Law Business and Society

87 Pages·2022·1.185 MB·English

by  Tony McAdams, Kiren Zucker, Nancy Neslund, Kari Smoker

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Law, Business,
and Society
Thirteenth Edition
Tony McAdams
University of Northern Iowa
Kiren Dosanjh Zucker
California State University, Northridge
Nancy Neslund
St. John Fisher College
Kari Smoker
Ithaca College
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LAW,BUSINESS,ANDSOCIETY,THIRTEENTHEDITION
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Title:Law,business,andsociety/TonyMcAdams,UniversityofNorthern
Iowa;KirenDosanjhZucker,CaliforniaStateUniversity,Northridge;
KristoferNeslund,AshlandUniversity;KariSmoker,StateUniversityof
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Description:Thirteenthedition.|NewYork,NY:McGraw-HillEducation,
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About the Authors
Tony McAdams
TonyMcAdamsisProfessorofManagementEmeritusattheUniversityofNorthernIowa.
HeearnedaBAinHistoryfromtheUniversityofNorthernIowa,aJDfromtheUniversity
ofIowa,andanMBAfromColumbiaUniversity.ProfessorMcAdams’primaryteaching
interestsincludegovernmentregulationofbusiness,businessandsociety,andemployment
law.ProfessorMcAdams’researchinterestsincludemanagerialaccountability,business
ethics,andemploymentlaw.Hisscholarlyarticleshaveappearedinsuchjournalsas
The Harvard Business Review,The Academy of Management Review,The Journal of Business Ethics,
andThe American Business Law Journal.ProfessorMcAdamsreceivedtheIowaBoardof
RegentsAwardforFacultyExcellence,theDistinguishedTeacheroftheYearAwardfrom
thestudentgovernmentattheUniversityofKentucky,andtheUniversityofNorthernIowa
CollegeofBusinessAdministrationExcellenceinTeachingAward.
Kiren Dosanjh Zucker
KirenDosanjhZucker,authorofChapters2,4,6,12,13,and14,isaProfessorofAccount-
ingatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Northridge(CSUN).SheearnedaBAinPoliticalScience
fromSyracuseUniversityandaJDfromtheUniversityofMichigan.AmemberoftheState
BarofCalifornia,shehasservedonitsCommitteeofBarExaminersandCommitteeon
ProfessionalResponsibilityandConduct.Herteachingandresearchinterestsfocusprimar-
ilyonemploymentlaw,pedagogy,andaccountingethics.In2001,shewasselectedasa
MasterTeacherbytheAcademyofLegalStudiesinBusiness,andintheacademicyear
2004to2005,shereceivedtheOutstandingFacultyAwardfromCSUN’sStudentswith
DisabilitiesR esourcesCenter.In2004and2006,shealsoreceivedaCSUNUniversity
Ambassadors’PolishedAppleAward.In2014,CSUNAccountingstudentsnamedherthe
HarveyA.BooksteinAccountingProfessoroftheYear,andin2015,shereceivedtheMaster
ofScienceinAccountancyProgram’sOutstandingTeachingAward.
Nancy Ganong Neslund
NancyGanongNeslund,authorofChapters8,9,and18,isaVisitingAssociateProfes-
sorofTaxationandLawatSt.JohnFisherCollegeinRochester,NewYork.Sheholdsa
BAinEconomicsfromWillametteUniversity,aJDfromColumbiaUniversity,anLLM
fromNewYorkUniversity,andisamemberoftheOregonbar.Priortoenteringacademia,
ProfessorNeslundwasapartnerintwolawfirms,withafocusonbusinessandestateplan-
ningforentrepreneurs.ShewasamemberoftheResearchBoardforCityClubofPortland,
OregonandastateboardmemberoftheWomenEntrepreneursofOregon.Shewasthe
foundingAcademicDirectoroftheMasterofTaxationprogramatPortlandStateUniversity.
Duringtheacademicyear2004to2005,ProfessorNeslundwasavisitingprofessoroflawat
iii
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iv  AbouttheAuthors
theE uropaUniversitätViadrinainGermany.Duringherover20yearsinacademia,she
hasbeenavisitingprofessoratthelawschoolsoftheUniversityofNevada-LasVegas,the
UniversityofNewHampshire,andLewis&ClarkCollegeinPortland,Oregon.Shewasan
invitedspeakeratSingidunumUniversity’sConferenceontheImpactoftheInterneton
BusinessActivitiesWorldwideinBelgrade,Serbiain2014,whereshediscussedthestatusof
Bitcoinworldwide.ProfessorNeslunddevelopedandforanumberofyearstaughtFinancial
LiteracyforLawyerstohelpstudentsbecomepractice-ready.Sheisalsoaco-authorofthe
LexisNexis,Q&A: Taxation of Business Entities.
