
**E£fDte:
probablec t aou se believe thata federalf elony wacso mmitted tbhye
person being arrested.(cid:24)
07/26/1999 MCR9T1#5: Div: D9 Cav: SecCls:
1-3.3 |Probable Cause to Search
available
crimhea s W prhoebnable c isa use required to justify a search-(cid:20)e.g.,
search warrante, mergency searcohr ,t he vehicle except1on(cid:20)-the
crime or facts and circumstances musstu pport the conclusion that a
are being been committed, t ihteamt s sought are c wointhn ected that
are persons for whose arrest there is probable cause, or who
described unlawfully restrained!, and that the described items or
persons arep resently locatedo r s too on be locateda at particularly
**EffDte: place.|
07/26/1999 HCRT9#1: 5 Div: D9 Cav: SecCls:
1-A
ISOURCESIOF FACTS
firsthand
|Facts to establish probablec ause mabye basedo n
secondpehrcaepntiodn s h soefo auanrr secnaet, ys! fo ?threy may be obtained from I
**EffDte: 07/26/19M99C RT#: 91D5iv : D9 Cav: SecC1s:
1-4.1
|Firsthand Knowledge
Firsthand knowledge consists of information obtained
*d*irEecfftDly tteh:rougthhe senses-~is.eig.,h t, hearinsgm, ell, otro uch.|
1-4.2 07/26/1999 MCR9T1#5: Div: D9 Cav: SecCls:
|Hearsay
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Hanl-ID: LHBSAPL1E GAL HANDBFOORO KS PECIAAGLE NTP SA RT1
Information ow ft hheic h Agent doenso t havep ersonal
knowledge hise arsay. Althougphro bable caumsea y bbea sed inw hole
or in part o hnearsay, Agents shoulcda refully evaluates uch
informatione tnos ure thita its given propweer ight. Ine valuating
hearsay informationA,g ents shoulcdo nsider theC REDIBILITYT OHFE
S aOs URCwEell ast he RELIABIOLIFT YT HINEF ORMATION PROVIDED.|
**EffDte: 07/26/1H9C99R T#: 9D1i5v : D9 Cav: SecC1s:
I1-4.2.1 Credibility o thfe Source
(cid:1)! Knowledgeo t hfe source(cid:20) I n everyday experience,
either consciouo sslruy bconsciouslwy,e m juadkgements regarding the
credibility of individuals whpor ovide informationto u Ws.hether we
know thep erson, howwe ll wek now thema,n d whawt e knowab out them(cid:20)-
these arec ommon factowres rely upon inj udging credibility.
i (cid:2)! Corroboratfiaocnt so Cf- redibilitya onfy source
can beb olstered ifw e alreadkyn ow, oc re asntablish independently,
t hat a substantial portion o thfe information is true. /
**EffDte: 07/26/19H9C9 RT#: 9D15iv : D9 Cav: SecCls:
I1-4.2.2 Reliability o tfhe Information
The mostc redible o sfources may provide information that
is unreliable. T inh us, assessing there liability of the
information, it is importantt aoscertain the basis o itf. In other
words, howdo es thes ourcek H nooww ? was thei nformation acquired?
If Agentsk now hothwe sourcoeb tained thien formation, it is possible
t oassess its reliability. For example,i f the source obtainedi t
firsthand, it is morere liable thanif i twas obtained through
hearsay. If the Agentsd noot k hnooww the source obtained the
information,a high degreeo d fetail in the information providedc an
support an inference that the information is reliable. In the absence
of knowledgoef the basis for the source&i#n3fo9r;ms ation, independent
corroboration can support a reasonable belief in the information(cid:24):
reliability.|
**EffDte: 07/26/19H9C9 RT#: 9D15iv : D9 Cav: SecCls:
|l-4.3 Logical Inferences |
In addition t ionformation acquired through firsthand
perceptions ohr earsay, Agenmtsa y drawlo gical inferences f trhoamt
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Maul-ID: LHBSAP1L EGAL HANDBOFOORK SPECIAALG ENTS PA1RT
information. For example, Agenmtsa y receivere liable information
that an individual is engaged ini llegal distribution o cfocaine.
Although the information makesn o reference t oother i toefms
evidentiary valuet,h e Agentms ay logicallyin fer that one wheon gages
in that kind o cfriminal activity will also possesrse lated itemss uch
as packagingm aterials, large amounts ofc raescohr,ds that would
identify names o sfources and customerse, tc. Such inferences canb e
included in the probable cause statementto support the i sosf uance a
search warrant for all of the relevant i tneammsed.|
**EffDte: 07/26/1999H CRT#: 91D5 iv: n9 Cav: SecC1l:
1-5 ICOMHUNICATING was FACTSI
**EffDte: 07/26/1999H CRT#: 91D5 iv: D C9av: SecCls:
1-5.1 |General
If Agents apply for a warrant to arrest or to
search, they must communicatet he underlying facts to support the
issuanceo thfe warrant probablec ause! toa magistrate judge whhoa s
the authority to issue the warrant. If Agents make warrantless
arrests or conduct warrantless searches requiring probable cause, the
obligation to communicate thper obable causeu nderlying the action
will a trhiesreeafter. For example,f ollowing a warrantless arrest,
Rule 5 o thfe Federal Ruleso f Criminal Procedure FED.R.CRIM.P.!
requires that the arrestee be taken to the nearest available
magistrate judge without unnecessaryd elay, and that a Complaint be
filed. A Complaint is defined as "a written statement of the
essential facts constituting the offense charged." If Agents conduct
a warrantless search where probable cause is the legal prerequisite--
e.g., the Vehicle Exception--it is most likely that their assessment
of probable cause will be subsequently challenged by the defendant
during a suppression hearing. The important point is that whether
obtaining warrants, or justifying warrantless actionsr equiring
probable cause, Agents must be prepared to communicatet he facts
supporting their determination that probable causee xisted to support
the action taken.|
**EffDte: 07/26/1999 MCRT#: 915D iv: D C9av: SecC1s:
1-5.2 {Constitutional Requirements forIs suance ofW arrants
The Fourth Amendment explicitly mandates that "no Harrants
shall issue, but upon probable cause,s upported byO ath or
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