Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, Volume I: Manuscripts of the Introduction and the Lectures of 1822-1823

288 Pages·2011·18.69 MB·English

by  G. W. F. Hegel

LECTURES
on the
PHILOSOPHY
of
WORLD HISTORY
Volume 1: Manuscripts of the Introduction
and The Lectures of 1822-3
GEORG WILHELM FR1EDRICH HEGEl.
L E C T U R ES ON T HE PHILOSOPHY OF
W O R LD HISTORY
VOLUME 1
MANUSCRIPTS OF THE INTRODUCTION
AND
THE LECTURES OF 1822-3
Edited and Translated by
Robert F. Brown and Peter C. Hodgson
with the assistance ot
William G. Geuss
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^^TfT M.nuskripu, Hegel's surviving manuscripts of his Introduct.on to the lectures and then
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PREFACE
The editors, Robert F. Brown and Peter C. Hodgson, are deeply indebted
ZZr .a sc t fUBgCSt,0nS: W h kh ^ are •"*«•• °» ^anks go to
C O N T E N TS
Editorial Introduction 1
The Lectures on the Philosophy of World History 1
Manuscripts ol the Introduction 2
The Transcriptions of the Lectures 5
Previous Editions and This Kdition 6
Analytic Summary of the Texts 1 1
Manuscript: Introductory fragment, 1822, 1828 1 1
Manuscript: Introduction, 1830-1 12
Transcription of the Lectures of 1822-3 20
Introduction: The Concept of World History 20
The Course of World History 31
The Oriental World 31
The Greek World 43
The Roman World SO
The Germanic World 55
MANUSCRIPTS OF THE INTRODUCTION
Introductory Fragment, 1822, 1828 67
Introduction, 1830-1 78
A. The General Concept of World History 79
H. Mr- Actualization of Spirit in History 86
a. The General Definition of Spirit as Intrinsically Free 87
b. The Means of Spirit's Actualization: Passions,
Interests, Ideals 89
C The Material of Spirit's Actualization: the State 100
d. The t ionstitution 104
C. The Course of World History 107
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
243
a. The Principle of Development 107 Art 243
Religion
h. The Stages of Development 110
251
c. The Beginning of World History 11 !
d. The Course of Development of World History 118 251
Loose Sheets The Principle of India
Also Spectacles of Endless Complexities 127 The Region of India ^
C. Course [of World History] 128 The Castes
Civil Legislation _„
THE LECTURES OF 1822-3 The Religious Sphere ^
The State and its History ^
INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPT OF WORLD HISTORY 133
Astronomy and Art
The Types of Treatment of History 133 India in the Framework of World History ^
Original History 133 Buddhism and Lamaism
Reflective History 136 304
Philosophical World History 140 Persia ^
The Idea of Human Freedom 146 The Principle of the Persian Empire
The Fabric of World History 146 The Geography of Ancient Persia ^
The Concept of Spirit 147 The Zend People, Language, and Books ^
The Beginning of History 152 The Religion of l ight
The Progress of History 155 Assyria and Babylonia
The End of History 166 Sources for Persia and the Persian Empire ^
Human Passions and the Divine Idea 169
The Medes and the Chaldeans
The Nature of the State 177
The Founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus ^
The State and the Actualization of Freedom 177
Features of the Persian Empire ^
The Constitution of the State I SI
Phoenicia 3^1
The State and Religion, Art, Science, and Culture 184
The Religion of Astarte and Adonis ^
The State and Geography 191 T he lewish Religion
The Division of World History 205 334
Hgypt
THE COURSE OF WORLD HISTORY 211 i 34
The 1 and of Enigmatic Marvels ^
The Oriental World 211 Egyptian History 339
Features or the Land and Life of Egypt ^
China 2]]
Religion and the Cycle of Nature ^
The Historical Records of China 211
Animal Worship »55
TheShu-Jing 2js How the Egyptians Envisaged Spirit 357
The Main Elements in Chinese History 21** Art and Architecture ^9
Characteristics of the Chinese State p_> ; The Dead and Immortality .
