Le radici storiche delle matematiche elementari

348 Pages·1983·11.51 MB·Italian

by  Bunt Lucas N.H., Jones Phillip S., Bedient Jack D.

CM COLLANDAIM ATEMATICA
CM1 PolyMaet odmia tematipceirl 'insegnamdeenltlose c ienzfei siche
CM2 GagliaLr'dauot omazidoenlel 'intelligenza
CM3 Questiorniig uardalnemt ait ematicehlee mentarraic,c olte
e coordinadtae F ederiEgnor iqueVso.l1 . { partle)e vol2. { partIele 111)
CM4 BuntJ,o nesB,e dienLte r adisctio ricdheel lmea tematicehlee mentari
LUCANS. H .B UNT
PHILLSI.JP O NESJ ACKD .B EDIENT
LER AIDCSIT OREI CH
DELLMEA TEMIACTHE
ELEMENTARI
CM4• ZANICHELLI
Titoolroi ginTahelh ei stroorooifet clsae lmm eanttthaierycm sa
1796
Copyright© byP rentice-lHnacEl.nl g,l ewoColdi ffNse,w J ersey
TraduzidoinB ei ancRao saB elloBmoov e
RevisidoinG ei ulCieos arBea rozzi
1893
Copyright© NicolZaan ichSe.lplAiB. o,l ogna
Id iridtitt ria duzidoinm ee,m orizzazione edlire itptrroodnuizceiad o,in e
adattametnottoao lp ea rzicaolneq ,u alsmieazszi(o c ompriem siic rofiell me
copifeo tostatsiocnrhoie s)e rpveartt iu titp ia esi.
Realizzagzriaofinceeac opertdiinR aa imondBoi scaretti
1893
Primead iziosneet:t embre
Ristampe:
5 4 2 3 18931 8941 8951 8961 897
Finidtios tampaar Beo logna
1983
nels ettembre
22
dallLai tosveiiaB,e llin-iR astign(aBnool ogna)
5
coni t ipdie llMao nogravfi,aC ollamarini
perc ontdoe llNa.Z anichEedliltio Sr.ep A.
344,106 2
vial rnerio Bologna
Indice
Praezfione
vn
La'lafboeg treco
rx
Capitoll oM atematiecgai ziana
1.M1at.e maapt riectiosrica
4 12..L ap rimmaaet mtaisccar itta
6 13..S imoblnium erici
8 14..O peroanzaiir itmetiche
12 15..M otlipalziicone
171 6..F razeid oinvioi nsei
24 l7. .I n umreir ossi ausiliari
29 18..L at abe2ln:l a
31 19..I lr otdoilp oe lle
34 1.P1or bleamlig ebrici
O.
37 1.G1e1oem.tr ia
4 7
Capito2l oM atematibcaab ilonese
47 21..Al cucneins notir ici
47 2.2Si.bm olongumiear ibcaab ilonese
54 23..L eo perafznoidaomneitn ali
56 2.4Es.at zriodnire a dici
57 25..L a'lgebbarlbaoi snee
60 2.6Un.t etsob aboinlese
65 27.. L ag eoemtrbiaab ilonese
68 28..A pporssimoanzdiii
7t
70 2.9Un.a tlrpoor blemeac ic ongieadmdoa bia bilonesi
Indice
IV
73
Capito3l oI ls orgedreel lmaa tematiicnaG recia
73 31..Le p ritmees timonianze
74 32..I s iesmtgir edcini um erazione
773 .T3a.l eelt ase uiam oprtapnezlraam aetmatica
80 3.. 4Pigtoarea p iti agorici
80 3.5Ip .tia goerl iamc uiis ca
84 3.L6'.iam tretaip ctiagorica
913 .L 7an .um oelrogpiigator aica
92 3.L8'.ta rsoomnipati agorica
93 3.L9a.g e oemtrpiigator aica
94 31..0S egemnitnioc mmensurean bumielriirir a zionali
99
Capito4l oI famosip roblemdie ll'antigcrheictaà
99 41..In otdurzione
99 4.2Ip.p roacdteiC hieol aq udaartudreall luen ule
140 4.A3l.tp rorib ledmiqi u daraat ur
170 4.4La.g e oemtrdiiIa p pocrate
180 4.5La.d u palziicodnecelu ob
161 4.6Ilp. or blemdae ltlrai sezione
12147 .. I ppeil aaq uadtruar ac edreclh io
1314 .8Le.s o luzdiepoiorn bil epmotisdi a gir eci
193
Capito5l oI p recursfiolrois ofidciiE uclide
193 51..La fi loseo fifiial osofi
104 5.2Pl.oa nte
1515 .A3r.ti toseell eas utae odreilapl orep oiszioni
135 5.4Con.c eit dtee finoinzii
165 5.N5o.iz osnpie ciefit cehremn ionndi e finiti
106
Capito6l oE uclide
106 61..Gl eil ementi
16162 ..L as rtuttduergEall ie mdeiEn utcili de
1616 .L3e.d e finoinzii
146 6.4Po.ts ulean toiz icoomnuin i
176 6.5Ils. i gnaoit fiducin caos rtuzione
107 6.6Ils. i gnaoitd fiectle rpzotos uol at
147 67.. L ac ongernuza
128 6.8La.c o nrguen(zocan tizniuoane)
1916 .9La.t e odreilapl aer allele
Indice
v
2006 1. Ilc ornnofot adir ee
O.
