Table Of ContentS E V E N T H E D I T I O N
LA LR
REFINE YOUR SCORE
& ✓ Section-wise detailed analysis of CLAT & AILET
2020 ✓ Legal aptitude questions of CLAT & AILET updated till 2019
✓ New chapter on Legal maxim added
LEGAL AWARENESS AND LEGAL REASONING ✓ Latest updates on Jammu and Kashmir - Article 370
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A.P. Bhardwaj
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The ability to master Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning sections is one of the most
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critical factors in determining the success of an aspirant in CLAT, AILET, SLAT, and
other law entrance examination. The 7th Edition of this book, with a proven track record
of more than 10 years, is an ideal resource to help aspirants irrespective of their
educational background to crack these sections. It provides a detailed exposition of all the &
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the concepts effectively. Detailed analysis on Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning from L
previous years' question papers of CLAT, AILET, and other law entrance examination will
expose their weightage, varying trends and patterns over the years.
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S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
HIGHLIGHTS
LA LR
Thoroughly revised 2
&
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Fully solved Legal aptitude section of CLAT & AILET till 2019 2020
2
New chapter on Legal Maxims 0
LEGAL AWARENESS AND LEGAL REASONING
Detailed chapters with MCQs on all verticals of Law—Constitutional Law, Civil Law,
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“Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for CLAT and Other Law Entrance
Examinations is a praiseworthy publication by Pearson. It is one of the best and
the most comprehensive of books that are available in market on this topic.
Kudos to the author for his efforts.”
Zorawar Singh
6th rank in PU BA. LL.B, 2017
“Pearson’s Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning book enabled me to obtain the
9th rank in PU B.Com. LL.B., 2017. Comprehensive coverage and thousands
of MCQs in this book helped me a lot in achieving this success. My heartfelt
gratitude to the author, his guidance and to the publisher for these extraordinary
study material.”
Divanshu Aggarwal
9th rank in PU B.Com. LL.B, 2017
“I secured the 20th rank in PU B.Com. LL.B., 2017 and a big share of the credit
undoubtedly goes to A.P. Bhardwaj’s books for Pearson’s Legal Awareness and
Legal Reasoning for CLAT and Other Entrance Examinations. This book helped me
immensely in understanding several concepts of Legal Awareness and Legal
Reasoning with ease along with revising my concepts and testing my memory
of facts and figures. Such an edition is certainly indispensable for anyone who
wishes to perform well in the examinations.”
Sauman Singh Gill
20th rank in PU B.Com. LL.B, 2017
“It is an undisputable fact that my success is due to author A.P. Bhardwaj’s
well-designed book Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for CLAT. It assisted me
in comprehensive study of various topics related to law in a very short period
of time.”
Mudit Gupta
29th rank in PU BA./B.Com. LL.B, 2017
“Studying from Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for CLAT proved to be no
less than a bliss which enabled me to secure 7th rank in PU BA. LL.B., 2016.
All the books from the author, especially Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for
CLAT is a must read for all aspiring students.”
Preet Kanwar Singh
7th rank in PU BA. LL.B, 2016
“Getting admission into PU BA. LL.B was my dream and it came true just because of the
author, Mr Bhardwaj’s guidance and his law entrance books especially Legal Awareness and
Legal Reasoning for CLAT published by Pearson.”
Didar Singh
14th rank in PU BA. LL.B, 2016
“The book, Legal Awareness and Legal Reasoning for CLAT helped me in conquering my fear
and achieving my goal. It provides irrefutable proof of the author’s decades-long experience
and it has successfully being used by sincere aspirants.
I strongly recommend to all aspirants to read this book.”
Satvik Bansal
(MAH CET 2016)
32nd rank in GLC, Mumbai
“If you’re looking for the means to achieve your dream of studying in one of the best law
colleges in India, then, please begin your preparation from the CLAT books authored by
Mr A.P. Bhardwaj which are published by Pearson. One of their best books, Legal Reasoning
and Legal Awareness deserves special mention here as most of the reasoning based questions,
legal terminologies, maxims and various other topics that frequently appear in the CLAT
examination are discussed in detail in this book.”
