Law and Politics in Ocean Governance: The Fish Stocks Agreement of 1995 and Regional Fisheries Management Regimes (Publications on Ocean Development, 52)

242 Pages·2005·1.41 MB·English

by  Geir Honneland

LAW AND POLITICS IN OCEAN GOVERNANCE
Publications on Ocean Development
Volume 52
A Series of Studies on
the International, Legal, Institutional and Policy Aspects
of Ocean Development
General Editor: Vaughan Lowe
Chichele Professor of Public International Law and Fellow of AllSouls College,
Oxford University
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Law and Politics in Ocean
Governance
The UN Fish Stocks Agreement and
Regional Fisheries Management Regimes
TORE HENRIKSEN,
GEIR HØNNELAND AND
ARE SYDNES
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
LEIDEN / BOSTON
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Printed on acid-free paper.
ISBN 90 04 14968 6
© 2006 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers and VSP.
<http://www.brill.nl>
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher.
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Publishers provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance
Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.
Printed and bound in The Netherlands.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations xi
ListofIllustrations xiii
TheAuthors xv
PartI Background
Chapter1 Introduction 1
TheConceptofRegionalFisheriesManagementRegimes 2
TheChangingRoleofRegionalFisheriesManagement
Regimes 3
QuestionstobeAsked,CasestobeReviewed 7
Chapter2 TheFishStocksAgreement 11
Introduction 11
AbouttheFishStocksAgreement 13
TheRightandObligationtoCooperate 15
AnObligationtoCooperate 15
ARighttoCooperate 18
MaterialPrinciplesforCooperation 22
PrecautionaryApproach 23
ProtectionofMarineBiodiversity 27
CompatibilitybetweenHighSeasConservationMeasures
andCoastalStateConservationMeasures 30
ProceduralPrinciplesforCooperation 35
RFMO/As:OrganizationandDecision-makingProcesses 36
Transparency 40
AllocationofFishingOpportunities 41
AllocationCriteria 42
Compliance,EnforcementandDisputeSettlement 45
vi CONTENTS
StrengtheningFlagStateResponsibilities 45
InternationalCooperationonComplianceand
Enforcement 46
DisputeSettlement 53
Conclusions 56
PartII CaseStudies 61
Chapter3 TheNorthwestAtlanticFisheriesOrganization(NAFO) 63
Introduction 63
Structure 66
TheRightandObligationtoCooperate 67
Membership 67
Decision-makingProcedures 69
Transparency 72
MaterialPrinciples 73
General 73
PrecautionaryApproachandProtectionofMarine
Biodiversity 74
ConsistencybetweenNAFOMeasuresandCoastalState
Measures 80
AllocationofFishingRights 83
Control,EnforcementandCompliance 86
General 86
ControlandEnforcementinRespectofVessels 87
RFMO/AEnforcement 93
Conclusions 96
Appendix1:StocksmanagedthroughNAFO 97
Straddlingfishstocks 97
Discretehighseasfishstocks 97
Chapter4 TheNorth-eastAtlanticFisheriesCommission(NEAFC) 99
Introduction 99
BackgroundandStructure 99
TheRightandObligationtoCooperate 102
Membership 102
Decision-makingProcedures 104
CONTENTS vii
Transparency 108
MaterialPrinciples 110
ImplementationofNewPrinciplesofConservation 110
ConsistencybetweentheNEAFCMeasuresandCoastal
StateMeasures 118
AllocationofFishingRights 120
Control,EnforcementandCompliance 122
ControlandEnforcementinRespectofVessels 123
RFMO/AEnforcement 128
Conclusions 129
Chapter5 TheJointRussian–NorwegianFisheriesCommission 131
Introduction 131
TheFisheriesinQuestion 131
StructureandAllocationPrinciplesoftheRegime 134
MaterialPrinciples:Turningto‘Precaution’ 135
ProceduralPrinciples: TransparencyandStakeholder
Participation 139
ProvisionsforComplianceandEnforcement 144
Conclusions 146
Chapter6 TheSouthEastAtlanticFisheriesOrganization(SEAFO) 149
Introduction 149
TheFisheriesandtheConventionArea 150
TheSEAFOProcess 152
TheSEAFOConvention 154
Membership 154
PrinciplesofConservation,ManagementandAllocation 156
Decision-making 158
TheComplianceandEnforcement‘System’ 159
OrganizationalStructure 160
MovingSEAFOFromPapertoPractice 161
TheInterimArrangement—ProceduresAwaiting
Practice 161
TheFirstMeetingoftheSEAFOCommission—
TheLongandWindingRoadtoSwakopmund 163
viii CONTENTS
TheFutureofSEAFO:WhoNeedsIt? 164
Appendix1 165
Drafttextsandprotocols 165
Appendix2 167
TimelineforthenegotiationoftheSEAFOConvention 167
Chapter7 TheWesternandCentralPacificFisheriesCommission
(WCPFC) 169
Introduction 169
TheFisheriesandConventionArea 170
Negotiations1994–2000 173
TheConventionMembership:TheRightandDutyto
Cooperate 175
PrinciplesofConservationandManagement 178
AllocationofQuotasorFishingEffort 180
Decision-makingProcedures 182
ComplianceandEnforcement 184
ThePreparatoryConference(2001–2004) 186
InauguralSession 188
Conclusions 189
Appendix 191
ReportsandresolutionsoftheMHLCprocess 191
PartIII Conclusions 193
Chapter8 ThePoliticsofApplyingInternationalLawinRegional
FisheriesManagementRegimes 195
CasesCompared:ScopesofCooperation 195
MembershipandCooperationwith Non-Contracting
Parties 197
ApplyingthePrecautionaryApproach 200
Decision-MakingProceduresandTransparency 204
ComplianceandEnforcement 208
Conclusion 210
Bibliography 213
Index 219
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to extend our thanks to everyone who has assisted us in the
preparationofthisbook.AlfHåkonHoelhasgivendetailedcommentstothe
entire manuscript.Individual chapters have, inaddition, been commented on
byRobin Churchill, ErikFranckx, Anne-KristinJørgensen and OlavSchram
Stokke. We are grateful to the team that assisted us in the production of the
manuscript with language improvement, copy-editing, bibliographic re-
search,layoutandmaps:SusanHøivik,KariLorentzen,MaryanneRyggand
Claes Lykke Ragnar. Our thanks also to Annebeth Rosenboom and Nienke
van Schaverbeke at Martinus Nijhoff Publishers for their patience and
assistance.
Are Sydnes’ contribution has been funded by the Norwegian Reseach
CouncilunderGrantNo.152370/110.
Cambridge,LysakerandTromsø,
ToreHenriksen
GeirHønneland
AreSydnes