Lead-acid battery technologies : fundamentals, materials, and applications

366 Pages·2015·10.59 MB·English

by  Jung

Lead-acid
Battery
technoLogies
Fundamentals, Materials,
and Applications
ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE AND CONVERSION
Series Editor: Jiujun Zhang
National Research Council Institute for Fuel Cell Innovation
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Published Titles
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery: Fundamentals and Applications
Aiping Yu, Victor Chabot, and Jiujun Zhang
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Zhigang Qi
Graphene: Energy Storage and Conversion Applications
Zhaoping Liu and Xufeng Zhou
Electrochemical Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
Yan-Jie Wang, David P. Wilkinson, and Jiujun Zhang
Lithium-Ion Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications
Yuping Wu
Lead-Acid Battery Technologies: Fundamentals, Materials, and Applications
Joey Jung, Lei Zhang, and Jiujun Zhang
Forthcoming Titles
Solar Energy Conversion and Storage: Photochemical Modes
Suresh C. Ameta and Rakshit Ameta
Electrochemical Energy: Advanced Materials and Technologies
Pei Kang Shen, Chao-Yang Wang, San Ping Jiang, Xueliang Sun, and Jiujun Zhang
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Fundamental Principles to Complete Systems
Radenka Maric
Lead-acid
Battery
technoLogies
Fundamentals, Materials,
and Applications
Edited by
Joey Jung • Lei Zhang
Jiujun Zhang

Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Series Preface ...........................................................................................................vii
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editors .......................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Lead-Acid Rechargeable Batteries ...........................1
Joey Jung
Chapter 2 Negative Electrodes of Lead-Acid Batteries ......................................67
Vladimir Neburchilov and Jiujun Zhang
Chapter 3 Positive Electrodes of Lead-Acid Batteries ........................................87
Zhongqi Li
Chapter 4 Lead-Acid Batteries: Fundamentals, Technologies,
and Applications ...............................................................................111
J. Kevin Whear
Chapter 5 Electrolytes of Lead-Acid Batteries .................................................137
Hongyu Chen
Chapter 6 Current Collectors, Battery Grids, and Lead-Acid Batteries ...........163
R. David Prengaman

Chapter 7 Lead-Acid Battery Manufacturing Equipment ................................179
Joey Jung
Chapter 8 Battery Testing and Diagnostic Instrumentation .............................213
Isidor Buchmann
v
vi Contents
Chapter 9 Mathematical Modeling of Lead-Acid Batteries ..............................229
Mikaël Cugnet and Bor Yann Liaw
Chapter 10 Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries ................................................319
Zhongqi Li and Yufeng Zhang
Index ......................................................................................................................331
Series Preface
The goal of the Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion book series is to
provide comprehensive coverage of the field, with titles focusing on fundamentals,
technologies, applications, and the latest developments, including secondary (or
rechargeable) batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, CO electroreduction to produce
2
low-carbon fuels, electrolysis for hydrogen generation/storage, and photoelectro-
chemistry for water splitting to produce hydrogen, among others. Each book in this
series is self-contained, written by scientists and engineers with strong academic and
industrial expertise who are at the top of their fields and on the cutting edge of tech-
nology. With a broad view of various electrochemical energy conversion and stor-
age devices, this unique book series provides essential reads for university students,
scientists, and engineers, and allows them to easily locate the latest information on
electrochemical technology, fundamentals, and applications.
Jiujun Zhang
National Research Council of Canada
Richmond, British Columbia

vii

Preface
Currently, energy storage and conversion have become one of the most important
topics in ongoing research and development aimed at achieving a clean and sus-
tainable world. Electrochemical energy technologies such as batteries, fuel cells,
and electrochemical supercapacitors have been recognized as the most important
part of the various energy storage and conversion technologies. Among electro-
chemical energy technologies, lead-acid rechargeable battery technology is the most
popular, mature, reliable, safe, and cost-effective electrochemical technology with
much wider applications than other electrochemical devices, although it still has
several challenges such as relatively low specific energy density, insufficient cycle
life, and possible environmental impacts from the manufacturing process (lead
dust). Recently, the technology has found rapidly increasing applications in emerg-
ing technologies, in particular, in ground transportation applications including elec-
tric bicycles, low-speed electric vehicles, and microhybrid vehicles. Recent materials
advancements have produced substantial improvements in lead-acid battery perfor-
mance characteristics, especially energy density. These improvements have come
about by enhancing battery utilization or adapting lighter materials, bringing atten-
tion to the relevance of lead-acid battery technology in a wider range of applications.
For example, in the development of electric vehicles, with the realization of lithium-
ion batteries due to the high cost and safety concerns, lead-acid rechargeable batter-
ies have been reconsidered as a feasible technology as long as their energy density
can be further increased.
This book is primarily intended to present an overview of lead-acid rechargeable
batteries, including fundamentals, applications, and their advancements as energy
storage devices in recent years. In particular, the fundamental sciences involved in
their operation and the technological developments in materials science and engi-
neering for materials fabrication are summarized in this book. An in-depth analysis
of their integration with other primary power systems and their benefits toward cur-
rent applications is provided. In addition, several other advanced lead-acid recharge-
able battery technologies are described in this book. A group of top lead-acid battery
scientists and engineers with not only excellent academic records, but also strong
industrial expertise, have contributed chapters, sharing their knowledge, informa-
tion, and insights on recent advances in fundamental theories, experimental method-
ologies, and research achievements in lead-acid battery technology.
We believe that this book will be a resource that benefits researchers, students,
industrial professionals, and manufacturers by providing a systematic overview of
the materials, system design, and related issues for the development of lead-acid
rechargeable battery technology. The information in this book will be very helpful
to readers as they select existing materials/technologies and develop new materials/
technologies to improve the performance of lead-acid rechargeable batteries.
We acknowledge and express our sincere thanks for the contributions of all those
involved in preparing and developing the chapters of this book. We also express our
ix
x Preface
appreciation to CRC Press for inviting us to lead this book project, and we thank
Allison Shatkin for her guidance and support in smoothing the book preparation
process. We acknowledge with deep appreciation Wirtz Manufacturing Company
Inc. and Mac Engineering Inc. for their strong support.
If there are any technical errors in the book, we would deeply appreciate readers
constructive comments for further improvement.
Joey Jung
Lei Zhang
Jiujun Zhang
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