Table Of ContentLatin America’s
Multicultural
Movements
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LATIN AMERICA’S
MULTICULTURAL
MOVEMENTS
THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN
COMMUNITARIANISM,
AUTONOMY, AND
HUMAN RIGHTS
Edited by
Todd A. Eisenstadt
Michael S. Danielson
Mois é s Jaime Bail ó n Corres
and
Carlos Sorroza Polo
1
1
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Latin America’s multicultural movements : the struggle between communitarianism, autonomy,
and human rights / edited by Todd A. Eisenstadt [et al.].
p. cm.
ISBN 978–0–19–993626–7 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978–0–19–993628–1 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Social movements—Latin America. 2. Multiculturalism—Political aspects—Latin
America. 3. Communitarianism—Latin America. 4. Human rights—Latin
America. I. Eisenstadt, Todd A.
HN110.5.A8L399 2013
323.098—dc23
2012018573
ISBN 978–0–19–993626–7
ISBN 978–0–19–993628–1
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
Contents
vii Acknowledgments
ix Editors
xi Contributors
Part One Multicultural Rights Recognition in Theory and in Practice
3 Introduction: Reconciling Liberal Pluralism and Group Rights:
A Comparative Perspective on Oaxaca, Mexico’s, Experiment in
Multiculturalism
Todd A. Eisenstadt
18 1. Ambivalent Multiculturalisms: Perversity, Futility, and Jeopardy in
Latin America
Jos é Antonio Lucero
40 2. Constitutional Multiculturalism in Chiapas: Hollow Reforms That
Nullify Autonomy Rights
Araceli Burguete Cal y Mayor (translated by Andrew McKelvey)
Part Two Multicultural and Autonomy Movements in the Andes
67 3. Uses of Autonomy: The Evolution of Multicultural Discourse in
Bolivian Politics
Erik Cooke
88 4. Bolivia’s New Multicultural Constitution: The 2009 Constitution in
Historical and Comparative Perspective
Miguel Centellas
111 5. The Backlash against Indigenous Rights in Ecuador’s Citizen’s
Revolution
Carmen Martínez Novo
Part Three Multicultural and Autonomy Movements in Oaxaca, Mexico
135 6. What We Need Are New Customs: Multiculturality, Autonomy, and
Citizenship in Mexico and the Lessons of Oaxaca
V í ctor Leonel Juan Mart í nez (translated by Michael S. Danielson)
vi 169 7. Political Subsystems in Oaxaca’s Usos y Costumbres Municipalities:
s A Typology Based on the Civil-Religious Service Background of
nt
e Mayors
nt
o Carlos Sorroza Polo and Michael S. Danielson (translated by Andrew McKelvy)
C
192 8. Community Strength and Customary Law: Explaining Migrant
Participation in Indigenous Oaxaca
Michael S. Danielson
Part Four The State and Multicultural Rights: Enabler or Menace?
217 9. Multicultural Reforms for Mexico’s “Tranquil” Indians in Yucat á n
Shannan Mattiace
246 Co nclusion: Balancing Tensions between Communitarian
and Individual Rights and the Challenges They Present for
Multicultural States
Willibald Sonnleitner and Todd A. Eisenstadt
271 Index
Acknowledgments
We have incurred many debts in writing and editing this book, and wish to at least
acknowledge the most obvious ones here. Jennifer Yelle ably commented, proofread,
and helped translate several of the chapters for this volume. José V. Casanova, Seda
Demiralp, Sarah Fischer, Cipriano Flores Cruz, Prerna Singh, and Christopher Soper
also presented papers at the 2009 American University conference, Reconciling
Liberal Pluralism and Group Rights: Oaxaca, Mexico’s Multicultural Experiment
in Comparative Perspective, which helped launch this volume. Emilie E. Joly, Saul
Newman, Diane Singerman, and Miguel Centellas (also a contributor) commented
on papers at that conference, and Jenna Bramble helped organize it. Andrew McKelvy
translated several chapters, and Nicole Siegel helped immensely in communications
with chapter authors regarding a range of issues as the book was taking form. Data
on Oaxaca, Mexico, customary law municipalities was collected with the assistance
of Cipriano Flores Cruz and María de los Ángeles Morales, and the database was
constructed by Martina Reyes Rámirez. Special thanks also go to Shannan Mattiace
and Tony Lucero, for their comments on several chapters.
O ther colleagues who have been extremely generous in reading, comment-
ing, and otherwise encouraging this work include Diego Ayo, Max Cameron,
Roderic Camp, Matthew Cleary, Federico Estévez, Marco Estrada Saavedra, David
FitzGerald, Manuel Garza, Jorge Hernández-Diaz, Jonathan Hiskey, Eric Hershberg,
Maria Inclán, Rene Kuppe, Jason Lakin, Ruth Lane, William LeoGrande, Carl
LeVan, Soledad Loaeza, Raúl Madrid, Lourdes Morales, David Recondo, Viridiana
Rios, Guillermo Trejo, the late Donna Lee Van Cott, Miguel Angel Vásquez de la
Rosa, Gloria Zafra, and several anonymous reviewers. Angela Chnapko at Oxford
University Press has been an outstanding editor, guiding the project capably from
start to fi nish. We thank project manager Maureen Cirnitski of Newgen, and copy
editor extraordinaire Karen Fisher. We thank Manny Sanchez and Jennifer Sisane for
their patience and good humor in administering the U.S. Agency for International
Development (USAID) and Higher Education in Development (HED) grant that
funded the project.
