Table Of ContentLayered Double Hydroxide Polymer
Nanocomposites
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites
Science and Engineering
Layered Double
Hydroxide Polymer
Nanocomposites
Edited by
Sabu Thomas
International and Inter University Centre for
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam, Kerala, India
School of Chemical Sciences,
Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam, Kerala, India
Saju Daniel
International and Inter University Centre for
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam, Kerala, India
St. Xavier’s College Vaikom, Kottayam,
Kerala, India
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Contents
Listofcontributors xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgement xxv
1. Layereddoublehydroxides:fundamentalstoapplications 1
SajuDanielandSabuThomas
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Layereddoublehydroxides 2
1.2.1 Structureoflayereddoublehydroxides 2
1.2.2 DifferencesbetweenOrdinaryClaysandLayeredDouble
Hydroxides 4
1.2.3 SynthesisRoutesofLayeredDoubleHydroxides 4
1.3 OrganicModificationofLayeredDoubleHydroxides 7
1.3.1 OnestepCo-precipitation 11
1.3.2 Anionexchangereaction 12
1.3.3 MemoryEffectorRegenerationMethod 12
1.3.4 Thedelamination/restackingmethod 13
1.4 Characterizationoflayereddoublehydroxidesandmodified
layereddoublehydroxides 14
1.5 Potentialapplicationsoflayereddoublehydroxides,organically
modifiedlayereddoublehydroxidesandlayereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 21
1.5.1 Flameretardantapplications 23
1.5.2 Catalysis 25
1.5.3 Watersplitting 26
1.5.4 Environmentalremediation 27
1.5.5 Electrodeforsupercapacitor 30
1.5.6 Biomedicalapplications 32
1.6 IntroductiontoLayeredDoubleHydroxidePolymer
Nanocomposites 35
1.7 DifferentFabricationTechniquesofLayeredDoubleHydroxide
polymerNanocomposites 35
1.7.1 MeltCompounding 35
1.7.2 SolutionBlending 37
1.7.3 In(cid:1)SituMethods 38
1.7.4 LayerByLayerAssembly 39
1.7.5 Tworollmillmixing 41
vi Contents
1.7.6 Sonication 42
1.7.7 Highenergyballmilling 42
1.8 ApplicationsofLayeredDoubleHydroxidePolymer
Nanocomposites 43
1.8.1 FlameRetardantApplication 43
1.8.2 BiomedicalApplication 44
1.8.3 GassensingApplications 49
1.8.4 EnergyApplications 50
1.8.5 FoodPackagingApplications 51
1.8.6 WaterPurification 52
1.8.7 GasBarrierMaterials 53
1.8.8 AgriculturalApplications 54
1.8.9 AntiCorrosionMaterials 55
1.9 LDHbasedpolymerhybridnanocomposites 56
1.10 Conclusionandperspectives 63
1.11 Abbreviations 66
References 68
2. FTIRcharacterizationoflayereddoublehydroxidesandmodified
layereddoublehydroxides 77
MeisamShabanian,MohsenHajibeygiandAhmadRaeisi
2.1 Introduction 77
2.2 Fouriertransforminfraredspectra oflayereddoublehydroxides 79
2.2.1 Fouriertransforminfraredcharacteristicabsorptionbands
oflayereddoublehydroxideswithdifferentanions 79
2.2.2 Fouriertransforminfraredcharacteristicabsorptionbands
oflayereddoublehydroxideswithdifferentmetals 83
2.2.3 FTIRspectra oflayereddoublehydroxidescontainingthree
metals 85
2.3 FTIRspectra oforgano-modifiedlayereddoublehydroxides 87
2.4 Conclusion 95
References 96
3. Fabricationtechnologiesoflayereddoublehydroxidepolymer
nanocomposites 103
ShadpourMallakpourandFarbodTabesh
3.1 Introduction 103
3.1.1 Layereddoublehydroxides 103
3.1.2 Modificationoflayereddoublehydroxides 104
3.2 Preparationofpolymer/layereddoublehydroxidenanocomposites 106
3.2.1 Introduction 106
3.3 PreparationofNaturalpolymer/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 115
3.3.1 Preparationofcarboxymethylcellulose/layereddouble
hydroxidenanocomposites 115
Contents vii
3.3.2 Preparationofpectin/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 116
3.3.3 Preparationofchitosan/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 117
3.3.4 Preparationofnaturalrubber/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 118
3.3.5 Othernaturalpolymer/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 120
3.4 Preparationofsyntheticpolymer/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 120
3.4.1 Preparationofpolyimide/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 122
3.4.2 Preparationofpoly(methylmethacrylate)/layereddouble
hydroxidenanocomposites 123
3.4.3 Preparationofpolyvinylacetate/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 124
3.4.4 PreparationofP(MMA-co-BA)/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 124
3.4.5 Preparationofwoodflour/polypropylene/layereddouble
