Table Of ContentINTERNATIONAL SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS
ON PHYSICS
SERIES EDITORS
J. BIRMAN CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
S. F. EDWARDS UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
R. FRIEND UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
M. REES UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
D. SHERRINGTON UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
G. VENEZIANO CERN, GENEVA
International Series of Monographs on Physics
153.R.A.Klemm:Layeredsuperconductors, Volume1
152.E.L.Wolf:Principlesofelectrontunnelingspectroscopy, Secondedition
151.R.Blinc:Advancedferroelectricity
150.L.Berthier,G.Biroli,J.-P.Bouchaud,W.vanSaarloos,L.Cipelletti: Dynamical heterogeneities in
glasses,colloids,andgranularmedia
149.J.Wesson:Tokamaks,Fourthedition
148.H.Asada,T.Futamase,P.Hogan:Equationsofmotioningeneralrelativity
147.A.Yaouanc,P.DalmasdeR´eotier:Muonspinrotation,relaxation,andresonance
146.B.McCoy:Advancedstatistical mechanics
145.M.Bordag,G.L.Klimchitskaya,U.Mohideen,V.M.Mostepanenko:AdvancesintheCasimireffect
144.T.R.Field:Electromagneticscatteringfromrandommedia
143.W.G¨otze:Complexdynamicsofglass-formingliquids—amode-coupling theory
142.V.M.Agranovich:Excitationsinorganicsolids
141.W.T.Grandy:Entropyandthetimeevolutionofmacroscopic systems
140.M.Alcubierre:Introductionto3+1numericalrelativity
139.A.L.Ivanov,S.G.Tikhodeev:Problemsofcondensedmatterphysics—quantumcoherence
phenomenainelectron-holeandcoupledmatter-lightsystems
138.I.M.Vardavas,F.W.Taylor:Radiation andclimate
137.A.F.Borghesani: Ionsandelectronsinliquidhelium
136.C.Kiefer:Quantumgravity,Secondedition
135.V.Fortov,I.Iakubov,A.Khrapak:Physicsofstronglycoupledplasma
134.G.Fredrickson:Theequilibriumtheoryofinhomogeneous polymers
133.H.Suhl:Relaxationprocessesinmicromagnetics
132.J.Terning:Modernsupersymmetry
131.M.Marin˜o:Chern–Simonstheory,matrixmodels,andtopological strings
130.V.Gantmakher:Electronsanddisorderinsolids
129.W.Barford:Electronicandoptical propertiesofconjugatedpolymers
128.R.E.Raab,O.L.deLange:Multipoletheoryinelectromagnetism
127.A.Larkin,A.Varlamov:Theoryoffluctuationsinsuperconductors
126.P.Goldbart,N.Goldenfeld,D.Sherrington:Stealingthegold
125.S.Atzeni,J.Meyer-ter-Vehn:Thephysicsofinertialfusion
123.T.Fujimoto:Plasmaspectroscopy
122.K.Fujikawa,H.Suzuki:Pathintegralsandquantumanomalies
121.T.Giamarchi:Quantumphysicsinonedimension
120.M.Warner,E.Terentjev:Liquidcrystalelastomers
119.L.Jacak,P.Sitko,K.Wieczorek,A.Wojs:QuantumHallsystems
118.J.Wesson:Tokamaks,Thirdedition
117.G.Volovik:TheUniverseinaheliumdroplet
116.L.Pitaevskii,S.Stringari:Bose–Einsteincondensation
115.G.Dissertori,I.G.Knowles,M.Schmelling:Quantumchromodynamics
114.B.DeWitt:Theglobalapproachtoquantumfieldtheory
113.J.Zinn-Justin:Quantumfieldtheoryandcriticalphenomena,Fourthedition
112.R.M.Mazo:Brownianmotion—fluctuations,dynamics,andapplications
111.H.Nishimori:Statistical physicsofspinglassesandinformationprocessing—an introduction
110.N.B.Kopnin:Theoryofnonequilibriumsuperconductivity
109.A.Aharoni:Introductiontothetheoryofferromagnetism,Secondedition
108.R.Dobbs:Heliumthree
107.R.Wigmans:Calorimetry
106.J.Ku¨bler:Theoryofitinerantelectronmagnetism
105.Y.Kuramoto,Y.Kitaoka:Dynamicsofheavyelectrons
104.D.Bardin,G.Passarino:Thestandardmodelinthemaking
103.G.C.Branco,L.Lavoura,J.P.Silva:CPViolation
102.T.C.Choy: Effectivemediumtheory
101.H.Araki:Mathematical theoryofquantumfields
100.L.M.Pismen:Vorticesinnonlinearfields
