Table Of ContentLatin America
SocialPolicyinaDevelopmentContext
GeneralEditors:ThandikaMkandawireandHuck-juKwon,bothatUNRISD
SocialPolicyinaDevelopmentContextisanewserieswhichplacessocialpolicyatthe
centreofresearchwhilemaintainingtheUnitedNationsResearchInstituteforSocialDeve-
lopment (UNRISD)’s unified approach to social development. The series provides a new
andexcitingcontributiontotheliteratureineconomicdevelopmentandsocialpolicy.In
economicdevelopment,socialpolicyhasbeenrecognizedasanintegralpartofdevelop-
ment,buttheliteratureoftenfallsshortofelaboratingsocialpolicyforaunifiedapproach
to economic and social development. In social policy, analysis has concentrated mainly
on European and North American countries, and studies on developing countries often
lackcomparativerigour.Thebridgebetweeneconomicdevelopmentandsocialpolicywill
not only contribute to the academic research but also inform the policy debate at the
internationalandnationallevels.
Titlesinclude:
‘JìmíO.Adésínà(editor)
SOCIALPOLICYINSUB-SAHARANAFRICANCONTEXT
InSearchofInclusiveDevelopment
GiovanniAndreaCornia(editor)
PRO-POORMACROECONOMICS
PotentialandLimitations
OlliKangasandJoakimPalme(editors)
SOCIALPOLICYANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTINTHENORDICCOUNTRIES
MassoudKarshenasandValentineM.Moghadam(editors)
SOCIALPOLICYINTHEMIDDLEEAST
Political,EconomicsandGenderDynamics
Huck-juKwon(editor)
THEDEVELOPMENTALWELFARESTATEANDPOLICYREFORMSINEASTASIA
MaureenMackintoshandMeriKoivusalo(editors)
COMMERCIALIZATIONOFHEALTHCARE
GlobalandLocalDynamicsandPolicyResponses
ThandikaMkandawire(editor)
SOCIALPOLICYINADEVELOPMENTCONTEXT
ShahraRazaviandShireenHassim(editors)
GENDERANDSOCIALPOLICYINAGLOBALCONTEXT
UncoveringtheGenderedStructureof‘theSocial’
ManuelRiesco(editor)
LATINAMERICA
ANewDevelopmentalWelfareStateModelintheMaking?
SocialPolicyinaDevelopmentContext
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Latin America
A New Developmental Welfare State Model
in the Making?
Editedby
Manuel Riesco
©UNRISD2007
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-0-230-00788-8
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LatinAmerica:anewdevelopmentalwelfarestatemodelinthe
making?/editedbyManuelRiesco.
p. cm.“(Studiesindevelopmenteconomicsandpolicy)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1. LatinAmerica“Socialpolicy. 2. LatinAmerica“Economicpolicy.
3. Welfarestate“LatinAmerica. I. Riesco,Manuel.
HN110.5.A8L3822007
361.6(cid:2)5098“dc22 2006049424
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
Contents
ListofTables vii
ListofFigures x
Foreword xii
Preface,or‘OutoftheFogofHistory’ xiv
ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms xvi
NotesontheContributors xix
Introduction 1
Sônia M. Draibe and Manuel Riesco
Part I: Latin America: Modernizing on the Threshold of
the Twenty-First Century
1 Latin America: A New Developmental Welfare State in the
Making? 21
Sônia M. Draibe and Manuel Riesco
Part II: In the Highlands of Ancient American Empires
2 Mexico’s Welfare State: Birth, Growth and Retrenchment
(1822−2002) 117
Viviane Brachet-Márquez
3 SocialPolicyinaDevelopmentContext:TheCaseofPeru 148
Francisco Sagasti, Fernando Prada and Mario Bazán
Part III: On the Rich Shores of Late Immigrants
4 SocialPolicyandEconomicRegimeinArgentina:Crisisand
RetrenchmentofSocialProtection 187
Alberto C. Barbeito and Laura Goldberg
v
vi Contents
5 Uruguay’s Social and Economic Challenges and Its Policy
Responses 217
Maria Bonino, Huck-ju Kwon and Alexander Peyre Dutrey
Part IV: In the Imperial Immensities, and the
Revolutionary Island, of Former American Slavery
6 TheBrazilianDevelopmentalWelfareState:Rise,Declineand
Perspectives 239
Sônia M. Draibe
7 SocialPoliciesinCubawithintheContextofDevelopment
(1902−2002) 282
Dr Julio A. Díaz Vázquez and Dr Julio Carranza Valdés
Part V:OntheMeagreFringesofEarlyAmericanSettlers
8 Social Policy and Social Reform ‘Costa Rican Style’:
A Paradigmatic Case of Heterodoxy in the Context of a
PeripheralEconomy 327
Manuel Barahona, Ludwig Güendel and Carlos Castro
9 DevelopmentalismandSocialChangeinChile 378
María Angélica Illanes and Manuel Riesco
Index 425
List of Tables
1.1 PopulationandGDPinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,
bydemographictransitiongroups 24
1.2 UrbanizationandsalariedworkersinLatinAmericaand
theCaribbean,bydemographictransitiongroups 27
1.3 Public social expenditure in Latin America and the
Caribbean,bydemographictransitiongroups 29
1.4 HumandevelopmentandincomedistributioninLatin
AmericaandtheCaribbean,bydemographictransition