2046 1..1I lt eomrade iP itoarga
2086 1..2L ad ieffrentzraial m etodeou col iqdeue elmlood ernneol
cornnofotd elalree e
21 61..3A lgegberoaem treip coalo inrgie oglari
O
2186 1..4L at eodreiniaum ernie gEllie menti
223
Capito7l oL am atematigcrae cdao poE uclidIem .e todeiu cli-
deie quelmloid erni
2237 1..La c ronoadl eolgilae mmaatgitrceac a
2247 .. A2rcihmeeddeE roatstene
2277 .A3p.o lldoiPn eirag e
2287 .E4ro.n dei A lessaenD diraoinfoat
213 7.T5o.l omeeP oa ppo
253 7.S6i.n tdeemslei ot ddoe lmlaat emagtrieccaa
2367 .O7b.iz eioanlsi i steeumcaol ide
273 7.I8ls. i gcnaoitd fieldleadz uione
214 7.9Ils. i steeumcaol idnèoepn u armeend tdeuitvto
2427 1..0L ac otsruzdiiou nngeae moetrpiuar amdeendttuet iva
2497 . 11U.n s iesmtac otsitod uaiq tuartopt unti
254
Capito8l o sIi tsemdii n umerazioeln 'ea ritmedtoipcoia g reci
2548 1..In umreirm oani
2568 .2La'.b oa cle' tamreittiacnbagi ile
2598 .3Le.c ir efi dno-arabe
236 8.4Un.a ntos iicstaemmeiarc adnino u maezriopnoiesz ionale
2658 .5Ul.ti eorsrvii ldueplpnlioa t azpioiosznieo nale
2688 .6Con.v erstirsoain sit deinm uim aeizrone
217 8.A7l.g tomrdiiia ddoinzeeis ottraiznbi aosnnioed n ecimali
2728 .A8l.ogr timdiim otlipalziicoinnbe a sniod ne cimali
2748 .9Fr.a nziin,oum erria zailoeiln an umaezriopnoiesz ionale
2838 1..0N umeirrria zailoin
2908 1..1I m oedrnfonid ametnetoird ie'clailtr miteica
279 81..2I ls istdeinm uam aezriomnoeed rno
302S uggmeernietr ii ossptpeea rl ceusneir cizi
330I ndiacneat lioi c

Preafzione
AL iHeesl,eBe anb raar
Queos ltiob prresennutmoaes rcea rattesrciasttudiracilhtlee' esperienza
degAlutio nreill n'sigenaemnotd i matseotrroii.ac le
Ilv oulmem irpai ùc eara tgroim encthiae d e sseroenn iocmrpeinovs.
