Table Of ContentLearning OpenStack
Networking
Third Edition
Build a solid foundation in virtual networking technologies for
OpenStack-based clouds
James Denton
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Learning OpenStack Networking
Third Edition
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First published: October 2014
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Third edition : August 2018
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Contributors
About the author
James Denton is a Principal Architect at Rackspace with over 15 years of experience in
systems administration and networking. He has a bachelor's degree in Business
Management with a focus on Computer Information Systems from Texas State University
in San Marcos, Texas. He is currently focused on OpenStack operations and support within
the Rackspace Private Cloud team. James is the author of the Learning OpenStack Networking
(Neutron), first and second editions, as well as OpenStack Networking Essentials, both by
Packt Publishing.
About the reviewers
Andy McCrae works as a Principal Software Engineer at Red Hat in the Multi-Architecture
team. Andy began his career at Rackspace as a Linux systems administrator, after
completing a master's in engineering, majoring in Computer Science at University College
London (UCL). He specializes in deployment and operations automation using tools such
as Ansible and Chef, as well as in distributed storage systems, specifically Swift (OpenStack
Object Storage) and Ceph. Andy was the Project Technical Lead for the OpenStack-Ansible
project for the Ocata and Pike cycles and has given talks at multiple international
OpenStack events. Andy is currently a maintainer on the ceph-ansible project and was
previously a core reviewer on the Chef-OpenStack project. Andy was also a technical
reviewer on the third and fourth editions of the OpenStack Cloud Computing Cookbook, Packt
Publishing.
Kevin Jackson is married and has three children. He has over 20 years experience working
with hosted environments, and private and public clouds. He is an OpenStack specialist at
Rackspace and has been working with OpenStack since the first release. Kevin has co-
authored a number of OpenStack books, including the OpenStack Cloud Computing Cookbook.
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Table of Contents
Preface 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to OpenStack Networking 8
What is OpenStack Networking? 8
Features of OpenStack Networking 9
Switching 10
Routing 10
Load balancing 11
Firewalling 11
Virtual private networks 11
Network functions virtualization 12
OpenStack Networking resources 12
Virtual network interfaces 13
Virtual network switches 14
Overlay networks 14
Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) 15
Generic Router Encapsulation (GRE) 16
Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation (GENEVE) 16
Preparing the physical infrastructure 17
Configuring the physical infrastructure 19
Management network 19
API network 20
External network 20
Guest network 21
Physical server connections 21
Single interface 21
Multiple interfaces 22
Bonding 22
Separating services across nodes 24
Using a single controller node 24
Using a dedicated network node 27
Summary 28
Chapter 2: Installing OpenStack 29
System requirements 30
Operating system requirements 30
Initial network configuration 31
Example networks 31
Interface configuration 34
Initial steps 36
Permissions 36
Configuring the OpenStack repository 36
Table of Contents
Upgrading the system 37
Setting the hostnames 37
Installing and configuring Network Time Protocol 37
Rebooting the system 38
Installing OpenStack 38
Installing and configuring the MySQL database server 39
Installing and configuring the messaging server 40
Installing and configuring memcached 40
Installing and configuring the identity service 41
Configuring the database 41
Installing Keystone 42
Configuring tokens and drivers 42
Bootstrap the Identity service 43
Configuring the Apache HTTP server 43
Setting environment variables 43
Defining services and API endpoints in Keystone 44
Defining users, projects, and roles in Keystone 45
Installing and configuring the image service 45
Configuring the database 45
Defining the Glance user, service, and endpoints 46
Installing and configuring Glance components 46
Configuring authentication settings 47
Configuring additional settings 48
Verifying the Glance image service installation 48
Installing additional images 49
Installing and configuring the Compute service 50
Configuring the database 50
Defining the Nova user, service, and endpoints 51
Installing and configuring controller node components 51
Configuring authentication settings 52
Additional controller tasks 53
Installing and configuring compute node components 54
Additional compute tasks 56
Adding the compute node(s) to the cell database 57
Installing the OpenStack Dashboard 57
Updating the host and API version configuration 57
Configuring Keystone settings 58
Modifying network configuration 58
Uninstalling default Ubuntu theme (optional) 58
Reloading Apache 59
Testing connectivity to the dashboard 59
Familiarizing yourself with the dashboard 59
Summary 61
Chapter 3: Installing Neutron 62
Basic networking elements in Neutron 62
Extending functionality with plugins 63
Modular Layer 2 plugin 64
[ ii ]
Table of Contents
Drivers 64
TypeDrivers 64
Mechanism drivers 65
ML2 architecture 66
Network namespaces 67
Installing and configuring Neutron services 68
Creating the Neutron database 68
Configuring the Neutron user, role, and endpoint in Keystone 69
Installing Neutron packages 69
Configuring Neutron to use Keystone 70
Configuring Neutron to use a messaging service 71
Configuring Nova to utilize Neutron networking 71
Configuring Neutron to notify Nova 72
Configuring Neutron services 72
Starting neutron-server 74
Configuring the Neutron DHCP agent 74
Restarting the Neutron DHCP agent 75
Configuring the Neutron metadata agent 76
Restarting the Neutron metadata agent 78
Interfacing with OpenStack Networking 79
Using the OpenStack command-line interface 79
Using the Neutron command-line interface 80
Using the OpenStack Python SDK 81
Using the cURL utility 81
Summary 83
Chapter 4: Virtual Network Infrastructure Using Linux Bridges 84
Using the Linux bridge driver 85
Visualizing traffic flow through Linux bridges 86
VLAN 87
Flat 90
VXLAN 94
Potential issues when using overlay networks 95
Local 96
Configuring the ML2 networking plugin 98
Configuring the bridge interface 98
Configuring the overlay interface 98
ML2 plugin configuration options 100
Type drivers 101
Mechanism drivers 101
Using the L2 population driver 101
Tenant network types 102
Flat networks 103
Network VLAN ranges 103
VNI ranges 104
Security groups 105
Configuring the Linux bridge driver and agent 105
[ iii ]
Table of Contents
Installing the Linux bridge agent 105
Updating the Linux bridge agent configuration file 106
Physical interface mappings 106
Enabling VXLAN 107
L2 population 107
Local IP 108
Firewall driver 108
Configuring the DHCP agent to use the Linux bridge driver 109
Restarting services 109
Verifying Linux bridge agents 109
Summary 110
Chapter 5: Building a Virtual Switching Infrastructure Using Open
vSwitch 111
Using the Open vSwitch driver 111
Basic OpenvSwitch commands 114
Base commands 114
ovs-vsctl 114
ovs-ofctl 115
ovs-dpctl 115
ovs-appctl 115
Visualizing traffic flow when using Open vSwitch 116
Identifying ports on the virtual switch 118
Identifying the local VLANs associated with ports 120
Programming flow rules 122
Flow rules for VLAN networks 122
Return traffic 125
Flow rules for flat networks 126
Flow rules for overlay networks 129
Flow rules for local networks 133
Configuring the ML2 networking plugin 134
Configuring the bridge interface 134
Configuring the overlay interface 134
ML2 plugin configuration options 136
Mechanism drivers 136
Flat networks 136
Network VLAN ranges 137
Tunnel ID ranges 137
VNI Ranges 138
Security groups 139
Configuring the Open vSwitch driver and agent 139
Installing the Open vSwitch agent 140
Updating the Open vSwitch agent configuration file 140
Tunnel types 140
L2 population 141
VXLAN UDP port 141
Integration bridge 142
Tunnel bridge 142
[ iv ]