groups 30
1.A1 Latin American and the Caribbean countries, by
demographictransitiongroups 93
1.A2 PopulationandGDP:LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
countries,bydemographictransitiongroups 94
1.A3 Urbanization:LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeancountries,
bydemographictransitiongroups 96
1.A4 Structureoftheeconomicallyactivepopulation:Latin
AmericaandtheCaribbeancountries,bydemographic
transitiongroups 98
1.A5 Non-farmoccupationalstructure:LatinAmericaandthe
Caribbeancountries,bydemographictransitiongroups 100
1.A6 Humandevelopment:LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
countries,bydemographictransitiongroups 102
1.A7 Totalpublicsocialexpenditure:LatinAmericaandthe
Caribbeancountries,bydemographictransitiongroups 104
1.A8 Publicexpenditureineducationandhealth:LatinAmerica
andtheCaribbeancountries,bydemographictransition
groups 106
1.A9 Publicexpenditureinsocialsecurity,housingandothers:
Latin America and the Caribbean countries, by
demographictransitiongroups 108
1.A10 Incomedistribution:LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
countries,bydemographictransitiongroups 110
1.A11 Populationgrowthfordifferentcountries,1900–95 112
3.1 Thetraditionalapproachtosocialpolicyandthechanges
underwayinPeru 154
3.2 Socialexpenditures1993–2000(US$million) 165
vii
viii ListofTables
3.3 Socialpolicy,economicdevelopment,andsocialstructures 167
4.A1 Federalpublicsectordebt(US$million) 213
4.A2 Educationalsystemindicators(annualvariationrates) 213
4.A3 Coverageofthesocialsecuritysysteminyear2000 214
4.A4 Resourcesofthepublicsocialsecuritysystem 214
4.A5 Externaltrade1993–2002(US$million) 214
5.1 PublicsocialexpenditureinUruguay(percentageofGDP) 222
5.2 PublicpensionprogrammesinUruguay 223
6.A1 Brazil:demographicindicators,1940–2003 279
6.A2 Brazil:GDPannualgrowthrate,1980–2003 279
6.A3 Brazil:somelabourmarketindicators,1990–2002 280
6.A4 Brazil:householdgoodsandpublicfacilities,1960–2002 281
7.1 StructureofCubanexports,1902–58(thousandsofpesos;
proportions) 288
7.2 Cubanexportsbyareas,1902–58(thousandsofpesos;
proportions) 288
7.3 ImmigrantsarrivinginCuba,1902–34 289
7.4 Studentsregisteredinprimaryschools(publicandprivate)
byprovinces,populationproportion,1932 290
7.5 Amountofdoctorsperprovincesin1934 291
7.6 Stateandmunicipalhospitalservicesin1934 292
7.7 Introductionofinsuranceandsocialsecurityprogrammes
inCuba,1902–33 293
7.8 Cubanforeigncommerce,1932–58 296
7.9 Evolution of state social property in Cuba, 1961–77
(percentage) 303
7.10 Structureofemploymentbytype 303
7.11 StructureofCubanexports(percentage) 306
7.12 Distributionofarablelandsaccordingtouse(inthousand
ha.) 308
7.13 Socialexpensesinthebudget(millionsofpesos) 310
7.14 Socialsecurityexpenses((cid:2))(millionsofpesos) 311
7.15 Selectedeconomicindicators,1994–99 311
7.16 Workersoccupiedinthenationaleconomy(thousandsof
workers) 313
7.17 Indicatorsofpublichealthservices 315
7.18 Trendsinlifeexpectancyatbirth 315
7.19 Evolutionofhealthindicators 316
7.20 Budgetexpensesinhealthcare 317
7.21 Budgetexpensesineducation 317
7.22 Levelsofenrolmentinrelationtopopulationofschoolage
(inpercentage) 318
7.23 Networkofeducationalcentres 318
ListofTables ix
7.24 Coveragefordrinkingwaterandsewageattheendof1999
(percentage) 318
8.A1 CostaRica:HumanDevelopmentIndex2003 356
8.A2 CostaRica:basicdemographicindicators,1941–2002 357
8.A3 Costa Rica: child mortality per groups of causes, in
percentages,1970–2001 358
8.A4 CostaRica:childmalnutritionamongschool-agechildren,
1966–2000 359
8.A5 CostaRica:indicatorsofthepopulation’seducational
levels,inpercentages,1953–2000 360
8.A6 CostaRica:economicindicatorsfortheforeignsector,
1991–2002 361
8.A7 Costa Rica: balance of public foreign debt and debt
servicing,1991–2002 362
8.A8 CostaRica:workforceparticipationrates,bysex,1987–2002 363
8.A9 CostaRica:employedpopulationpersectorandareaof
activity,inpercentages,1987–2001 364
8.A10 Costa Rica: rates of open unemployment,
underemploymentandworkforcetotalunder-utilization,
1990–2002 365
8.A11 Costa Rica: indicators of evolution of the monthly
minimumwagesandaveragemonthlyincome,nominal
andrealrates,1991–2002 366
8.A12 CostaRica:indicatorsfordistributionofhouseholdincome
bydecilsandquintilesofpercapitaincome,1990–2002 367
8.A13 CostaRica:poorhouseholdpercentagesbypovertylevel,
1990–2002 368
8.A14 Costa Rica: indicators of consolidated social public
expenditure,1991–2002 369
8.A15 CostaRica:socialexpenditurebysectorasapercentageof
GDP,1991–2002 370
8.A16 CostaRica:alternativemanagementmodelsinhealthcare
services,2001 371