hydroxidenanocomposites 127
3.4.6 Preparationofpoly(amide-imide)/layereddouble
hydroxidenanocomposites 127
3.4.7 Preparationoflow-densitypolyethylene/layereddouble
hydroxidenanocomposites 131
3.4.8 Preparationofpolyvinylalcohol/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 134
3.4.9 Preparationofpolyester/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 136
3.4.10 Preparationofpolyvinylchloride/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 137
3.4.11 Preparationofpolypropylene-ethylenevinylacetate/layered
doublehydroxidenanocomposites 139
3.4.12 Preparationofsiliconerubber/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 140
3.4.13 Preparationofepoxyresin/MoS /layereddoublehydroxide
2
nanocomposites 141
3.4.14 Preparationofpolyurethane/nitrilebutadienerubber
Blend/layereddoublehydroxidenanocomposites 143
3.4.15 Preparationofpolyethyleneimine/poly(sodium4-styrene
sulfonate)hybrid/layereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 144
3.4.16 Preparationofisotacticpolypropylene/layereddouble
hydroxidenanocomposites 145
3.5 Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 148
viii Contents
Acknowledgments 152
References 152
4. Microscopiccharacterizationtechniquesforlayereddouble
hydroxidepolymernanocomposites 157
ShadpourMallakpourandShimaRashidimoghadam
4.1 Introduction 157
4.2 MicroscopiccharacterizationtechniquesforPNCs 158
4.2.1 Opticalmicroscope 159
4.2.2 Scanningelectronmicroscope 159
4.2.3 Transmissionelectronmicroscope 160
4.2.4 Fieldionmicroscope 162
4.2.5 Scanningprobemicroscope 162
4.2.6 Scanningtunnelingmicroscope 163
4.2.7 Atomicforcemicroscope 164
4.2.8 X-Raydiffractiontopography 165
4.3 Microscopiccharacterizationofpolymer/LDHNCs 165
4.3.1 Microscopiccharacterizationofelastomer/LDH NCs 166
4.3.2 Microscopiccharacterizationofthermoplastic
polymer/LDHNCs 170
4.3.3 Microscopiccharacterizationofthermosetting
polymer/LDHNCs 183
4.3.4 Microscopiccharacterizationofpolymerblend/LDHNCs 192
4.4 Conclusions 197
Acknowledgments 197
References 197
Furtherreading 203
5. X-raydiffractionanalysisoflayereddoublehydroxidepolymer
nanocomposites 205
RodrigoBotanandSabrinadeBonaSartor
5.1 Introduction 205
5.2 X-raydiffractionanalysis 206
5.3 X-raydiffractionanalysisoflayereddoublehydroxidesand
ModifiedLayeredDoubleHydroxides 210
5.4 X-raydiffractionanalysisoflayereddoublehydroxidepolymer
nanocomposites 216
5.5 Conclusion 225
References 226
6. Spectroscopiccharacterizationtechniquesforlayereddouble
hydroxidepolymernanocomposites 231
ShadpourMallakpourandFaezehAzimi
6.1 Introduction 231
Contents ix
6.2 Spectroscopyofpolymernanocomposites 232
6.2.1 Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy 233
6.2.2 Ramanspectroscopy 233
6.2.3 Energy-dispersiveX-rayspectroscopy 233
6.2.4 Fluorescencespectroscopy 234
6.2.5 Dielectricspectroscopy 234
6.2.6 Nuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy 234
6.2.7 UV(cid:1)visspectrophotometry 235
6.2.8 X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy 235
6.3 Spectroscopiccharacterizationoflayereddoublehydroxide
polymernanocomposites 236
6.3.1 Fouriertransforminfraredspectroscopyoflayereddouble
hydroxidepolymernanocomposites 236
6.3.2 Ramanspectroscopyoflayereddoublehydroxidepolymer
nanocomposites 239
6.3.3 Energy-dispersiveX-rayspectroscopyoflayereddouble
hydroxidepolymernanocomposites 243
6.3.4 Fluorescencespectroscopyoflayereddoublehydroxide
polymernanocomposites 247
6.3.5 Dielectricspectroscopyoflayereddoublehydroxide
polymernanocomposites 251
6.3.6 Nuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopyoflayered
doublehydroxidepolymernanocomposites 258
6.3.7 UV(cid:1)visspectroscopyoflayereddoublehydroxide
polymernanocomposites 262
6.3.8 X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopyoflayereddouble
hydroxidepolymernanocomposites 265
6.4 Spectroscopiccharacterizationfortheagingprocess 270
6.5 Conclusions 273
Acknowledgments 274
References 274
Furtherreading 279
7. Meltrheologicalpropertiesoflayereddoublehydroxidepolymer
nanocomposites 281
AppukuttanSarithaandKuruvillaJoseph
7.1 Introduction 281
7.1.1 Theimportanceofrheologicalstudiesofpolymer
nanocomposites 281
7.1.2 Rheologyofpolymerlayereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 282
7.2 Rheologyofthermoplasticpolymerlayereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 284
7.3 Rheologyofthermosettingpolymerlayereddoublehydroxide
nanocomposites 297