?fj
The Moral Sphere, Subjective Freedom, and their Violation 232 Private or Particular Purpose ^
Transition to Greece
Ethical Customs 2^7
Fhe Sciences 2î„
ix
viii
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
The Greek World 371 The Preparation of The Early Middle Ages 4^9
Commonality and Individuality 4 69
The Periods of Greek History 372
The Triumph of Particularity 4 73
The Origins of The Greek Folk Spirit 373
The Abstract Unity of Islam and its Challenge to Europe 474
Who Are the Greeks? 373
The Middle Ages
The First Social and Political Organization 377
The Empire of Charlemagne
Greek Culture and Art 382
Medieval Christianity 47
Greek Religion 387
Political Developments: Relations between Church and State 482
The Constitution of Greece 399
The Quest for the Presence of Christ in the Church 488
The Maturity of The Greek Spirit 404
The Crusades ^
The Persian Wars 405
The Turn to the External World and Nature 494
Athens versus Sparta 407
The Transition To Modernity *00
Decline And Fall 413 . _ 50U
Art
The Peloponnesian Wat 414
The Corruption of the Church
The Emergence oi Thought 415
The Reformation ~
The End of Greek Life and the Age of Alexander the Great 420 The Constellations of Europe after the Reformation 50/
The Roman World 426 The History of Modernity
The Worldly Existence of the Modem Church: Wars of Religion 509
The Roman Spirit 426
The Formal Universality of Thought: The Natural Sciences 514
Introduction 426
The Turn to Concrete Actuality: The Enlightenment 517
The Origins of Rome 427
Marriage and the Social Order 428 Conclusion
Roman Religion, Utility, and the Aristocracy 433
523
The Periods of Roman History 436
GLOSSARY
The Formation of Roman Power 437
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Early Kings, Patricians, and Plebeians 437
NAME INDEX
Expansion and Conquest 441
SUBJECT INDEX
The World-Dominion of Rome 442
Rome's Place on the World Stage 442
The Emperors: One Will Dominates All 445
The Arrival of Christianity 447
The Truth of the Idea 447
The Appearance of the Idea 450
Consequences of Christianity for Life and the State 457
The Downfall of Rome 460
The Germanic World 461
Introduction 461
The Idea and Historical Particularity 461
The Beginning of Europe: Three Groups of Nations 464
The Periods of The History of The Germanic World 467
xi
EDITORIAL
INTRODUCTION
THE LECTURES ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF WORLD HISTORY
Hegel lectured on the philosophy of world history for the first time in the
winter semester of 1822-3 in Berlin.1 The lectures were repeated on four
occasions, in 1824-5,1826-7,1828-9, and 1830-1. World history was the
last discipline of Hegel's system to become the topic of lectures, with the
exception of those on the proofs of the existence of God, but thereafter they
bad a secure place in the two-year cycle of his lectures. These were also
among the most popular of his lectures, for they served as an introduction to
his thought and addressed other parts of his system as well, such as the
philosophy of right, the philosophy of spirit, the philosophy of art, and the
philosophy of religion. Prior to 1822-3, Hegel treated world history in
the context of his lectures on the philosophy of right, where it comprised
the third and final section of his discussion of the state. These lectures were
published as a textbook in 1820-l,2and thereafter Hegel developed philos
ophy of world history into a full topic in its own right. Hegel's other major
historical work, his lectures on the history of philosophy, also attained their
final form during the Berlin period. 3
1. information for this first section is derived from the 'Edkoriscber rterkhr" in Georg Wifhelm
Frir^ch Hegd, Vor^wssma^
xviii (Hamburg: Felix Meiner VerJag, 1995), 377-87; and from the 'Vorbemeriung* and 'Anhang*
in Voriesungen Uber die Pbilosopbie der Wettgeschichte (Berlin 1822/1823), ed. Karl Heinz Iking,
Karl Brcfimer, and Hoo Nam Seelmaan, VorUsungen: AusgewUhke Nachschriften ttnd Mamt-
skripu, ni (Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 1996), pp. vu-x, 527-36. Our transJadoos are from
these two edns.
2. Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed. Allen W. Wood, tt H. B. Nisbet (Cambridge;
Cambridge University Press, 1992); see §{ 341-60 on world history.
3. Lectures on the History of Philosophy, 1825-6, 3 vols., ed. Robert F. Brown, fx R. F.
Brown and J. M. Stewart (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006, 2009; a 1st edn. of vol. iii was
published by tie University of California Press in 1990). Hegel first lectured on the fuawry of
1
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION
Auditors' transcriptions (Nacbschriften) exist for all of Hegel's lectures
The Manuscript of 1830-1
on world history, but his own manuscripts survive for only a fragment of the
This manuscript has been in the Hegel Collection of the Staatsbibliothek
Introduction, used in 1822 and 1828, and for most of the Introduction in
since the end of the nineteenth century. It contains the date of the beginning
1830-1. The present edition, as explained more fully below, translates the
of the lectures, 8 November 1830. The manuscript is very carefully prepared
manuscript materials and the transcription of the first lectures (1822-3) in
and evidences a great deal of editing and revision, so that it almost has the
this first volume, while a second volume will contain the transcription of the
quality of a fair copy. In terms of both diction and care of composition it was
last lectures (1830-1) and selections from intervening years.
