Lead-Acid Batteries: Science and Technology

656 Pages·2011·0.51 MB·English

by  D. Pavlov

Lead-Acid Batteries: Science
and Technology

e
Lead Acid Batteries: Science
and Technology
e
A Handbook of Lead Acid Battery Technology
and its Influence on the Product
Detchko Pavlov
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD
PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO(cid:129)SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
Elsevier
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Firstedition 2011
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ISBN: 978-0-444-52882-7
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11 12 13 11 109 8 7 65 4 3 21
Dedicated to my mother Ekaterina,
my father Pavel and my wife Svetla
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Part 1: Fundamentals of Lead-Acid Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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Chapter 1: Invention and Development of the Lead Acid Battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Lead Acid Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Part 2: Materials Used for Lead-Acid Battery Manufacture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
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Chapter 3: H SO Electrolyte An Active Material in the Lead Acid Cell. . . . .117
2 4
Chapter 4: Lead Alloys and Grids. Grid Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Chapter 5: Leady Oxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
Part 3: Processes During Paste Preparation and Curing of the Plates . . . . . . . . .251
Chapter 6: Pastes and Grid Pasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Chapter 7: Additives to the Pastes for Positive and Negative
Battery Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
Chapter 8: Curing of Battery Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Part 4: Plate Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
Chapter 9: Soaking of Cured Plates Before Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
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Chapter 10: Formation of Positive Lead Acid Battery Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443
Chapter 11: Processes During Formation of Negative Battery Plates. . . . . . . . . .481
Chapter 12: Technology of Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501
Part 5: Battery Storage and VRLA Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533
Chapter 13: Processes After Formation of the Plates and During Battery
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
Chapter 14: Methods to Restore the Water Decomposed During Charge and
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Overcharge of Lead Acid Batteries: VRLA Batteries . . . . . . . . . . .567
viii Contents
Part 6: Calculation of the Active Materials in a Lead–Acid Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . .605
Chapter 15: Calculation of the Active Materials for Lead–Acid Cells . . . . . . . . .607
Epilogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623
Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .625
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
Preface
Theleadeacidbatterywasinventedattheadventofelectricity.Thediscoveryofelectricityas
a form of energy is the greatest achievement of mankind, which has changed human life
dramatically.Forover150years,theleadeacidbatterytechnologyhasdevelopeddrivenbythe
accumulationofnewknowledgeandtheinventionofnewmaterials.Theleadeacidbatteryhas
become one of the main portable sources of electric power with wide application in man’s
everyday life (transport vehicles, telecommunications, information technologies, etc.). It has
won a dominating position in energy storage and load-levelling applications (reserve electric
powersupplyandremoteareaenergysystems).Leadeacidbatteriesarecheap,easytoproduce
and easy to recycle, and the resources for their manufacture are practically unlimited. This is
why the leadeacid battery industry has reached annual turnovers of tens of billions of US
dollars on a worldwide basis.
The leadeacid battery is a complex dynamic system, or shall I call it ‘a complex dynamic
world’,inwhichvariousprocessesproceedcontinuously,atdifferentrates,nomatterwhether
the battery is on charge, discharge or open circuit. This ‘living’ organism exists due to the
simultaneousoperationoftwoelectrochemicalsystems:theleadsystem(Pb/PbSO andPbO /
4 2
PbSO ) and the water system (H O/H and H O/O ). The latter is thermodynamically
4 2 2 2 2
supported, but kinetically suppressed. These two systems are in continuous competition with
each other, the lead system playing the dominating role, which makes the leadeacid battery
functional and useful to mankind.
This dynamic world is governed by the laws of chemistry and electrochemistry, physics and
physical chemistry, metallurgy and corrosion science. This ‘world’ is a meeting point for the
kinetics and thermodynamics of chemical and electrochemical reactions, crystal nucleation
andgrowthwithdiffusionandmigrationprocesses,mechanicalandcorrosionprocessesinlead
alloys, as well as a numberof phenomena of efficient transformation of chemical energy into
electrical energy and vice versa.
MycollaboratorsandIhavebeenstudyingthis‘world’formanyyearsnow.Wehaveadvanced
step by step, overcoming numerous barriers, towards identifying the processes and
phenomena that proceed during leadeacid battery manufacture and operation, disclosing the
mechanismsoftheseprocessesandelucidatingthestructuresoftheobtainedintermediateand
end products. It is really rewarding when you gain all this knowledge.