Sebbeinll eeo trtpeo ssan onr epee rieirns suon aq ualcihnoefr mazione
parotliaccrhese a reabpbopepr riot artovianur nme an uadliceno stualznie,o
glaigr oemntiino tdrostotniso v ilucpopnua ntsaiu fficipernootnfeidà t in
modcoh leos u tdenptosesae ffettivasmveonldtgeeel ralete tà im vaittetmia­
chienu npaor pseitvtsaot rirceaa. E lgelpiue òs egluadi irveoi nsceio mgel i
antiecighzii rainsio,le qvueazrieod nisi eo cndgor acdoom ieb abnielseoi ,
stiuadlrgae e oemtrcioamg els iut dednettiie mdpiEi u cl.Ei sdseece orviontli
negsletis psoric eidmenen teig sletis psriol bemdie galnit imcahtie maet ici
svilaurspeoup lzidoifn rino tael sletes dsffiiec otlàc hsepi a roanrdoa vaandt i
esèsi imlo dmoi igolpreegr i uenrageda ppzraeelrz i'tnellielg 'einnzogase ig­n
tàd egslutido isdie tie mapnid .aG tliAiu tohria nnroi scoon cthrgela it
studgernaitdsoicn qou eosa ptopcrciitnoe invsaol slutod idoe lslotard iea lla
matemaect hieecs ams iilg iorlapanr oo pcromipar eonnsdeie lmlaat ematica
odierannaa lnidzaozp aopcrcpiia ùn tiecdah lit er.n ativi
Quetsol iob trradtetlarl aed siotcrii cdheelm laeet matieclheem e:n tari
aritmaeltgiecgbaer,oae m,t resi iaes mtdiin uemraz.iE osnsoeom etmtoteli
arogmenstvii luippnpe artipioi rdùei nc t.eMi otlcion cestivtliu pdpuraatnit e
tapleir iodaidl i lsdà o enlpolos es iàbd ielgsiluttid ednimt ait emaetdui ncaa ,
lordoi scounsaesl iivsepluelrofi cèip arsleoesc phréi dvisa i gnoi.fiL co at
studcehnpetos es iuendbaeu opnrae apzairmoantee maalt iivocd eaisl cluola
seocndasruipiaeo rpruesò t uadrqieu eols itobc ropnor fittoa;l caurnogim enti
(aeds emips iieosm tdii n umaezriobnaebo inliee,sig zigarnei,gc ,li ail it r
siesmtdiin umaezrieog nlei o rtaimlnigum eriscoina)odi drtiutarlapl oatr ata
demii lgiosrtiu ddeenltslica u omlead iinaeif ro.r e
Pocihvéiv negodniou sscsloeer ingidi elmlagag ipoarrd teega lgrio emnti
tratntepaiort gria mmdie lslceu eolleemt eaenrs ieo cndairllii oebè pr aircto­
larmeanptopepr roi paetirf utuiir nsegdniam nattie maa;pt uiòfcro nire,
Prefazione
v n 1
inolutnar rer,hi icmcoec nutltpuersrat lued leeinlacteiip , e irll e otriten etse­r
saoit ng ene.rG alAliuet odreis eirdasnioen rcamecnhqteue e ols itobr renda
acecssilbasio tlreid ae lmlaat emaaa tdui ncp ubbolp iivùca tso.
Buonpaa rdteeml a etricaoltneeu notn elli obè rd eroid vaa ttuenos i tn
olandVeaAsnemh ,et soE tu cl(WiodtleerGsrs o,in gnens)ct rotdi aDlot .tL ucas
N.H . Bualnlotpr,ra e ls'sUon siàivd teiUrt retec,d h asie guceolnltoairbt ao­
r:iD otCta thaFraibn-eaGr ounwatekS,u oEr.A .d jeongD,.L eeusjD,o tt.
H.M oojiD,o t.tP G..J.V rdeend.Iu vlio nulmaet tucaotlnieem noelm toeid fi­
caziaoden tsie nsdiovountaiPe h ilSl.J ioenps t,rc au lias eocndpaa rdteel
cap6.l, ap ripmaar dteeCl a .p7 e q uatsuiot i tCla p8.B. u onpaa rdteel
maetricaoltnee nou ntevlo ulmtetdoiJ oensU ndersNtuamsnb:dTe ihernigr
HisatnoUdrsè yes a toti nocrptoorJa.a kc D .B ediehnact o tnirboua illt'orga­
nizzziaofinnea dleeml a onsctort.i
GlAiu tosroin poor ofnadmeeng traatli PBrrouf.Ec .eM esericv eu,i
suggemreinhtaino cn otnriobi umnio tdnoo toeilvssailmm igol aiomreond tel
maonsctort.Ii slu aoi ou itesl u iono crgaigamoeh natnomn anteoi nvnui titla
porgefittnoao ls ucoo pmletaom.Ue nrn itnzgiraamoea nntcahlpe e rasloen
delclaase adt iriPcerenc tei-lHplae lrso p iitdroic o llaobrazdimioontser oa.It
cotnrirbeudstaiAi n nCah urecE hm iFllye tdcuharenrtl ead aitltotstcurria
demla onsctorts ionsoat tmio tloa ppezrzati.
TmepAeir,z ona LucNa.Hs . B unt
An Anbr o, rMichigan PhiSlJ.loinpe s
TmepAeir,z ona JackB edDi.e nt