Kari Smoker
KariSmoker,authorofChapters5,16,and17,isanAssistantProfessorofAccountingand
BusinessLawatIthacaCollege.Sheteacheslegalenvironmentofbusinessandcommercial
law,aswellasforensicaccounting,fraudlaw,governmentandnonprofitaccounting,and
managerialaccounting.Previously,shewasanAssociateProfessorofAccountingatthe
StateUniversityofNewYork,TheCollegeatBrockport.SheearnedaBAinMathemat-
ics–StatisticsandEconomicsfromtheUniversityofRochester,aJDfromTheOhioState
University,andaMaster’sofTaxationfromGoldenGateUniversity’sSchoolofTaxation.
SheisalsoaCertifiedFraudExaminer.Priortoenteringacademia,sheworkedinpublic
accountingatArthurAndersenandalsoasanassociateattorneyattwolawfirms.She
servedaspresidentoftheGreaterRochesterAssociationforWomenAttorneysandasa
committeememberfortheRochesterBusinessEthicsFoundation.In2009,shereceived
theRochester Business Journal’sFortyunder40Award,andin2014and2015,shereceived
theFacultyoftheYearAwardfromSUNYBrockport’sSchoolofBusinessandManage-
ment.In2017,shereceivedthePresident’sAwardforExcellenceinTeachingatSUNY
Brockportand,in2018,theSUNYChancellor’sAwardforExcellenceinTeaching.
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Preface
Approach
Ourprimarygoalistoprovokestudentthought.Tothatend,weplaceheavyemphasison
analysis.Weconsiderthequestionsweaskmoreimportantthantheanswerstothoseques-
tions.Weintroducethestudenttoexistingpolicyinthevarioussubstantiveareastoencourage
understandingandretention,aswellascarefulthoughtaboutthedesirabilityofthosepolicies.
Ourbooktakesastrongpublicpolicyorientation.AttentioninUnitItopolitical
economyandethicsisanecessaryfoundationonwhichthestudentcanbuildalogical
understandingoftheregulatoryprocess.Thereafter,thosebusinessandsocietythemesper-
sistthroughoutthebook.Invirtuallyeverychapter,welookbeyondthelawitselftoother
socialandenvironmentalforces.Forexample,intheantitrustchapters,economicphiloso-
phyisofgreatimportance.Antitrustisexploredasamatterofnationalsocialpolicy.We
arguethatantitrusthasagooddealtodowiththedirectionofAmericanlifegenerally.Law
isattheheartofthefairemploymentpracticessection,butwealsopresentmaterialfrom
management,sociology,history,andpopularculturetotreatfairemploymentasanissueof
publicpolicyratherthanasaseriesofnarrowertechnicallegaldisputes.Thelawisstudied
intheeconomic,social,andpoliticalcontextfromwhichitsprings.Thesemultidimensional
approachescharacterizemostchaptersasweattempttoexaminethevarioustopicsasa
wholeandincontext.Atthesametime,thelawremainsthecoreofthebook.
Broadly,ouradjustmentsforthisthirteentheditionweredesignedtorefreshthebook
andachieveincreasedreaderinterest.Thiseditionagaindirectsattentiontothenation’s
ongoingdebateabouthowmuchgovernmentweneedinourlives,ofteninthecontextof
ourchallengesinaddressingtheimperativesandimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemic.This
editionalsoincludescoverageofmanyrecentU.S.SupremeCourtcasesonawidevariety
ofsubjects.Itlooksmoredeeplyattheshiftingofbusinesspurpose,movingawayfrom
MiltonFriedman’sassertedsingularfocusonincreasingprofitstowardsacommitmentto
allstakeholders,asreflectedinthe2019statementbytheprestigiousBusinessRoundtable,
aswellasintheriseofESG(environmental,social,andgovernanceissues)considerations
inboardrooms.TheimpactsmajorInternet-basedcompaniesarehaving,notjustonour
individuallives,particularlywithregardtopersonalprivacy,butalsoonthefabricofour
society,areexplored.Thus,althoughthegeneralstructureandphilosophyofthebookare
unchanged,wehavemadesignificantrevisions,includingmanynewquestionsandseveral
newlawcases.Lawcasesarelongenoughtoclearlyexpresstheessenceofthedecision
whilechallengingthereader’sintellect.
