Leafhopper Vectors and Plant Disease Agents

643 Pages·1979·16.361 MB·English

by  Karl Maramorosch (Eds.)

Leafhopper Vectors
and Plant Disease Agents
EDITED BY
KARL MARAMOROSCH
Waksman Institute of Microbiology
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey
KERRY F. HARRIS
Department of Entomology
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London 1979
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT © 1979, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Leaf hopper vectors and plant disease agents.
Papers of a symposium sponsored by the Entomological
Society of America, held in Honolulu, Nov. 27-Dec. 1, 1976.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Leaf-hoppers—Congresses. 2. Insects as carriers
of plant diseases—Congresses. 3. Micro-organisms,
Phytopathogenic—Congresses. 4. Plant diseases—Con­
gresses. I. Maramorosch, Karl. II. Harris, Kerry F.
III. Entomological Society of America.
SB945.L57L4 632 79-10679
ISBN 0-12-470280-5
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Ε. E. Banttari (327), Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota,
St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
0. E. Bradfute (561), Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691
Jaroslav Break (97), Institute of Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of
Sciences, Prague 6-DeJvice, Na Kariovce 1, Praha Czechoslovakia
E. C. Calavan (447), Department of Plant Pathology, University of California,
Riverside, California 92502
R.E. Davis (451), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and Edu­
cation Administration, Plant Protection Institute, Plant Virology Laboratory,
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
Roger E. Gold (587), Department of Entomology, Institute of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
Ν. E. Grylls (179), Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Indus­
trial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.O.), P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City,
ACT 2601, Australia
Kerry F. Harris (217), Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, Col­
lege Station, Texas 77843
E. A. Heinrichs (529), The International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Ma­
nila, Philippines
G- H. Kaloostian (447), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and
Education Administration, Boyden Entomology Laboratory, University of Ca­
lifornia, Riverside, California 92502
xiii
xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Klas Lindsten (155), Department of Plant and Forest Protection, Swedish Univer­
sity of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, S-750 07 Uppsala 7, Sweden
K. C. Ling (349), The International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Ma­
nila, Philippines
Karl Maramorosch (485), Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers Univer­
sity, Piscataway, New Jersey
Peter G. Markham (413), Department of Virus Research, John Innes Institute,
Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk 52571, England
J un Mitsuhashi (369), Division of Entomology, National Institute of Agricultural
Sciences, Nishigahara, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Hans Joachim Muller (29), Dr. Werner Liesche, D 415 Krefeld, Uerdinger Strasse 256,
West Germany
L.R. Nault (561), Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691
Mervin W. Nielson (3), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and
Education Administration, Forage Insects Research Laboratory, 2000 East
Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719
G. N. Oldfield (447), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and Edu­
cation Administration, Boyden Entomology Laboratory, University of Califor­
nia, Riverside, California 92502
H. D. Pierce (447), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and Educa­
tion Administration, Boyden Entomology Laboratory, University of California,
Riverside, California 92502
Alexander H. Pur cell (603), Department of Entomological Sciences, 201 Welman
Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
Eishiro Shikata (309, 515), Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Hok­
kaido University, Sapporo, Japan
E, R. Tiongco (349), The International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933,
Manila, Philippines
R. Townsend (413), Department of Virus Research, John Innes Institute, Colney
Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, Norfolk 52571, England
R, J. Zeyen (327), Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55108
PREFACE
"Leafhopper Vectors and Plant Disease Agents, " a sequel to " Aphids as Virus
Vectors," is the second in a multivolume series on vectors, vector-borne disease
agents, and plant disease spread to be published by Academic Press under the editor­
ship of Kerry F. Harris and Karl Maramorosch. Here, as in the precedent volume, it
is the editors' intention to present an up-to-date, coherent synthesis of the latest
findings in leafhopper vector research, to suggest promising frontiers for further
research, and to call attention to possible practical applications of our present under­
standing of leafhopper-pathogen-plant interactions. To realize this goal, we in­
vited a total of 25 world-renowned scientists from eight countries to report on their
individual areas of expertise. In presenting their own research findings and those of
others, contributors were encouraged, where appropriate, to draw conclusions and
propose hypotheses that might stimulate additional research or otherwise further our
understanding of the transmission cycles of leafhopper-borne pathogens and how
such cycles might be interrupted by ecologically sound, nonpolluting control mea­
sures. Each contributor, without exception, responded to the challenge in an admir­
able imaginative manner. This volume reinforces the view that to understand the
whole one must first understand the component parts. Here, vector, pathogen, and
plant are treated both individually and as integral parts of multifaceted transmisson
systems.
The number of topics presented and the in-depth coverage they receive are ample
testimony that vector research has come of age. The text is presented in five parts.