apparently intended to serve as the preliminary stage of a publication, even
though reports are lacking of a plan for publication such as exist for the
proofs of the existence of God.s Despite its highly edited condition, the
MANUSCRIPTS OF THE INTRODUCTION4 manuscript is not complete. A comparison of the manuscript with transcrip
tions of the lectures of 1830-1 shows that at several significant places
The Manuscript of 1822, 1828
(marked as such in our translation), Hegel presented shorter or longer
This manuscript consists of three sheets; the first sheet is in the Hegel passages in the lectures that drew on earlier preparatory materials and for
Collection of the Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin; the which today there is no extant manuscript. At other places the manuscript
second two sheets are in the Deutsches Literarurarchiv of the Schiller- has passages that are not used for the lectures at all, and passages that differ
Nationalmuseum in Marbach. The two sets of sheets are clearly connected from parallels in the lectures. Toward the end of the Introduction there is a
and form a unitary whole, even though, through uncertain circumstances, diminishing agreement between the manuscript and the transcriptions, until
they were separated and found their way to different locations. in the last section (on 'the course of world history') they diverge completely.6
At the top of the first sheet Hegel wrote the date of the beginning of his Hegel's announced topic for the winter semester of 1830-1 was not, as it
lectures in 1828,30 October 1828; and, adjacent to this notation, the date of had been previously, Philosophiam historiae universalis, but Pbilosophiae
the beginning of the lectures in 1822, 31 October 1822. The two dates might histortae universalis partem priorem. Thus he intended to lecture on only the
suggest that Hegel wrote this manuscript for the earlier lectures and then at a first part of the philosophy of world hisrory, and by this he in all likelihood
later time revised it. But the order in which he wrote the dates, as well as meant the Introduction that preceded the historical presentation. Hegel
differences in the quality and color of the ink, indicate that the extant sheets apparently intended to reverse the tendency of the more recent lectures,
come from the later lectures. The earlier date was most likely copied from an which his son Karl Hegel described as reducing the philosophical and
earlier (and now lost) notebook, which served as a prototype for the prepa abstract aspects, expanding the historical material, and popularizing the
ration of the notes for 1828-9. Nonetheless, the manuscript agrees in whole.7 However, Hegel in fact did not follow through with this plan and
content with the beginning of the lectures of 1822-3, except for marginal again lectured on the whole of the Weltgeschichte. We can only assume that
additions. It covers only the first two of three rypes of historiography, he did not proceed as quickly as expected with the revision of the Introduc-
original and reflective history, before breaking off. In the Introduction to rion, and thus it was not possible for him to devote the entire course to
the lectures other than those of 1822-3 and 1828-9, the varieties of histori introductory and conceptual matters. Hegel's Berlin rectorate fell during the
ography are not d,scussed such, and the Introduction begins with the
as
philosophical concept of world history.
5. On possible motives for a publicaaon, see the Manuscript of 1830-1, n. 72.
6. For a detailed comparison of the manuscript with Karl Hegel's transcription ot the
lectures see Walter Jaeschke, 'Das Geschnebene und das Gesprochene; Wilhelm und Kan
Hegel über den Begriff der Philosophic der Weltgeschichte\ Hegel-Studien, 44 (Hamburg:
Felix Meiner Verlag. 2009), 13-44. Jaeschke believes it is possible that the main source for
regulativ on lome a„H ™ r T lS J':,L>ur"lS *e Berlin period < 1818-1), Hegel also lectured the actual lectures was not the extant manuscript bul other now-lost materials.
7 See Karl Hegel's Preface to the 2nd German edn. of 1840, tr. John Sibree in 185 / as The
Philosophy of History, with a new introduction by C. j. Friedrich (New York: Dover Publica¬
tions, 1956), pp. xi-xii.
