Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 1562 Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science ...

399 Pages·2012·4.25 MB·English

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 1562
Subseries ofLectureNotesin ComputerScience
Editedby J.G. Carbonelland J. Siekmann
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Editedby G.Goos,J. Hartmanisand J.van Leeuwen
3
Berlin
Heidelberg
NewYork
Barcelona
HongKong
London
Milan
Paris
Singapore
Tokyo
Chrystopher L. Nehaniv (Ed.)
Computation for
Metaphors,
Analogy, and Agents
1 3
SeriesEditors
JaimeG.Carbonell, CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA
Jo¨rgSiekmann, UniversityofSaarland,Saarbru¨cken,Germany
VolumeEditor
ChrystopherL.Nehaniv
UniversityofHertfordshire
FacultyofEngineeringandInformationSciences
CollegeLane,HatfieldHertsAL109AB,UK
E-mail:[email protected]
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Computationformetaphors,analogy,andagents/ChrystopherL.Nehaniv(ed.).-
Berlin;Heidelberg;NewYork;Barcelona;HongKong;London;Milan;Paris
;Singapore;Tokyo:Springer,1999
(Lecturenotesincomputerscience;1562:Lecturenotesinartificial
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ISBN3-540-65959-5Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Preface
Metaphor and analogyhaveserved as powerful methods in language,cognition,
andthehistoryofscienceforhumanagentsandcultures. Software,robotic,and
living agents also show or may take advantage of such methods in interacting
with their worlds.
This is a book about ‘crossing the lines’ from one domain into another, and
about what can then emerge. The focus of this volume is the phenomena of
meaning transfer and meaning construction between di(cid:11)erent domains (minds,
systems, technologies, cultures, etc.) and their computational structure and de-
sign.Thetoolsoftransferincludeimitation,analogy,metaphor,narrativityand
interaction which support mapping, thinking, processing, learning, reasoning,
manipulating, surviving or understanding for agents coping with their worlds.
Inmetaphor,meaningtransferred(betweendi(cid:11)erentagentsorfromonerealm
toanotherwithinasinglesystem)mayconstitute,forexample,symbolicornon-
representationalknowledge,particularsetsofbehaviors,astructuraldescription
or (cid:12)nite-state automaton model of a physical phenomenon, cognitive models
and hierarchical categories, coordinate systems a(cid:11)ording understanding, or a
paradigmatic viewpoint for construction of science or social reality. Meaning is
neverthelessonlyconstructedwithregardtosomesituatedagentorobserverun-
derconstraintsgroundedintheinteractionofitsownstructureandenvironment.
Goodmappingsand metaphorsforsituated agentsare,moreover,not arbitrary,
but their usefulness and quality depend upon the degreesto which they respect
such grounding and structural constraints.
This volume brings togetherthe workof researchersfrom variousdisciplines
whereaspectsofdescriptive,mathematical,computational,ordesignknowledge
concerning metaphor and analogy have emerged. Such areas include, for ex-
ample, embodied intelligence, robotics, software and virtual agents, semiotics,
linguistics, cognitivescience, psychology,philosophy,cultural anthropology,his-
tory of science, consciousness studies, mathematics, algebraic engineering, and
intelligent control.
April 1998 Chrystopher L. Nehaniv
Aizu-Wakamatsu City
Japan
Computation for Metaphors, Analogy & Agents
2
CMA isaninternationalworkshoporganizedandsponsoredbytheCybernetics
and Software Systems Group and the Software Engineering Laboratory of the
University of Aizu and is supported by grants of the Fukushima Prefectural
Government, Japan.
Conference General Chair
Shoichi Noguchi University of Aizu, Japan
Scienti(cid:12)c Program Chair
Chrystopher Nehaniv University of Aizu, Japan
Advisory Committee
Rodney A. Brooks MIT Arti(cid:12)cial Intelligence Lab, U.S.A.
Joseph Goguen University of California, San Diego, U.S.A.
Douglas R. Hofstadter Indiana University, U.S.A.
