Lecture Notebook for Life - The Science of Biology, Eighth Edition

657 Pages·2006·204.97 MB·English

by  David Sadava

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Coveprh otograpMha xB illder.
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LectNuortee botooa kcc ompaLnyi ThfeeS :c ioefBn icoel EoigtghjEtldhi tion
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16365 15
GordonsvViAl le, US.A.
29242
ISBN
978-0-77186974--3
PrintiendU S .A.
432
(ontents
PaOrnt� ThS�d �anncBd�iu ldBilnogoc Lfki sf �
II
1 StudyiLnigf e1
2 TheC hemistorfyL ife7
3 Macromolecualnedts h eO rigoifnL ife1 7
PaTrwto (�alnI{dsn �rgy
II
4 CellTsh:e W orkinUgn itosf L ife3 6
5 TheD ynamiCce lMle mbrane5 3
6 EnergEyn,z ymesa,n dM etaboli6sm5
7 PathwayTsh at Harvest CEhneemrigcy7a 5l
8 PhotosynthEenseirsg:fy r omS unlig9ht0
PaTrhtr ��H �r�adnitdth Gy�� nom�
II
9 Chromosometsh,eC elCly claen,d C elDli visi1o0n 1
10G enetiMces:n dealn dB eyond1 17
11D NA andI tRso lein H eredi1ty3 1
12F romD NA toP roteGienn:o typteoP henotyp1e4 8
13T heG enetiocfsV irusaensd P rokaryot1e6s3
14T heE ukaryoGteinco mea ndI tEsx pressi1o7n7
Pa�rotu rM ol�B(iUollaTorhGg ��y n:o imAn�c tion
II
15C elSli gnalainndgC ommunicati1o9n1
16R ecombinaDnNtA andB iotechnol2o0g3y
17G enomeS equenciMnogl,e culBairo loagnyd,M edicin2e1 5
18I mmunologGyen:e ExpresasnidNo ant urDaelf ensSey stems2 27
19D iffereGnetnieaE lx pressiinoD ne velopme2nt4 3
20D evelopmeanntdE volutionary C2h5a5n ge
Pafritv �T hP�a tta�nPrdrn osc o�{fsv so�lsu tion
II
21T heH istoorfyL ifoen E arth2 61
22T heM echanisomfsE voluti2o7n3
23S pecieasn dT heiFro rmati2on8 2
24T heE volutoifoG ne nesa ndG enomes2 87
25R econstrucatnidUn sgi ng Phylog2e9ni5e s
PaSritx Th{()v oloufDt iivo()nr sity
•
26B acterainadA rchaeTah:e P rokaryoDtoimca ins3 03
27T heO rigainnd D iversifiocfat thieEo unk aryot3e1s0
28P lanwtsi thoSuete dsF:r omS eat oL and3 21
29T heE volutoifoS ne edP lant3s3 0
30F ungiR:e cyclers, PatPhaorgaesnista,en sdP, l anPta rtne3rs3 8
31A nimaOlr igiannsd t heE volutoifoB no dyP lans3 46
32P rotostome An3im5a4l s
33D euterostome An3i6m5a ls
PaSretv ()nf loweParlnitfnsog:r a mnf du nction
•
34T heP lanBto dy 375
35T ranspoirntP lant3s8 7
36P lanNtu triti3o9n4
37R egulatoifoP nl anGtr owth3 99
38R eproductiinFo lno weriPnlga nt4s0 9
39P lanRte sponsteosE nvironmental Cha4l1l7e nges
Pa{ritg htA nimfaolrasmn:f d u nction
•
40P hysioloHgoym,e ostasainsdT, e mperatuRreeg ulati4o2n3
41A nimaHlo rmones4 31
42A nimaRle product4io4n5
43A nimaDle velopmeFnrto:mG enest oO rganism4s5 7
44N euronasn dN ervouSsy stems4 69
45S ensoryS ystems4 85
46T heM ammaliaNne rvouSsy stem: StrauncdtH uirgeh eFru nctio4n9 9
47E ffectoHrosw: A nimalGse tT hingDso ne 510
48G asE xchangienA nimal5s2 3
49C irculaStyosrtye ms5 35
50N utritDiiogne,s tiaonndA, b sorpti5o4n7
51S alatn dW ateBra lancaen dN itrogEexnc reti5o6n1
PaNritn e{ cology
•
52E cologayn dT heD istribuotfLi iofne5 73
53B ehaviaonrd B ehavioErcaoll og5y9 1
54P opulatEicoonl og6y0 1
55C ommunitEyc olog6y0 8
56E cosysteamnsd G lobaElc olog6y2 0
57C onservatBiioonl og6y3 3
StuLdiyfineg
(HAPHR
'we" ",I.(oCMGO,,"fT �: ::1O:l� ��;d '
���,
::�::D ;i ;i
:�; G
:
straonfld isn skeeqdu ences .
U
ofn ucleotides.
I�
A gence onsoifass tpse cific
sequeonfnc uec leotides.
/ Gene
�
DNA �
'-I------I�--"- -;
Thneu clesoetqiudeein anc e
genceo nttahiienn sf ormation
tob uials dp ecpiroftiecin .
�
protein
1.4T heG eneCtoidcIe sL ifBel'use p(rPaigne7t)
1
2 CHAPHIR
Moelculaersme a duepo f
atomCse. lalrbseu oifl t
molecules.
Molecule
Celoifsm antyy paerste h e
workcionmgp onoefn ts
livoirngga nisms.
A tissiuaseg rooufmp a ncye lls
!'t. witshi mainlcdao ro rdinated
,-
I , funct(isouancsssh e nsoidnogr s).
"
Tiss(oulef acbtuolryb )
