Legal Basis for a National Space Legislation

301 Pages·2004·1.572 MB·English

by  Julian Hermida (auth.)

LEGAL BASIS FOR A NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATION
SPACE REGULATIONS LIBRARY
VOLUME 3
EDITORIAL BOARD
Managing Editor
PROF. R. JAKHU,Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
MEMBERS
M. DAVIS, Ward & Partners, Adelaide, Australia
S. LE GOUEFF, Le Goueff Law Office, Luxembourg
P. NESGOS, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, New York, U.S.A.
S. MOSTESHAR, Chambers of Sa’id Mosteshar, London, U.K. &
Mosteshar Mackenzie, California, U.S.A.
L. I. TENNEN, Law Offices of Sterns and Tennen, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
LEGAL BASIS
FOR A NATIONAL SPACE
LEGISLATION
by
JULIAN HERMIDA
Aerospace Consultant,
Halifax, NS, Canada
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBookISBN: 1-4020-2532-7
Print ISBN: 1-4020-1913-0
©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
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To Florencia, Milton and Lucas
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents vii
Introduction xiii
Chapter I The International Legal Framework 1
Introduction 1
A. International Responsibility and Reliability 1
1. Responsibility in International Law 2
2. International Responsibility and Liability for Space
Activities 6
3. Concluding Remarks on International Responsibility
and Liability 26
B. Authorization and Supervision 28
1. Introductory Aspects 28
2. The Enactment of Domestic Law 28
3. Activities Requiring Authorization and Supervision 32
4. Categories of Activities in Outer Space 35
5. Basis for the Authorization 36
6. The Appropriate State 40
7. Subject of the Obligation to Authorize and Supervise 44
8. Continuing Supervision 45
9. Non-Governmental Entities 46
10. Moment of Authorization 47
11. Relationship with the Outer Space Treaty 48
12. Freedom of Exploration and Use 48
13. Extent and Scope of the Free Exploration and Use
Principle 50
14. Limits to the Freedom Principle 52
15. Other Principles of International Space Law 53
16. Abuse of Rights 57
17. Limits for the Adoption of National Legislation 58
18. Abuse of Discretion 59
19. Interdependence of Rights and Obligations 59
C. Registration 61
1. National Registry 61
2. International Registry 62
3. Purpose 63
4. State of Registry 64
5. Recorded Information 66
D. Conclusions 68
vii
viii
Chapter II The National Legal Framework 73
Introduction 73
A. United States of America 76
1. National Application of International Law 76
2. Nature of US National Space Law 78
3. Responsibility and Liability 81
4. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 89
5. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 98
6. Concluding Remarks 98
B. Russian Federation 101
1. National Application of International Law 101
2. Nature of Russian National Space Law 102
3. Responsibility and Liability 105
4. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 107
5. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 110
6. Concluding Remarks 110
C. Australia 111
1. National Application of International Law 111
2. Nature of Australian National Space Law 112
3. Responsibility and Liability 114
4. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 119
5. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 121
6. Concluding Remarks 122
D. United Kingdom 123
1. National Application of International Law 123
2. Nature of United Kingdom National Space Law 124
3. Responsibility and Liability 126
4. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 128
5. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 133
6. Concluding Remarks 134
E. Ukraine 135
1. National Application of International Law 135
2. Nature of Ukrainian National Space Law 136
3. Responsibility and Liability 137
4. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 137
5. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 139
6. Concluding Remarks 139
F. Sweden 140
1. National Application of International Law 140
2. Nature of Swedish National Space Law 141
ix
3. Responsibility and Liability 141
4. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 142
5. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 143
6. Concluding Remarks 143
G. South Africa 144
1. National Application of International Law 144
2. Nature of South African National Space Law 145
3. Responsibility and Liability 146
4. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 146
5. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 148
6. Concluding Remarks 148
H. Japan 149
1. National Application of International Law 149
2. Nature of Japanese National Space Law 150
3. Responsibility and Liability 151
4. Concluding Remarks 152
I. France 153
1. National Application of International Law 153
2. Nature of French National Space Law 153
3. Responsibility and Liability 155
4. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 159
5. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 164
6. Concluding Remarks 164
J. Canada 165
1. National Application of International Law 165
2. Nature of Canadian National Space Law 166
3. Responsibility and Liability 167
4. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 169
5. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 171
6. Concluding Remarks 171
K. Harmonization and New Rules 173
1. No Need for Harmonization of Authorization
Requirements 173
2. No Need for Harmonization of Liability Regime 175
3. No Need of New International Rules 177
L. Conclusions 179
Chapter III Argentine Space Law and Policy 185
Introduction 185
A. National Application of International Law 185
B. Nature of Argentine National Space Law 188
x
1. Constitutional Issues 188
2. Jurisdiction 188
3. Constitutional Principles 191
4. Lack of Constitutional Authority 194
5. Functions 195
6. Inadequacy and Incompleteness of the Current
National Space Framework 198
7. Concluding Remarks Regarding the Completeness
of the Legal Framework Discussion 208
C. Responsibility and Liability 210
1. Safety Laws 210
2. Recovery of Compensation 212
3. Fault Liability 212
4. Objective Liability 214
5. Vicarious Liability 215
6. Concluding Remarks Regarding the Possibility
of States to Recover Compensation 216
7. Risk Distribution System 217
D. Implementation of the Authorization and Supervision
Principle 218
1. Introduction 218
2. Resolution 330/96 218
3. Formal Aspects 219
4. Substantive Aspects 220
5. Basis for the Authorization 220
6. Activities Requiring Authorization and Supervision 222
7. Subject of the Obligation to Authorize and Supervise 223
8. Continuing Supervision 223
9. Concluding Remarks on Resolution 330 226
10. Other Authorizations Required in Argentina 226
11. Competent Authorities 227
12. General Satellite Telecommunications Framework 228
13. Geostationary Satellite Services 229
14. Non-Geostationary Satellites 233
15. Concluding Remarks Regarding the Authorization
System for Satellite Telecommunications Activities 233
E. Implementation of the Registration Obligations 234
1. Argentine Space Object Registry 234
F. Conclusions 237
Final Chapter Conclusions and Proposal 241
Introduction 241
A. Conclusions Regarding the International Legal
Framework 242
B. Conclusions Regarding the National Legal Framework 246
xi
C. Conclusions Regarding Argentine Space Law and Policy 250
D. Recommendations and Proposal 253
1. Alternatives for the Structure of the Proposed
Legislative Agenda 253
2. Recommended Law Reform Agenda 254
About the Author 258
Bibliography 259
List of Acronyms 273