WHAT’S NEW
Chapter1includesanupdatedoverviewofeconomicsandpoliticsinChina,Russia,and
theEU,andtheUnitedStates’relationshipwitheach.TheCOVID-19pandemicprovides
anewlensfromwhichtoconsidertherelationshipbetweenregulationandthefreemarket.
v
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vi  Preface
PrivatizationisconsideredwithlooksattheaggressiveprivatizationprograminGreeceand
theprivatizationandcommercializationofspaceintheUnitedStates.
Chapter2offersafewvignettesofethicsinAmerica,startingwiththeage-oldproblem
ofcheating,usingthe2019collegeadmissionsscandalasanillustration.Ontheupside,
ithighlightsGenZ’smovebeyonddiversitytoinclusionandbothGenZmembers’and
Millennials’beliefsthatbusinessneedstobeinvolvedinimprovingsociety.Italsonotesthat
theUnitedStates’rankinginTransparencyInternational’sCorruptionPerceptionsIndex
droppedfrom16thin2015to23rdin2019.
Chapter3raisesthequestionofwhetherAmerica’sgreattechcompanies—Amazon,
Apple,Facebook,Google,andMicrosoftaresimplytoobigandforeclosingthepossibilityof
realcompetition,inpartbybuyingoutstartupsthatmightbecomefuturecompetitors.Itdis-
cussestheBusinessRoundtable’s2019statement,signedby181thenation’stopCEOs,which
renouncedtheprimacyofshareholderinterestsbyacommitmenttoserveallstakeholders.
Chapter4takesalookatsuchthingsasthepoliticalprocessofconfirmingnewU.S.
SupremeCourtJustices,whichcanleadtothepublicbelievingtheJusticesarerulingas
DemocratsorRepublicans.AlsodiscussedisaNinthCircuitcase,whichheldthateven
flatteringinaccuracies,suchasafalseageandanunearnedgraduatedegree,returnedbya
“peoplesearchengine”couldharmajobseeker,meetingthe“concreteandparticularized”
injuryrequiredforstandingtosue.A2019updateisgivenintheon-goingsagaoffemale
employeessuingWalmartforgenderdiscrimination;a2019FifthCircuitcase,Sandifer v.
Hoyt Archery, Inc.,whichconsidersthecredibilityofexpertwitnesseshasbeenincluded;
andtwo2019U.S.SupremeCourtcasesontheenforceabilityofarbitrationclausesagainst
employeesarediscussed.
Chapter5discussestheConstitution’sprovisionfortheseparationofpowerswithinthe
federalgovernment,addingissuesthathavearisenduringtheTrumpAdministrationto
augmentthedescriptionofthoseduringtheObamaWhiteHouse.Changesin2019tostate
voterrightslawshavebeenadded.Thetensionbetweenfederallawsandconflictingstate
lawsisillustratedbythe2019actionoftheTrumpAdministrationtorollbackthehigher
autoemissionstandardsappliedbyCalifornia.Thediscussionofsearchandseizurehas
beenupdatedbythe2018SupremeCourtdecisioninCarpenter v. United States.
Chapter6beginswithacontemporaryfactpatterninvolvingatalentcontractbetween
atoponlinegamerofFortniteandtheesportsorganizationFaZeClan,whichcanbeused
toexplorevariouscontractlawprinciplescoveredinthischapter.Anotherboxeditem
showcasesaninventiveapproachtocontractswherepartiesaredepictedandbasiccontract
termsconveyedthroughcharactersinacomicstrip.A2018SeventhCircuitcasehasbeen
added,exploringtheperilsofunwrittencontracts.Whetherafailinggradecanbeabreach
ofcontractisalsoexplored.