99.L.Mestel:Stellarmagnetism
98.K.H.Bennemann:Nonlinearopticsinmetals
94.S.Chikazumi:Physicsofferromagnetism
91.R.A.Bertlmann:Anomaliesinquantumfieldtheory
90.P.K.Gosh:Iontraps
87.P.S.Joshi:Globalaspectsingravitationandcosmology
86.E.R.Pike,S.Sarkar:Thequantumtheoryofradiation
83.P.G.deGennes,J.Prost:Thephysicsofliquidcrystals
73.M.Doi,S.F.Edwards:Thetheoryofpolymerdynamics
69.S.Chandrasekhar:Themathematical theoryofblackholes
51.C.Møller:Thetheoryofrelativity
46.H.E.Stanley:Introductiontophasetransitionsandcriticalphenomena
32.A.Abragam:Principlesofnuclearmagnetism
27.P.A.M.Dirac:Principlesofquantummechanics
23.R.E.Peierls:Quantumtheoryofsolids
Layered Superconductors
Volume 1
Richard A. Klemm
Department of Physics
University of Central Florida
1
3
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ISBN 978–0–19–959331–6
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This book is dedicated to the author’s late father, Prof. LeRoy H. Klemm of the
University of Oregon, who introduced the author to his organic chemistry laboratory at
an early age, to Prof. Theodore H. Geballe of Stanford University, who has served as
a role model for the author, to Profs. Malcolm R. Beasley and Sebastian Doniach of
Stanford University, to Profs. M. Brian Maple and Sunil K. Sinha of the University
of California at San Diego, to Prof. David C. Johnston of Iowa State University, to
the late Prof. Samuel H. Liu of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, to Prof. J. Robert
Schrieffer of Florida State University, to Prof. Dr. Kurt Scharnberg of the Universit¨at
Hamburg, to Prof. Dr. Peter Fulde of the Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Physik komplexer
Systeme, to Prof. Kazushige Machida of Okayama University, to Prof. Tar-Pin Chen
oftheUniversityofArkansasatLittleRock,toProf.KazuoKadowakioftheUniversity
of Tsukuba, to Prof. Talat S. Rahman of the University of Central Florida, and
especially to young and future scientists in their quests to discover a room-temperature
superconductor.
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Preface
Althoughtherehadbeensomeearlierworkonthesuperconductivityofthetransition–
metal dichalcogenides and the intercalated graphite compounds, the study of layered
superconductors really began in 1970 with the discovery of 2H-TaS (pyridine) ,
2 1/2
pictured Fig. P.1. This began a flurry of activity for a few years, but the really big
development in the field was that of the discovery in 1986 of superconductivity in the
cuprates, by Bednorz and Mu¨ller, which led to superconductivity above the tempera-
ture of liquid nitrogen, the award of the Nobel Prize, and to countless papers in the
field of layered superconductors. Most important of these compounds for commercial
usage are YBa2Cu3O7−δ and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ. Other hole-doped cuprates such as
La2−xSrxCuO4−δ have also been extensively studied, as have several electron-doped
cuprates, such as Nd2−xCexCuO4−y. Intercalation compounds of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
have been prepared and studied. Many other classes of layered superconductors have
sincebeendiscovered.Theorganiclayeredsuperconductorssuchasκ-(ET) Cu(NCS)
2 2
and κ-(ET) Cu[N(CN) ]Br, where ET is bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene, along
2 2
with other ET compounds with different layered crystal structures, can be highly
anisotropic. Several classes of artificial superconducting superlattices were studied.