3
2
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION
preceding year (1829-30), and his numerous publication plans—a new THE TRANSCRIPTIONS OF THE LECTURES
edition of the Science of Logic, a revision of the Phenomenology of Spirit,
a work on the Proofs of the Existence of God— made it impossible to The Lectures of 1822-3
undertake a thorough revision of the beginning of the philosophy of world
Two excellent transcriptions exist of this first course of lectures: those
history lectures. The writing of the manuscript probably occurred only in the
prepared by Karl Gustav Julius von Griesheim (located in the Berlin Staats
weeks immediately preceding the beginning of the winter semester, that is, in
bibliothek) and by Heinrich Gustav Hotho (owned by the Bibliothèque de
October 1830; and, in place of the expansion of the Introduction that Hegel
Sorbonne, Paris, the Victor Cousin Collection). Griesheim provides a care
intended, his version in 1830-1 is shorter than that of 1822-3.
ful, complete, and reliable fair copy of Hegel's lectures, while Hotho's
transcription was written down during the course of the lectures with
Loose Sheets many abbreviations and some obscurities. According to the German editors
Two sets of loose sheets relate to the philosophy of world history. The first of of the edition we have translated," Hotho is better at providing the language
these, contained in the Berlin Staatsbibliothek, beginning with the words and philosophical conceptuality of Hegel without interjecting his own point
'Also Spectacles of Endless Complexities', is written on the back of a single of view, while Griesheim has fewer details and more summaries that reflect
quarto sheet, which on the front has a notice by Eduard Gans on the current his own view. However, an astonishing amount of nearly verbatim agree
state of the July Revolution in France, dated 5 August 1830. This fragment ment exists between Griesheim and Hotho. Hotho serves as the guiding text
relates to Hegel's preparation of his manuscript of the Introduction to world ( Leittext) for our edition, but the extensive agreement with Griesheim makes
history. It represents a preliminary stage of the middle section of the manu it possible to employ both sources in the construcrion of a continuous,
script, in which Hegel discusses the means by which freedom is actualized in •integral' text, which approximates as closely as possible to what Hegel
the world. Its themes are recognizable in corresponding passages of the actually said. Where necessary, reference can be made to a third transcrip
manuscript. The motif of struggle and of the mutual destruction of particu tion, that of Friedrich Cart Hermann Victor von Kehler (Staatsbibliothek),
lar passions is, to be sure, not found in the existing manuscript. But compar which is not complete and comprises only twenty-three quarto pages; Kehler
ison with the transcriptions of the lectures of 1830-1 shows that Hegel also transcribed the 1824-5 lectures.
treated these themes, including his famous reference to the 'cunning of In his first lectures on the philosophy of world history, Hegel devoted
reason', immediately following the discussion of world-historical indivi considerable attention not only to the Introduction but also to the Oriental
duals, notably Caesar. In our edition this occurs at the transition from World (China, India, Persia, Egypt), which comprises nearly half the volume
page 165 to 166 of the German text. 8 Since the fragment is one of several following the Introduction. He shared the growing interest in Asia of the
preliminary pieces to the manuscript, it is probable that Hegel wrote it at the 1820s and studied much of the available literature, acquiring a knowledge
beginning of h«s preparation tor the lectures of 1830-1, namely in September that he utilized also for lectures on the philosophies of art and religion and
1831). on the history of philosophy. Toward the end of his lectures he ran out of
time and as a consequence his treatment of the Germanic world was com
•h eT RBhibehk ort°ecnda Na^z ,on^a le CSehneterIaSl' e,, C °FlUorrSee n[cofe . WIto risld wHr,istttoerny ]o'n' t^h eo wbancekd obfy a pressed. This imbalance was redressed in later lectures.
letter from Hegel to Friedrich Wilken, dated 27 November 1829 The From these lectures we learn that Hegel's treatment of geography (at least
fragment corresponds to the beginning of Part C, 'The Course of World in 1822-3) is systematically anchored in his discussion of the state as one of
History ,n the 1 30-1 manuscript. But it is not a preliminary draft of this its essential features, rather than the topic being treated separately or rele
gated to an appendix, as in earlier editions. The state as the bearer of history
has not only a spiritual-cultural aspect but also a natural aspect, and in this
9. VorUMgen »ber * Ph.losopb* der WeitgMu (see n. 1), 527-8,531. Forded on
!• See below, Manuscnpt of the Ititroducuon ,1830-1, n. 44. the methods of the German editors, see pp. 532-6.
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION
way ir is the unity of spirit and nature. Historical events are objectifications by introducing materials from earlier lecrures.11 John Sibree translated Karl
of spirit in interaction with nature, yielding the history of the consciousness Hegel's edition into English in 18S7. and it remained the only English source
of freedom. The latter, as we shall explain below, also constitutes a theodicy, for over a hundred years.
for the progress of freedom is the work of God in history. In 1917 Georg Lasson published a 4-volume edition of the Welt-
geschicbte.u The first volume of his edition, containing the Introduction
The Lectures of 1830-1 (under the title Die Vernunft in der Geschicbte) was revised by Johannes
Hoffmeister in 1955, and the latter was translated by H. B. Nisbet in 1975.