Aditya
1st rank in PU BA. LL.B, 2015
All India Rank-175 in CLAT, 2015
(127/150 marks in SET)
“My success in CLAT 2014 is certainly the outcome of Mr Bhardwaj’s able guidance.
I strongly recommend that this book to be the first and foremost priority of all the
students who want to crack CLAT, SET, AILET or any other law entrance examinations.”
Pranav Mehta
All India Rank-57 in CLAT, 2014
All India Rank-64 in AILET, NLU, Delhi
20th Rank in PU CET
(20/150 Marks in SET)
“I found the book as a gateway to all the nationally recognized law universities. The content
coverage, clarity of concepts and MCQs are very helpful for a good preparation for clearing
the law entrance examinations.”
Kanchan Singla
All India Rank-10 in NLU, Delhi
All India Rank-62 in CLAT, 2013
All India Rank-13 in PU Chandigarh, 2013
Legal Awareness
and
Legal Reasoning
For CLAT, AILET and SLAT
Seventh Edition
A.P. Bhardwaj
Dedicated to
Anaadi and Upasna
The two wheels, the two eyes, the two poles of my life
and who are my whole sansará
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Contents
Preface xi Oath and Resignation 1.28
Age, Salary, Term and Tenure of the
Acknowledgements xii
Important Offices 1.29
About the Author xii
Presidents of India 1.29
Examination Analysis– CLAT and AILET xiii Vice Presidents of India 1.31
Prime Ministers 1.32
Unit I Legal Awareness
Deputy Prime Ministers
From 1947 Till Date 1.36
Chapter 1 Legal Awareness:
List of Chief Election Commissioners 1.36
An Introduction 1.3
Finance Commission 1.37
The Making of Indian Constitution 1.3
Chief Justices of India 1.37
Significance of Preamble 1.3
High Courts in India 1.40
Constitution of India: ‘A Bag of
High Courts by State/Union Territory 1.42
Borrowings’ 1.4
Important Commissions and
Schedules to the Constitution on
Committees in India 1.43
Your Finger Tips 1.4
List of Important Amendments 1.43
Classification of Fundamental Rights 1.5
Heads of Legislative, Executive,
Definition of State 1.5
Judicial Offices 1.46
Factual Nuggets on Your Finger Tips 1.8
Practice Exercise 1.49
Question Hour 1.15
Motions 1.15 Chapter 2 Important Legal Terms 2.1
Judiciary in India 1.15
Legal Terms in Detail 2.3
Don’t Forget 1.20
Practice Exercise 2.13
Comparison of the Offices of the
President and the Vice President 1.21
Chapter 3 Legal Maxims 3.1
Powers of President 1.22
Legal Maxims in Detail 3.1
Emergency Powers 1.23
Practice Exercise 3.5
Comparison between the
Supreme Court and the High Courts 1.24
Chapter 4 Constitutional Law 4.1
Indian Parliament 1.25
State Legislatures 1.26 Part A: The Constitution 4.1
Strength of the State Legislative What is Constitution? 4.1
Assemblies 1.27 Organs of the Government 4.1
Important Timelimits in Indian Constitution—A Living Document 4.1
Constitution 1.28 The Making of Indian Constitution 4.1
viii | Contents
Salient Features of the Indian Judiciary in India 4.61
Constitution 4.2 The High Courts 4.62
Borrowed Features of the Check your Understanding 4.63
Constitution 4.4
Part F: Miscellaneous—Various
Schedules in Constitution 4.4 Commissions, Local Self
Articles of the Constitution 4.5 Government and Amendments 4.64
Preamble 4.8 Election Commission 4.64
Check your Understanding 4.9 Public Service Commissions 4.64
Part B: Union of India, Citizenship, Finance Commission 4.65
Fundamental Rights, and