These include alternating layers of superconducting and a variety of either super-
conducting or non-superconducting materials, which were constructed either in peri-
odic or in aperiodic stacking sequences. The widely studied MgB , with a high
2
transition temperature, has two superconducting gaps and is nearly isotropic in its
superconducting properties. Sr RuO , considered by many to exhibit parallel-spin
2 4
pairing, is highly anisotropic. A large variety of binary and ternary silicides with
the AlB structure have been prepared and studied. Two new graphite intercalation
2
compounds, CaC and YbC , are superconducting at much higher transition temper-
6 6
atures than were the alkali-intercalated graphite compounds. Ag Pb O is a type-I
5 2 6
superconductor for the magnetic field normal to the layers. The sodium cobaltate
hydrates, Na CoO ·yH O, are very similar to some intercalation compounds of the
x 2 2
transition-metal dichalcogenides. Many layered superconductors with the ThCr Si
2 2
structure have been made, including ternary intermetallics such as CeCu Si . A
2 2
more widely studied class of quaternary intermetallics are the borocarbides, such as
YPd B C and the RNi B C compounds, where R is a rare earth element. These
2 2 2 2
compounds exhibit interesting competitions between various magnetic orderings and
superconductivity. A similar compound, La Ni B N , is superconducting at a rather
3 2 2 3
high temperature. More recently, much attention has turned to the large classes of
iron pnictides, such as LiFeAs and KxBa1−xFe2As2, and the iron oxypnictides, such
as LaFePO and SmFeAsO1−xFx, which can be superconducting above 50 K. Some of
thesecompoundsalsoexhibitmultiplesuperconductinggapsandinterestinginterplays
between antiferromagnetism and superconductivity. The iron chalcogenides such as
viii Preface
S S S S S S S S S S
Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta
S S S S S S S S S S
H N¨ H H N¨ H H N¨ H H N¨ H H N¨ H
C C C C C C C C C C
12 Å
C C C C C C C C C C
H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H
H H H H H
S S S S S S S S S S
Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta
S S S S S S S S S S
Fig. P.1 Sketch of the first proposed structure of 2H-TaS2(pyridine)1/2. Reprinted with
permission of F. R. Gamble, F. J. DiSalvo, R. A. Klemm, and T. H. Geballe. Supercon-
ductivity in layered structure organometallic crystals. Science 168, 568 (1970). Copyright
(cid:2)c1970, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
FeTexSe1−x have drawn a lot of interest. β-ZrNCl or β-HfNCl intercalated with Li
and tetrahydrofuran can have a transition temperature up to 23 K.
Thisvolumedescribesthestructures,Fermisurfaces,normal-stateproperties,and
criticalfieldsofexamplesofalloftheseclassesoflayeredsuperconductors,pointingout
the similarities and differences between the various materials. The three phenomeno-
logical models used to study layered superconductors, the anisotropic London model,
the anisotropic Ginzburg–Landau model, and the Lawrence–Doniach model, are all
Fig. P.2 From left to right: Frank R. DiSalvo, Frederick R. Gamble, the author, and
TheodoreH.Geballe.ReprintedfromD.E.Thomsen,SuperconductivityinTwoDimensions,
Science News 97, 602–603 (1970), published by the Society for Science & the Public, with
permission of Siemens Health Diagnostics, Inc. and Stanford University.
Preface ix
developed and used to calculate the critical fields. This book is intended for young
scientists hoping to discover a room-temperature superconductor.
The author thanks Prof. Kazuo Kadowaki for encouraging him to complete this
first volume, and especially thanks Mr. Krsto Ivanovi´c, who greatly assisted him
in preparing the manuscript. During the long time it has taken to complete this
work, the author gratefully acknowledges the continuous support,understanding, and
compassionprovidedbyhiswife,DwarakaRao,andbyhissons,AmitabhKlemmand
Siddhartha Klemm.