Opening chapters on the taxonomy, bionomics, and world wide importance of leaf­
hopper and planthopper vectors are appropriately relegated to Parts I and Π. Part III
includes chapters on vector-virus interactions of leafhopper-, planthopper-, and
aphid-borne viruses; virus-induced, cytopathological changes in vectors; interac­
tions of mycoplasmalike organisms and viruses in dually infected leafhoppers,
planthoppers and plants, and transitory vector-virus interactions. Topics covered in
Part IV include artificial and aseptic rearing of vectors, microinjection technique,
vector tissue culture, spiroplasmas, and vectors of spiroplasmas. Chapters on
specific leafhopper-borne viruses and MLOs, leafhopper and planthopper vector
xv
xvi PREFACE
control, leafhopper-borne pathogens of corn-stunting diseases, Western X disease,
and leafhopper-borne xylem-restricted pathogens are contained in Part V.
The current volume, as well as its predecessor, is intended for use by students,
teachers, and researchers of vector-pathogen-plant relationships. Its in-depth
coverage of leafhoppers and planthoppers as vectors makes it ideally suited as a
supplemental text in graduate entomology and plant pathology courses on insect
transmisssion of plant disease agents. Moreover, its extensive bibliographies make
it desirable as a core reference and background work in vector libraries.
The many biological, biochemical, physicochemical, and environmental factors
that define even the seemingly simplest type of vector transmisssion system are not
readily apparent or easily understood. However, the information in "Leafhopper
Vectors and Plant Disease Agents" advances our knowledge in this regard and
confirms the hope that such systems might some day be manipulated to prevent
transmission of disease agents affecting not only plants, but also animals and man.
Many questions have been answered; more appear on the verge of being answered,
and still more have been raised. The editors thank the authors for their help in
creating this intellectually stimulating state. Last, but not least, the editors thank the
staff of Academic Press for their part in producing this volume.
LEAFHOPPER VECTORS AND PLANT DISEASE AGENTS
Chapter 1
TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAFHOPPER
VECTORS OF PLANT PATHOGENS
M.W. Nielson
Forage Insects Research Laboratory
Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Tucson, Arizona
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 SYSTEMATICS OF VECTOR SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES
1.2.1 Subfamily Agalliinae
1.2.2 Subfamily Macropsinae
1.2.3 Subfamily Gyponinae
1.2.4 Subfamily Coelidiinae
1.2.5 Subfamily Aphrodinae
1.2.6 Subfamily Cicadellinae
1.2.7 Subfamily Typhlocybinae
1.2.8 Subfamily Deltocephalinae
1.3 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
1.3.1 Familial Phylogeny
1.3.2 Tribal Phylogeny
1.3.3 Comparative Multitude of Vector Taxa
1.4 RELATIONSHIP OF VECTOR TAXA AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY
1.5 REFERENCES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Relationships between leafhopper-borne agents and their vectors have intrigued
research workers for the past several decades. Several criteria have been formu­
lated and successfully used in developing different concepts. These include vector
phylogeny (Frazier, 1944), evolutionary associations (Black, 1956), vector speci­
ficity (Oman, 1969) and agent-morphology relationships (Brakke, 1969).
3
ISBN 0-12-470280-5
4 M. W. NIELSON
Although given token appraisal by Nielson (1968), the concept of vector phy­
logeny (taxonomic relationships) has not received serious consideration since it
was first initiated by Frazier (1944). Slow progress in taxonomic research, paucity
of vector species, and disruptions caused by the seemingly endless change of names
of vector genera and vector species have discouraged a careful réévaluation of this
concept. However, stabilization of names of vector taxa is making fair progress
as more research on biosystematics of these groups reveal their true relationships.
Much more work still remains to be done.
I have endeavored in this paper to show a more reasonable semblance of cica-
dellid vector phylogenetic relationships than has been revealed heretofore. There
appears to be substantive evidence that such a relationship exists among certain
generic and species groups within two or three vector subfamilies. Outside of these
limited lower taxa such relationships must be viewed with speculation.
1.2 SYSTEMATICS OF VECTOR SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, and SPECIES
Since the last treatment of the taxonomy of the leafhopper vectors of plant
pathogenic agents (Nielson, 1968; Ishihara, 1969), significant contributions have
been made toward the stabilization of vector genera and vector species. Moreover,
new vector species have been incriminated in the transmission of pathogens of
plants, adding 14 to the list of 114 vectors treated by Nielson (1968), thus bringing
the total presently known to 128 vector species and subspecies in the world. These
taxa are given in Table I together with their respective vector subfamilies and vector
genera which are arranged in phylogenetic sequence. The vector species are in alpha­
betical order under their respective genera.
1.2.1 Subfamily Agalliinae
The nomenclature of the vector genera and species in the subfamily Agalliinae
of the new world has, for the most part, been fairly well stabilized through taxo­
nomic studies by Oman (1933, 1938) and Kramer (1964). The monotypic genus
Anaceratagallia Zakhvatkin, Austroagallia Evans, and other old world genera of
Agalliinae are being studied by the Indian systematist, Dr. C.A. Viraktamath.