Organcso mbsienvee ralt htaits sues
Orga(nb rain)f uncttoigoent herf.o rOmr gans
--�=I systesmsu,ca hst hnee rvosuyss tem.
Ano rganiisasmr ecognizable,
self-coinntdaiivAni eddu al.
multicoerlglaunilimsasa rmdu ep
ofo rgaannsod r gsayns tems.
A populaitasig orno oufmp a ny
organoifts hmsesa msep ecies.
Biological itnch osema mmugene iotgireasp hical
elxocchafateoninregoemcenra o gsnycydsr teEeEacmatsore.st byhiso'tssep mhser eB.i osphere 1.6B iolIosSg tyu daiteM da nLye veolfOs r ganization
(Pa8g)e
STUDYLIINFGE 3
13 14
Photo-
synthesis
evolves
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Multi-
Eukaryotic cellular
celelvso lve organisms
27 28 29 30
� --
Aquatliicf e2 7 Firlsatn d 28 Coal-form2in9g Firbsitr ds 30
plants forests
Abundant Insects Firfslto weprlianngt s
fossils
Firlsatn d Risoefm ammals
animals Firmsatm mals
�-------l (-Fihro5mti nid5
Dinosaduormsi nant
Hom%lof icns
(modern
Homos apiens
humaanpsp)e airtneh de
lastm inuotfde as3y 0 .
10
19. LifCea'lse n(daPagr1e ) 0
4 (HAPHR
I
Archaaneda
Eukasrhyaaar e
commaonnc estor
nosth arbeytd h e
bacteria.
Theeu karcyeopltrlio cb ably
evolovneoldny c Mea.n y
diffmeircernoetbu ikaalr yote Thrmeaej gorro ups
(progtriosuatpr)so f sreo m ofm ulticellular
thciosm maonnc estor. eukareyvootlevse d
frodmi fferent
grouopfms i crobial
eukaryotes.
Animals
Anc--i--e--n--t ----------+. Present
Time
(XP(RIM(NT
1.1T1 hTer eoefL if(eP a1g)e2
Somtehiintng h een viroinscm aeunstdi envge loplmienmtba l
HYPOTHESIS:
abnormailnPi atciitefrsief cer o(gHsy rleag i/la).
METHOD
1I.d eant teaisrftoey sfa m paolnlid ansna rwehae re
abnotrrfmeraehol ag bvsee fe onu (nadg rilcaunldt ural
iSna nCtlaCa oruaCn atlyi,f ornia).
2. Caonaldnl aewlcayttsz eaerm pflrteohsmpe o nds.
Centshuoesr gaintnih pseom nsd s.
3.L ookco frorreb leattwtiehpoeernn es so effnr coeg
4.a bnoramnatdlhc ieht aireasco ttfeh preoi nsdtsi.c s
RESTUSL
Pactirfeiec ffroouignnsdo fwp eorneFd rsow.gi st h
liambbn orwmeafrloeiui t14nn3io d 3etf 5sh espeo nWdast.e r
ancde nasnuaslo ytfsh eeps o ncdos1n 3t fariongisn g
revenaodl iefdfi ewnra1 e3tp neocrle lb uudttiri deo vtne,ha el
presoesfnn aciieln sf weispttaherd af sliattoiwtfcoh rem s
genus in tphoenw diastb hn ofrrmoagls .
Ribeiroia4
PesticHiedavey I ndustrial
Ribeiroia
residmueetsa lcsh emicSanlasi ls larvae
Ribeiroia
iwna teirwn?a teirwn?a teirwn?a teinrw ?a teirfn?r ogs?
Ponwdist h
No No No No No No
norfmraolg s
Ponds wiNtoh No No Yes Yes Yes
abnofrrmoagls
CONCLUSIOINfn:e icotbnyp arasRiitbiecim roaiyc aa uaseb nortmiaielnsi
thlei mdbe velopomfPe anctit friefcer ogs.
1.13C ompatriavEex perimLeonotks D fiofrfn ecrebese tweGerno u(pPsa 1g4e)
STDUYILNIGF E 5
{XP{RIM{NT
InfecotfPi aocnit friece tfardopgo les
HYPOTHESIS:
byt hpea raRsiibteei craouisdaee sv elopmleinmtba l
abnormalities.
METHOD
1C ollecte ggsa s fiwrtioetm rh e cnoor d
. Hyr/eag illa
oafb nofrrmoagls .
Alleogtwgho sa tilcnah b oarqautaRoarrniyda o.m ly
2.d iveiqduneau lm boetfrh rsee sutlatdipnogl es into
conatnredox lp ergirmoeunptsa.l
Alltohcweo ngtrrotoudolpe vneolrompSa ulbltjyhe.ec t
3.e xpergirmoetunioptn saf lew cittiho na
Ribeiroia,
diffpearreanstia tneadc ombionbfao ttiho n
(A/aria),
parasites.
Foltlaodwdp eovleel Coopumanenatnds t s.te hses
4.r esualdtfuirlnotgg s .
�«>W>
�
� �-co", �=,<CZ:'30... . 0-
ContrEoxlp er1i Emxepnetr2 i Emxepnetr iment
(npoa ras(iwtietsh) (with (wit3h
A/ariaR)i beiroiaA)/ aria
and
Ribeiroia)
RESTUSL
Survivorship
•
(perotcfae dnpto les
80 reacahdiunlgt hood)
CQ) 60 Abnorrmaatlei ty
�Q) • (peroacfde unltt s
0..4.0
with limb
20 abnormalities)
0 Control
A/arRiiab eiAro/iaar ia
and
Ribeiroia
Ribeicraouisdae esv elopmleinmtba l
CONCLUSION:
abnormailnPi atciitefrsief cer ogs.
1.14C ontroElxlpeeedrn itmMsa niaptuaelV ariab(lPae1g 5e )