Amendment of the Constitution 4.65
Duties and Directive Principles 4.12
State of J&K, Government and Judiciary 4.66
Territory of the Union 4.12
Jammu and Kashmir 4.67
Citizenship 4.15
Local Government 4.67
Fundamental Rights 4.16
Local Urban Government 4.69
Directive Principles of State Policy 4.25
Fundamental Duties 4.26 NITI Aayog 4.69
Check your Understanding 4.27 Check your Understanding 4.69
Part C: The Union and Practice Exercise 4.72
State Executives 4.35 Proficiency Test 4.140
Union Executive 4.35
The President of India 4.35 Chapter 5 Quick Facts 5.1
The Vice President of India 4.43 Practice Exercise 5.24
The Prime Minister of India 4.45
Council of Ministers 4.46 Chapter 6 L egal Awareness: Previous
Attorney-General 4.47 Years’ Question Paper
Comptroller and Auditor General 4.47 (2019 to 2008) 6.1
State Executive 4.48
Check your Understanding 4.50 Unit II Legal Reasoning
Part D: The Union and
State Legislature 4.54 Chapter 7 L egal Reasoning:
Union Legislature 4.54 An Introduction 7.3
Lok Sabha 4.54
Introduction 7.3
Rajya Sabha 4.55
Know the Differences 7.4
Types of Majority 4.55
General Exceptions: Sections 76–106
Types of Motions 4.56
of the Indian Penal Code 7.5
State Legislature 4.58
Murder Distinguished from Culpable
Check your Understanding 4.59 Homicide 7.6
Part E: Judiciary – Supreme Court/ Difference between Assault,
High Courts 4.61 Affray and Riot 7.7
Contents | ix
Difference between Kidnapping and Torts in Relation to Persons 8.7
Abduction 7.7
Practice Exercise 8.10
Difference between Theft, Criminal
Misappropriation and Cheating 7.8 Chapter 9 Civil Law 9.1
Difference Between Theft, Extortion,
Introduction 9.1
Robbery and Dacoity 7.8
Contract 9.1
Bailable and Non-Bailable Offences:
Agreement 9.1
Distinctions 7.9
Proposal or Offer 9.2
Cognizable and Non-Cognizable
Offences: Distinctions 7.9 Acceptance 9.2
Acquittal and Discharge: Consideration 9.2
Distinctions 7.10 Capacity to Contract 9.2
Compoundable and Non- Free Consent 9.2
Compoundable Offences: Practice Exercise 9.4
Distinctions 7.10
Section 34 and Section 149: Chapter 10 Criminal Law 10.1
Distinctions 7.10
Introduction 10.1
Rape and Adultery: Distinctions 7.11
Criminal Misappropriation and
Legal Principles of Criminal Law 7.11
Criminal Breach of Trust 10.2
Civil Law 7.12
Essentials Ingredients of Criminal
Agreement and Contract 7.12 Misappropriation 10.3
Do You Remember 7.13 Criminal Breach of Trust 10.4
The Legal Principles of Civil Law 7.15 Cheating 10.5
Law of Torts 7.16 Mock or Invalid Marriages 10.6
Vicarious Liability, Strict Liability and Criminal Elopement/Seduction 10.7
Absolute Liability 7.17
Cruelty by Husband or Relatives of
Doctrine of Strict Liability and Husband 10.7
Absolute Liability 7.18
General Exceptions 10.7
Torts in Relation to Persons 7.19
Right of Private Defence 10.9
Nuisance 7.21
Burden of Proof 10.10
The Legal Principles of Law of Torts 7.24
Private Defence of the Body 10.10
Private Defence of Property 10.12
Chapter 8 Law of Torts 8.1
Intoxication 10.13
Introduction 8.1
Practice Exercise 10.14
General Defences 8.2
Vicarious Liability 8.3 Chapter 11 Legal Reasoning –
Settled Cases 8.4 Previous Years’
Doctrine of Strict Liability and Questions
Absolute Liability 8.6 (2019 to 2008) 11.1
Doctrine of Absolute Liability 8.7
Legal Aptitude 11.1