Chapter7startstheexplorationoftortsbyposingquestionsofanethicalnaturesur-
roundingaWalmartcustomerwhowasdisplayingaberrantbehavior,includingthepurchase
ofabout60aerosolcansofdustremoverover27hours,whothendiedintheparkinglotfrom
inhalingtheproduct.DefamationisexploredthroughatweetsentbyPresidentTrumpabout
adultentertainerStormyDaniels’claimofasexualaffairwithhim,aswellasa2014R olling
Stonestoryaboutanallegedgangrapeatauniversityfraternityhouseandasuitagainst
WaltDisneyCo.overanABCNewsstoryreferringtoaSouthDakotameatprocessor’sground
beefas“pinkslime.”TheissuessurroundingthedangersofMonsanto’sRoundupweedkiller
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Preface  vii
openthediscussionofproductliability,whichisalsoexploredinthecontextofApple’slia-
bilityfordeathscausedbyadriverusingFaceTimewhiledriving.AnewFirstCircuitcase
exploresbothdesigndefectandfailure-to-warnproductliabilityclaims.Argumentsforand
againsttortreformareexploredthroughissuessurroundingtheuseoftalcinJohnson&
JohnsonbabypowderandBigPharma’sresponsibilityfortheopioidepidemicinAmerica,
aswellasstatisticsonlawsuitsandsurveydata.
Chapter8hasbeensubstantiallymodified.Usingthechallengesarisingduringthe
currentCOVID-19pandemicasabackdrop,adiscussionofwhy,when,howgovernment
regulationofbusinessisappropriateorevennecessaryisundertaken.Updatesofthe
ongoingchallengestotheconstitutionalityofObamacarearenoted.Aspecificapplica-
tionoftheSupremacyClauseisillustratedintheboxeditemonthehistoryofCongress’s
regulationofin-statebettingonsportingevents,culminatingwiththeSupremeCourt’s2018
decisionholdinga1992statuteunconstitutionalasanattemptbyCongresstocommandeer
astate’slegislativefunction.Thecontinuingsagaassociatedwiththefederal-statebattleover
legalizingmarijuanaisupdated.The2019SupremeCourtcase,Tennessee Wine and Spirits
Retailers Association v. Thomas,illustratingtheapplicationofthedormantcommerceclause,
hasbeenadded.Ashasalookathowtobaccoisregulated,inthecontextoftheoutbreak
ofvaping-relatedlungillnessesin2019.TheFAA’sproposedregulationsfordronesare
mentioned.Procedural,interpretive,andlegislativerulesareidentifiedanddistinguished.
Additionalinformationonthepubliccommentrequirementforrulemakingisprovided,and
thebattleovertheEPA’srevocationofCalifornia’slong-standingwaiverundertheClean
AirActtosethigherstandardsforvehicleemissionsispresented.AboxeditemonChevron
deferencetolegislativeregulationsofagenciesisnew.PartFourreturnstoanoveralllookat
theimportanceofregulationinbothday-to-daycontextsandnationalemergencies.
Chapter9isalsosubstantiallymodified.Onlysomeofthechangesareidentifiedhere.
Newisthe2019DelawareSupremeCourtcaseMarchand v. Barnhill,oneoftwoshare-
holderderivativecasesthatyearinwhichboardsofdirectorslosttheshieldofthebusiness
judgmentrule.Thedangersofthecurrentexcessivelevelsofcorporatedebtarecoveredin
anewboxeditem.PartTwo,coveringcorporategovernance,includesanewboxeditem,
“WeWork:AModernCorporateGovernanceFailure,”whichcatalogseventsfromits
foundingin2010throughitsfailedpublicofferingin2019.Nearlyallofthecontenton
cybersecurityisnew.Thereviseddiscussionofcorporateincometaxesnoteshowaggres-
sivetaxavoidancearrangementsareshiftingthetaxburdenoffofthemostprofitablelarge
U.S.corporations.Thegrowthinexecutivecompensationhascontinuedunabated,andthe
failuresincorporategovernancethathaveledtothisarediscussed.APracticingEthics
box,“PacificGas&Electric:AFundamentallyUnethicalCompany?,”leadsintomaterials
on“RethinkingCorporatePurposeandtheRiseofESG.”Heretheshiftingparadigmis
setforth,startingwithMiltonFriedman’s1970assertionthattheonlysocialresponsibil-
ityofbusinessistogenerateprofits.Itthenmovestothe2018annuallettertoCEOsfrom
LawrenceFink,CEOofBlackrock,andculminateswiththeAugust2019“Statementonthe
PurposeofaCorporation”fromtheBusinessRoundtable,whichatteststoa“commitment
toallofourstakeholders,”includingcustomers,employees,suppliers,thecommunitiesin
whichtheywork,andgenerating“long-termvalueforshareholders.”TheWorldEconomic
Forum’ssimilarstatementinDecember2019isalsonoted.Acompletelynewsectionon
theincorporationofenvironmental,social,andgovernance(ESG)factorsintobusinessand
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viii  Preface
investmentdecisionshasbeenadded.PartThreecoversthesecuritiesmarkets.Thetextbox
oncrowdfundinghasbeenupdatedbasedonexperiencesinceitsMay2016effectivedate.