B ailón Córres, Danielson, Eisenstadt, and Sorroza ran a successful USAID-HED
project in Oaxaca, which, in addition to the provision of fellowships, training, and
research, allowed us to learn a lot in a limited period of time. Our colleagues at
UABJO, including Manuel Garza and Víctor Leonel Juan Martínez and coeditors
Bailón Corres and Sorroza Polo, were exemplary partners from the moment we
viii commenced the project, even when codirector Bailón Corres’s UABJO offi ce was
inaccessible because of the 2006 teachers’ protest in Oaxaca. Katya Salazar and her
s
nt colleagues at the Due Process of Law Foundation also made invaluable contribu-
e
m tions to the success of the project and this volume. In the summer of 2010, several
g
d
e researchers at the Latin American Faculty for the Social Sciences received Eisenstadt
wl
o in Quito, Ecuador, helping him broaden his comparative horizons to encompass
n
ck Andean cases also, at just the right moment. Thanks in particular to Eduardo
A
Kingman, Santiago Basabe, Fernando García, Mark Thurber, Luis Verdesoto, and
Werner Vásquez. This perspective was opened even wider at the University of
Nairobi in the summer of 2011, where Eisenstadt learned about African cases with
the support of several scholars including Karuti Kanyaga and Carl LeVan.
At American University, former School of Public Affairs dean William LeoGrande
and associate deans Meg Weekes and Gamze Zeytinci supported this project with
faculty improvement grants, as did dean of academic affairs Phyllis Peres and vice
provost for research Jonathan Tubman. Rachel Pentlarge of the American University
Offi ce of Sponsored Programs provided much-needed administrative support,
always coupled with her unique charm and a genuine interest in the subject matter
of the project. Director Eric Hershberg of the Center for Latin American and Latino
Studies offered encouragement and contacts hemisphere-wide that helped enhance
our comparative perspective.
Finally, Eisenstadt thanks his wife, Mireya Solis, and his daughters Natalia and
Paola Eisenstadt, who help him keep perspective. Gazing into Mireya’s deep eyes,
hearing Natalia’s keen and caustic wit and observations, and experiencing Paola’s
still-innocent smiles and constant but smart questions are what make it all worth-
while. Danielson thanks his parents, Steve and Gwen Danielson, for instilling in him
a love of ideas and providing him with the opportunity to pursue them, and his
wife, Erica Williams, whose good humor, moral conviction, and razor-sharp intel-
lect (and editing pen) help to make him a better scholar and person.
Todd A. Eisenstadt and Michael S. Danielson
Washington, DC, April 2012
Editors
Todd A. Eisenstadt is professor and former chair of the Government Department
at American University. He is author of P olitics, Identity and Mexico’s Indigenous
Rights Movements (Cambridge University Press, 2011), which received the 2012
Van Cott Prize from the Latin American Studies Association for best book in the
Latin American Political Institutions category. With Moisé s Jaime Bailó n Corres and
Michael S. Danielson, he served as principal researcher under the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID) Higher Education and Development Program
grant “Uniting Law and Society in Oaxaca, Mexico: A Research and Teaching
Program,” which provided for the conference leading to this book. He is also the
author of Courting Democracy in Mexico: Party Strategies and Electoral Institutions
(Cambridge University Press, 2004), and has published articles in journals includ-
ingDemocratization, Party Politics , and the Latin American Research Review as well
as in Comparative Political Studies and Latin American Politics and Society , where
he serves on the editorial boards. His research has been funded by the Ford and
Mellon foundations, USAID, the Fulbright Commission, and the National Security
Education Program, and he has been a visiting scholar at Harvard University, El
Colegio de M é xico, and the University of California, San Diego. A former print
journalist (award-winning night police-beat reporter for the N ashville Tennessean )
and Capitol Hill staffer, he has consulted on issues of representation and inclusion
for USAID and the Organization of American States. Eisenstadt’s 1998 doctorate in
political science is from the University of California, San Diego.
Michael S. Danielson is a comparative politics PhD candidate at American
University. He is author of “Walking Together, but in Which Direction? Gender
Discrimination and Multicultural Practices in Oaxaca, Mexico” (with Todd A.
Eisenstadt, P olitics and Gender, 2009), “All Immigration Politics Is Local: The Day
Labor Ordinance in Vista, California,” in Monica W. Varsanyi, ed., Taking Local
Control: Immigration Policy Activism in U.S. Cities and States (Stanford University
Press, 2010), and “Uruguay and Paraguay: An Arduous Transition,” with Diego
Abente Brun in Jan Knippers Black, ed., Latin America: Its Problems and Its Promise
(Westview Press, 2011). Danielson’s dissertation, “Politics at Home Abroad:
Mexican Migrants as Transnational Actors in Their Home Towns” has been sup-
ported by Fulbright, Gill Family Foundation, and National Science Foundation
awards and by the School of Public Affairs at American University. He holds an MA