Hegel's last lectures on the philosophy of world history were completed onlv
As the German editors of the new edition point out, all these earlier editions
a few months before his death in November 1831. A transcription by the
obscure the conception of the individual lectures and mask the changes
philosopher's son, Karl Hegel, is in the possession of the Hegel Archiv
Hegel introduced. They had the principal goal of producing an editorially
(Ruhr-Universität, Bochum), and it will serve as the basis for our second
English volume when the transcription is published in the Gesammelte constructed unitary text, of making 'a book out of lectures', 14 rather than of
providing a critical source for study of the Weltgeschtchte.
Werke a tew years from now, along with selected materials from intervening
years. As we have indicated, these lectures provide a more balanced treatment According to his notes on the composition of the text, Lasson published in
of the tour ma,or "worlds' or 'realms' comprising world history (Oriental, his first volume Hegel's 1830 manuscript of the Introduction. He interwove
Greek, Roman, and Germanic!. passages from the manuscript with parallel texts from the transcr.pt.ons,
distinguishing the manuscript by larger type. For the transcriptions he used
We could have elected to hold our translation of Hegel's manuscript of the
Griesheim as the source for the lectures of 1822-3, Kehler for the lectures ot
Introduction to the lectures of 1830-1 for this second volume, where it
1824-5, and Stieve for 1826-7. Apparently unaware of Karl Hegel's tran
would appear along with the transcription of these lectures. However,
section of the lectures of 1830-1, he assumed that Hegel lectured only on
there are good reasons for presenting all the manuscript materials together
'Part One' in the final year. Where the lecture transcriptions available to
in a single volume, as is the case with the German critical edition {Gesam
Lasson paralleled the printed text of the second edition of the Werke, Lasson
melte Werke vol. xvi,„. And the uncertainties involved in the delay led us to
corrected the printed text in light of the transcriptions; but he found numer
proceed with its publication now.
ous sections in the printed text for which no parallels existed in his tran
scriptions, and these he reproduced exactly as they appeared in the published
version. Thus Lasson's edition, apart from the manuscript, was an amalgam
PREVIOUS EDITIONS AND THIS EDITION
of diverse materials with no identification of sources and no distinction
between lecture series.l-,
Previous Editions
wtrktihth
" formCrS:udent a"d f'ie"d or Hegel, was the first editor to
the We t t b ™ rr er! VS- editi°n 3 p p e a r ed in 1 8 37 as diurne « of 11 See Karl Hegel's Preface, The Philosophy of History, tr. Sibree, pp. x.-x.. ^ubdaumsoMf
oiZ^;Z S diti0n
P r e p a r ed * a " '-ociation of friends gle. l im He pra,sed the lectures o. 1822-3 as he.ngtbe richest in ph.losoph«! concept,
Îr letr s 1 • T I ' ' " 0 11 W 3S ^ t>™^"y °" transcr.pt.ons of aim. and he drew the Griesheun and 1 lo.ho transitions inlo h.s edt.
later lectures, especia v those of 1 8in_ i k , u i . , P Vor/™™ Uber du Philosoph* der Weltgeschichte (Lcpz«: Verlag von Fei« Me.net
xiv-^Z
lecture manuscr.pt of 1 8 3 0^1 ^ th A T "Vt vLnlt m der dfnchle (2nd edn.. 1920; 3rd ed,. 1930,;,, Die onenta
annearedin lS4n A- A C \, . TH' 3 S E C O ND E D L T L ON OF TH<- Werke hsche Veit in Die gnethische and du römische Veit. iv. Die germanische Veit
appeared m 1840, ed.ted by Karl Hegel, who added to what Cans had done 3 SÄ äer Geschieh,, ed. Johannes Hof (meiste r^amb " ^ ^^
Meiner. 1955t. Lectures on the Philosoph ^ ^ J ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Z
it. IL B. N.sbe. w.,h an Introduce* bv Duncan Forbes iCambndge:
^^^^^^^Z
Press. 19751. The tema.n.ng vols, of .he Lasson edn..
no, translated. A „ ot ,he Introducon. based mamly onjhe kar Hege edn was puR »
Roben S. Hanman as Reason* H.slorv (New York: B<*bvMerr.ll Co., 19531.
^ H m- ï s S d ^ â J s * - t h r w > d ' i s a^ - * + >, 14. This is the poal announced by Gans {Jubtläumsausgabe. 121.
15. Reason in History, 221-6.
SeneS> but "Really that of Karl Hegel tor 1830-1.