ThereisanewPracticingEthicspieceonTheranos,addressingbothsecuritiesfraudand
theendangermentofthepublichealth.
Chapter10addscoverageofanumberofrecentcasesinvolvingrestraintoftrade,includ-
ingprice-fixingoffeesbyVisaandMastercard,andthecostofchickensbyTyson,Pilgrim’s
Pride,andSandersonFarms.Itdiscussesthe2018U.S.SupremeCourtcaseholdingthat
AmericanExpresscouldforbidsellerswhoacceptAmExfromencouragingcustomersto
useothercardsthatchargedlowerfeestomerchants.MaterialsontheEuropeanCommis-
sion’s$9billionantitrustactionagainstGoogleforillegaltyinghavebeenadded,ashasa
textboxcoveringOzzyOsbourne’ssuitforillegaltyingagainstAEG,whichattemptedto
requireOsbournetoperformintheLosAngelesStaplesArenaifhewantedtoperform
inLondon’sO2Arena.ThechapteralsoconsiderswhetherUber’s“route-basedpricing”
(wherepricesvary,forexample,basedonpick-upanddrop-offneighborhoods)and“per-
sonalizedpricing”(whichmodifiesthequotedpricesbasedonindividualdata,suchastype
ofcreditcard,brandofphone,andridinghistory)arelawful.Thechapterendswithanew
discussionaboutwhethercurrentantitrustlawissufficienttodealwithanticompetitive
behaviorofafewlargetechnologycompanieswhocollectandusebigdataandartificial
intelligencesoeffectivelythatsmallercompaniessimplycannotcompete.
Chapter11refocusesthediscussionofthebenefitsandevilsofmonopolyandoligopoly
ontheFrightfulFivehigh-techcolossuses:Alphabet(Google’sparent),Amazon,Apple,
Facebook,andMicrosoft.Thependulummaywellbeswinging.Thesepreviouslyadmired
marketdisruptersmaybebecomingobjectsofdistrustandanger.Anewtextboxexplains
thesechangingviews.Alsoaddedisadiscussionofthe2019U.S.SupremeCourtcasethat
allowsindividualAppleappconsumerstosueAppleforantitrustviolationsbyrequiring
allappstobepurchasedinitsAppStore.AnewPracticingEthicsfeatureconsidersachal-
lengetothecurrentlydominant“consumerwelfare”testforantitrustviolationsinfavorof
a“structuraldominance”test,whichwouldlookbeyondthepricecharged,tosuchexter-
nalitiesaswealthpolarization,excessivepoliticalpower,andemployeeabuse.Theprosand
consofhorizontalmergersarenewlyexplainedinthecontextofhugecompaniesthatplay
aroleinthefoodandagriculturemarkets.Theclaimthattopcompanieshaveachieved
abusivemarketpoweriscontrastedwiththeclaimsofgreaterefficiencyandinnovation
throughsuchmergers.Newconcernsaboutverticalmergersareconsideredfromthevan-
tageofcombiningpaytelevisionprovidersandmediacontentproviders.AnewPracticing
Ethicsboxaskswhethertestingfortheexistenceofexcessivemarketconcentrationbyfocus-
ingalmostexclusivelyonpriceshouldyieldtoafocusonthegeneralwelfareofworkers
andconsumers.TheuseofU.S.antitrustlawbytheTrumpAdministrationinitstrade
warwithChinahasbeenadded.Allegationsofprice-fixingofVitaminCexportsbyChinese
companiesisusedastheillustration,basedonaU.S.SupremeCourtrulingin2018.