Alex Meystel National Institute of Standards and
Technology, U.S.A.
Melanie Mitchell Santa Fe Institute, U.S.A.
International Program Committee
Meurig Beynon University of Warwick, U.K.
Lawrence Bull University of the West of England, U.K.
Zixue Cheng University of Aizu, Japan
Kerstin Dautenhahn University of Reading, U.K.
Gilles Fauconnier University of California, San Diego, U.S.A.
Robert M. French University of Li(cid:18)ege, Belgium
Joseph Goguen University of California, San Diego, U.S.A.
Karsten Henckell New College, University of South Florida,
U.S.A.
Masami Ito Kyoto Sangyo University, Japan
Jacob L. Mey Odense University, Denmark
Alex Meystel National Institute of Standards and
Technology, U.S.A.
Chrystopher Nehaniv (Chair) University of Aizu, Japan
Minetada Osano University of Aizu, Japan
Thomas S. Ray ATR Human Information Processing Research
Labs, Japan & University of Delaware, U.S.A.
John L. Rhodes University of California at Berkeley, U.S.A.
Paul Thagard University of Waterloo, Canada
Local Organizing Committee
Qi-Ming Chen Takao Maeda
Zixue Cheng Chrystopher Nehaniv
Tsuyoshi Ishikawa Minetada Osano
Yuko Kesen Kazuaki Yamauchi (Secretariat)
Referees
Steve Battle Robert M. French Chrystopher Nehaniv
Meurig Beynon Joseph Goguen Minetada Osano
Aude Billard Karsten Henckell Thomas S. Ray
Larry Bull Masami Ito John L. Rhodes
Zixue Cheng William Martens Paul Thagard
Kerstin Dautenhahn Jacob L. Mey and other anonymous
Gilles Fauconnier Alex Meystel referees
Table of Contents
Introduction
Computation for Metaphors, Analogy and Agents :::::::::::::::::::::: 1
Chrystopher L. Nehaniv (University of Aizu, Japan & University of
Hertfordshire, U.K.)
Metaphors and Blending
Forging Connections:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11
Mark Turner (University of Maryland, U.S.A.)
Rough Sea and the Milky Way: ‘Blending’ in a Haiku Text :::::::::::::: 27
Masako K. Hiraga (University of the Air, Japan)
PragmaticForces in Metaphor Use: The Mechanics of Blend Recruitment
in Visual Metaphors:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37
Tony Veale (Dublin City University, Ireland)
Embodiment: The First Person
The Cog Project: Building a Humanoid Robot::::::::::::::::::::::::: 52
Rodney A. Brooks, Cynthia Breazeal, Matthew Marjanovi(cid:19)c,
Brian Scassellati, Matthew M. Williamson (MIT Arti(cid:12)cial Intelligence
Lab, U.S.A.)
Embodiment as Metaphor: Metaphorizing-In the Environment::::::::::: 88
Georgi Stojanov (SS Cyril & Methodius University, Macedonia)
Interaction: The Second Person
Embodiment and Interaction in Socially Intelligent Life-Like Agents:::::: 102
Kerstin Dautenhahn (University of Reading, U.K.)
An Implemented System for Metaphor-Based Reasoning with Special
Application to Reasoning about Agents::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 143
John A. Barnden (University of Birmingham, U.K.)
GAIA: An Experimental PedagogicalAgent for Exploring Multimodal
Interaction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 154
Tom Fenton-Kerr (University of Sydney, Australia)
When Agents Meet Cross-Cultural Metaphor: Can They Be Equipped to
Parse and Generate It? ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 165
Patricia O’Neill-Brown (Japan Technology Program, U.S. Dept. of
Commerce)
Imitation: First and Second Person
Imitation andMechanismsofJointAttention:ADevelopmentalStructure
for Building Social Skills on a Humanoid Robot:::::::::::::::::::::::: 176
Brian Scassellati (MIT Arti(cid:12)cial Intelligence Lab, U.S.A.)