There is, however, a need to review and bring together a complete taxonomic
treatise of this important vector subfamily for the entire world. Biosystematic
studies of Aceratagallia sanguinolenta (Provancher) and Agalliopsis novella (Say)
are also essential to resolve infraspecific problems that are prevalent with these
two agalliine species.
1.2.2 Subfamily Macropsinae
The genus Macropsis Lewis of the subfamily Macropsinae is notoriously diffi­
cult to study taxonomically because of the numerous infraspecific forms and
generally poor male genitalic characters available for separating species. Except for
Beirne's (1954) work on the Prunus- and Rubus-feeding species of the Nearctic
region and Wagner's (1964) study of Rosaceae-feeding species of the Netherlands,
TABLE I
Leafhopper Vectors of Plant Pathogenic Agents
VectotTaxon Disease Agent Reference
AGALLIINAE
( Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944)
Agalliopsis novella (Say) { Clover club-leaf Black (1944)
I Clover wound-tumor Black (1944)
Agalliana ensigera Oman ί Argentine curly top of sugarbeet Fawcett (1927)
I Brazilian curly top of tomato Costa (1952)
Agalliana sticticollis (Stâl) Brazilian curly top of tomato Costa (1952)
Aceratagallia calcaris Oman Sugarbeet yellow vein Staples etal. (1970)
Aceratagallia curvata Oman Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944)
Aceratagallia longula (Van Duzee) Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944)
Aceratagallia obscura Oman Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944)
Aceratagallia sanguinolenta (Provancher) Potato yellow dwarf Black (1934)
Anaceratagallia venosa (Fourcroy) Tomato leaf-crinkle Sukhov and Vovk (1947)
Agallia albidula Uhler Brazilian curly top of tomato Sauer(1946)
Agallia constricta Van Duzee { Potato yellow dwarf Black (1941)
I Clover wound-tumor Black (1944)
Agallia quadripunctata (Provancher) J Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944)
I Clover wound-tumor Black (1944)
Austroagallia torrida Evans Clover rugose leaf-curl Grylls (1954)
MACROPSINAE
Macropsis fuscula (Zetterstedt) Rubus stunt Fluiter and van der Meer (1953)
Macropsis scotti Edwards Rubus stunt East Mailing Research
Station (1960) (1961)
Macropsis trimaculata (Fitch) 1 Peach yellows Kunkel (1933)
I Little peach Manns and Manns (1935)
GYPONINAE
Gyponana angulata (Spangberg) North American aster-yellows Severin (1946)
Gyponana lamina DeLong Eastern X-disease of peach Gilmer and McEwen (1958)
COELIDIINAE
Coelidia indica Walker Sandal spike Rangaswami and Griffith (1941)
Table I (continued)
Vector Taxon Disease Agent Reference
Coelidia olitoria (Say) Strawberry pallidosis Frazier (1975)
APHRODINAE
Aphrodes albifrons (Linné) Go ver phyllody Evenhuis (1958)
Stolbur disease Break (1954)
European aster-yellows Heinze and Kunze (1955)
Aphrodes bicincta (Schrank)
Qover stunt Musil (1960)
Clover Phyllody Evenhuis (1958)
CICADELLINAE
Proconiini
Homalodisca coagulata (Say) Phony peach disease Turner and Pollard (1955)
Pierce's disease of grape Kaloostian etal. (1962)
Homalodisca insolita (Walker) Phony peach disease Turner and Pollard (1955)
Homalodisca lacerta (Fowler) Pierce's disease of grape Freitag et al (1952)
Oncometopie nigricans (Walker) Phony peach disease Pollard (pers. comm. 1965)
6 Oncometopia orbona (Fabricius) Phony peach disease Turner (1949)
Pierce's disease of grape Kaloostian et al. (1962)
Cuerna costalis (Fabricius) Phony peach disease Turner (1949)
Pierce's disease of grape Kaloostian et al (1962)
Cuerna occidentalis Oman & Beamer Pierce's disease of grape Frazier (1944)
Cuerna yuccae Oman & Beamer Pierce's disease of grape Freitag et al (1952)
Cicadellini
Amphigonalia severini (DeLong) Pierce's disease of grape Frazier (1944)
Draeculacephala crassicornis Van Duzee Pierce's disease of grape Freitag etal (1952)
Draeculacephala minerva Ball Pierce's disease of grape Hewitt etal (1942)
Draeculacephala noveboracensis (Fitch) Pierce's disease of grape Freitag etal (1952)
Chlorotic streak of sugarcane Abbott and Ingram (1942)
Draeculacephala portola Ball Pierce's disease of grape Freitag et al (1952)
Phony peach disease Turner and Pollard (1955)
Carneocephala flaviceps (Riley) Pierce's disease of grape Stoner (1953)
Cameocephala fulgida Nottingham Pierce's disease of grape Hewitt etal (1942)
Carneocephala triguttata Nottingham Pierce's disease of grape Frazier (1944)