Chapter12updatestheissuesandtrendstouchingonemployeerights.Throughoutthe
chapter,implicationsoftheCOVID-19pandemiconU.S.workersarenoted,including
theimmediateandpotentiallong-termimpactsofwork-from-homearrangements,theuse
ofemployeemedicalscreeningwhenenteringtheworkplace,anddramaticallyexpanded
unemploymentcompensationbenefits.AtextboxdescribesthecriteriausedbytheCalifornia
SupremeCourtinits2018decisioninDynamex Operations Westfordistinguishingbetween
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Preface  ix
anemployeeandanindependentcontractor.Thecurrentusebyemployersofmonitoringsys-
temstotrackworkers’movements,activities,efficiency,andtheuseofsafetygearisdescribed,
andincreasedcoverageofthe“publicpolicy”exceptiontoat-willemploymentisprovided.
Forexample,aVirginiacourtheldthereisnofree-speechpublicpolicyexceptionforagov-
ernmentcontractor’semployee’svulgargesturedirectedatthepresidentialmotorcade.The
impactthatpoliciesoftheTrumpAdministrationarehavingonimmigrationaredescribed.
Chapter13beginswithaPracticingEthicspiece,whichconsiderstheterminationin
2017ofamaleGooglesoftwareengineerforviolatingpoliciesagainstharassmentanddis-
crimination,afterhecirculatedamemothatassertedmentobebiologicallysuperiorto
womenintechjobs.AlsomentionedarethepairofcasesthatwerebeforetheU.S.Supreme
Court,whenthistextwenttopublicationwhichraisedtheissueofwhetherlayteachers
maybringemploymentdiscriminationclaimsbasedonageordisabilityagainstCatholics
oriftheirclaimsarebarredundertheministerialexception.InJune2020,theSupreme
Courtheldthatemploymentdiscriminationbasedonsexualorientationorgenderidentity
iscoveredbyTitleVII’sprohibitionofdiscriminationbasedonsex.Theeventsofthespring
andsummerof2020,includingthedisproportionateimpactoftheCOVID-19pandemicon
BlackcommunitiesandthekillingofyetmoreBlackmenandwomenbypolice,haveforced
ustorecognizethatracialdiscriminationisstillprevalentintheU.S.Genderbalanceon
publiccompanyboardsofdirectorsisalsoconsidered,asisa2020federalcircuitcourtrul-
ingonpaydiscrimination.ThechapterendswithamentionofanotherU.S.SupremeCourt
decision,whichheldthat“butfor”causationisnotneededtoproveafederalemployee’sage
discriminationcaseundertheADEA.
Chapter14startswithadiscussionoftheplightofworkersinessentialfoodindustries
whostayedonthejobduringthelockdownphaseoftheCOVID-19pandemicdespitesevere
safetyrisks.CoveragehasbeenaddedregardingthenewNLRBrulefordeterminingwhena
workerisa“jointemployee”ofmultipleentities.Employerstryingtopreservetheirreputa-
tionsandminimizeemployment-relatedliabilitiesbyestablishingsocialmediapoliciesfor
employeesarediscussed,andtheNLRB’sstandardsandconcernsaboutsuchpoliciesare
explored.AlsodiscussedareprotestsmadebyemployeeswhenFacebookallowedacopyof
PresidentTrump’stwitter,“Whenthelootingstarts,theshootingstarts,”tobepostedon
itsplatform.Anumberofnewrulingsonlaborunionsarediscussed,includinga2017Fifth
CircuitopinionconcerningT-Mobile’semployeehandbook,a2019NLRBadjudication
ofemployeeuseofemployer-providedtechnologyforunion-relatedactivities,a2018U.S.
SupremeCourtdecisionregardingduesandfeespaidbynon-membersofpublicunions,
andalookatpoliceunionsinlightoftheirmembers’repeateduseoflethalforceagainst
BlackAmericans.
Chapter15updatesvariousstatisticsappearinginthe12thedition,suchasnumberson
consumercomplaints,identitytheft,food-bourneillnesses,drugapprovalrates,studentloan
andotherdebtlevels,andbankruptcyfilings.ItaddscoverageontheimpactCOVID-19is
havingonvariousaspectsoftheconsumerprotectionregulatorysystem.Forexample,the
problemsfacedbythemostfinanciallyvulnerable,whohavelosttheiremploymentandare
oftenoverwhelmedwithcreditcardandotherdebt,insecuringrelieffromcreditors,some
ofwhomarepursuingaggressivecollectionstrategies.Thereisalsoadiscussionofthe
disappointingperformanceoftheFDAinensuringfoodsafety.Athemeexploredthrough-
outthechapteristheshiftinregulatoryphilosophyasaRepublican-dominatedfederal
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