Figures of Speech, a Way to Acquire Language :::::::::::::::::::::::: 196
Anneli Kauppinen (University of Helsinki & Helsinki Polytechnic,
Finland)
Situated Mapping: Space and Time
\Meaning" through Clustering by Self-Organization of Spatial and
Temporal Information :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 209
Ulrich Nehmzow (University of Manchester, U.K.)
Conceptual Mappings from Spatial Motion to Time: Analysis of English
and Japanese ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 230
Kazuko Shinohara (Otsuma Women’s University, Japan)
Algebraic Engineering: Respecting Structure
AnIntroductiontoAlgebraicSemiotics,withApplicationtoUserInterface
Design:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 242
Joseph Goguen (University of California, San Diego, U.S.A.)
An Algebraic Approach to Modeling Creativity of Metaphor::::::::::::: 292
BipinIndurkhya(TokyoUniversityofAgricultureandTechnology,Japan)
Metaphor and Human-Computer Interaction: A Model Based Approach::: 307
J. L. Alty and R. P. Knott (Loughborough University, U.K.)
A Sea-Change in Viewpoints
Empirical Modelling and the Foundations of Arti(cid:12)cial Intelligence:::::::: 322
Meurig Beynon (University of Warwick, U.K.)
Communication as an Emergent Metaphor for Neuronal Operation ::::::: 365
Slawomir J. Nasuto, Kerstin Dautenhahn, and Mark Bishop
(University of Reading, U.K.)
The Second Person | Meaning and Metaphors :::::::::::::::::::::::: 380
Chrystopher L. Nehaniv (University of Aizu, Japan & University of
Hertfordshire, U.K.)
Author Index ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 389
Computation for Metaphors, Analogy and
Agents
(cid:1)
Chrystopher L. Nehaniv
Cybernetics and Software Systems Group
University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu City,Fukushima965-8580, Japan
[email protected]
Abstract. As an introduction to papers in this book we review the
notion of metaphor in language, and of metaphor as conceptual, and as
primarytounderstanding.Yettheviewofmetaphorhereismoregeneral.
Wepropose a constructiveviewof metaphoras mappingor synthesisof
meaning between domains, which need not be conceptual ones. These
considerations have implications for artificial intelligence (AI), human-
computer interaction (HCI), algebraic structure-preservation, construc-
tive biology, and agent design. In this larger setting for metaphor, con-
tributionsoftheselectedpapersareoverviewedandkeyaspectsofcom-
putation for metaphors, analogy and agents highlighted.
1 Metaphor beyond Language and Concepts
Metaphor and analogy had traditionally been considered the strict domain of
rhetoric,poeticsandlinguistics.Theirstudygoesbackinlongscholarlyhistories
atleasttotheancientGreeceofAristotleandtheIndiaofPanini.Morerecently
it has been realized that human metaphor in language is primarily conceptual,
and moreover that metaphor transcends language, going much deeper into the
roots of human concepts, epistemologies, and cultures. Seen as a major com-
ponent in human thought, metaphor has come to be understood and studied
as belonging also to the realm of the cognitive sciences. Lakoff and Johnson’s
and Ortony’s landmark volumes [22,36] cast metaphor in cognitive terms (for
humans with their particular type of embodiment) and shed much light on the
constructive nature of metaphorical understanding and creation of conceptual
worlds.
Our thesis is that these ideas on metaphor have a power extending beyond
the human realm, not only beyond language and into human cognition, but to
therealmofanimals,aswellasrobotsandotherconstructedagents.Inbuilding
robots and agents, we are engaging in a kind of constructive biology, working
to realize the mechanism-as-creature metaphor, which has guided and inspired
much work on robots and agents. Such agents may have to deal with aspects of
(cid:1) Currentaddress:InteractiveSystemsEngineering,DepartmentofComputerScience,
UniversityofHertfordshire,Hatfield,HertfordshireAL109AB,UnitedKingdom,E-
mail: [email protected]
C.Nehaniv(Ed.):ComputationforMetaphors,Analogy,andAgents,LNCS1562,pp.1–11,1999.
(cid:1)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg1999