Table Of ContentLead and Lead Alloys
Properties and Technology
t
Wilhelm Hofmann
English Translation of the
Second Revised German Edition
by Lead Development Association, London
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1970
t
Dr.-Ing-habil.WILHELM HOFMANN
Professor an der Technischen Hochschule
Braunschweig
Title of the Original Edition
Blei und Bleilegierungen, 2. Auflage
~Reine unQ. an gewandte Metallkunde in Einzeldarstellungen Bd. 6)
The editorship of the book after the death
of Professor HOFMANN was taken over by
Dr.-Ing. GERWIG VIBRANS
Abteilungsvorsteher und Professor
im Institut für Werkstoffkunde und Herstellungsverfahren
der Technischen Universität Braunschweig
ISBN 978-3-662-27030-1 ISBN 978-3-662-28508-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-28508-4
"This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
-<loncerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, repro
duction by photocopyiug machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
Uuder § 54 of thc German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is
payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with thc publisher_
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1970.
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1970.
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1970
Library of Congress Catalog Card Kumber 69-15931
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication even if the
former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign th,tt such names, as understood by
the Trade lIIarks, and lIferchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be llsed freely by anyone.
TitJe-No. 1550
Lead and Lead Alloys
Properties and Technology
t
Wilhelm Hofmann
English Translation of the
Second Revised German Edition
by Lead Development Association, London
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1970
t
Dr.-Ing-habil.WILHELM HOFMANN
Professor an der Technischen Hochschule
Braunschweig
Title of the Original Edition
Blei und Bleilegierungen, 2. Auflage
{Reine und an gewandte Metallkunde in Einzeldarstellungen Bd. 6)
The editorship of the book after the death
of Professor HOFMANN was taken over by
Dr.-Ing. GERWIG VIBRANS
Abteilungsvorsteher und Professor
im Institut für Werkstoffkunde und Herstellungsverfahren
der Technischen Universität Braunschweig
ISBN 978-3-662-27030-1 ISBN 978-3-662-28508-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-28508-4
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, repro
duction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is
payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1970.
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1970.
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1970
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 69-15931
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication even if the
former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as underslood by
thc Trade Marks, and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Title-No.1550
}""oreword
The first edition of this monograph (1941) arose from the research
work which I conducted in the Bleiforschungsstelle (Lead Research
Centre), Berlin, together with Professor HANEMANN and Dr. ANGELICA
SCHRADER.
After World War II literature on lead had expanded considerably
and preparatory work of almost ten years' duration was necessary before
the 2nd edition of the book "Blei und Bleilegierungen" could be published
in 1962. I welcomed proposals made by the Lead Development Associa
tion and the Springer-Verlag to have an EngIish translation pubIished
and at the same time to bring it up to date. While the English edition
is in preparation, international research on lead is being actively pursued.
This is due to the initiative of the International Lead Zinc Research
Organization under Dr. S. F. RADTKE, to the collaboration of American,
European and Australian research centres and to the International Lead
Conferences.
A book on lead and lead alloys would have been impossible without
the cooperation of the lead industry and I should like to thank sincerely
all those firms who have freely supplied data and information for it
as weIl as the many co-workers in the Institut für Werkstoffkunde of
the Technical University of Brunswick.
Special thanks are due to the Lead Development Association of Lon
don, the Lead Industries Association Inc. and the International Lead Zinc
Research Organization of New York which drew up the original plans
for an English edition and provided the necessary financial support
for the translation. I should also like to acknowledge the work of Mr.
B. FULLMAN who has translated the volume with expert thoroughness
and that of Messrs. HUGHES and WESSON of the LDA who have been
responsible for the organisational planning and detailed supervision of
all aspects of the translation.
With the translation of this volume I hope to have brought the report
on my systematic work on lead to a certain conclusion. I would be grate
ful if the book could be read with understanding, for our knowledge of
lead and its alloys has grown so extensively that in a work of moderate
proportions as this, many details must necessarily be excluded; the
decision on subject matter was not always easy and many items could
VI Foreword
be improved if more time had been available. If the book on lead were
to be rewritten thermochemists, electrochemists and theoreticians on
elasticity would be required, besides technologists, to support the work
of the metallurgist.
In recent years the pace of research and development has increased
enormously, resulting in the evolution of completely new technologies.
In spite of the demand thereby created for new and exotic mate
rials with special properties, industry will continue to depend in large
measure on classical materials and conventional processes.
The older metals, including lead, will therefore always maintain
their importance alongside the new materials, even in a world of rapidly
changing technologies.
Brunswick (Braunschweig),
.July 1965
Wilhelm Hofmann
Editor's Foreword
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. WILHELM HOFMANN, who died suddenlyon
16th November, 1965, had already completed the manuscript of the
English edition before his death, together with the main Foreword repro
duced here. I have made every attempt to ensure that publication should
be carried out as Prof. HOFMANN would himself have wished. This has
been done with the cooperation of Frau Dr. MARGARETE BLUTH and the
support of Frau AURELIE HOFMANN.
Brunswick (Braunschweig),
July 1969
Gerwig Vibrans
Contents
A. General
I. History, Geochemistry, Production 1
II. Smelter Production 5
Types of Lead. . . 5
IH. Physical Properties . 9
1. Atomic Weight . 9
2. Crystal Structure, Density, Thermal Expansion 10
3. Elastic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4. Melting Point, Boiling Point, Vapour Pressure 13
5. Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion and of Evaporation, Self-Diffu-
sion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. Surface Tension, Grain Boundary Energy and Internal Friction 16
7. Thermal and Electrical Conductivity, Heat Transfer 19
8. Magnetic, Acoustic and Optical Properties 20
9. Use of Lead for Radiation Protection . . . . 21
B. Lead and Lead Alloys
I. Preparation of Lead Microsection for the Examination of Structure 25
H. Binary Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1. General Survey. Solidification Phenomena . 29
2. Pb-Ag. Lead-Silver 32
3. Pb-Al. Lead-Aluminium 34
4. Pb-Aso Lead Arsenic 35
5. Pb-Au. Lead-Gold . . 37
6. Pb-Ba. Lead-Barium. 38
7. Pb-Bi. Lead-Bismuth 40
8. Pb-Ca. Lead Calcium . 44
a) Structure and General Praperties of the Alloys 44
b) Mechanical Properties andAge-Hardening . 47
9. Pb-Cd. Lead-Cadmium 50
10. Pb-Co. Lead-Cobalt 53
11. Pb-Cr. Lead-Chramium 53
12. Pb-Cu. Lead-Copper . 54
13. Pb-Fe. Lead-Iran 56
14. Pb-Ga. Lead-Gallium. 58
15. Pb-Ho Lead-Hydrogen 58
16. Pb-Hg. Lead-Mercury 58
17. Pb-In. Lead-Indium . 59
18. Pb-K. Lead-Potassium 61
19. Pb-Li. Lead-Lithium . 61
20. Pb-Mg. Lead-Magnesium 63
