Table Of ContentJanuary5,2012 18:29 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Yang–prelims
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LaserAblationinLiquids:PrinciplesandApplicationsin
thePreparationofNanomaterials
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PrintedintheUSA
January5,2012 18:29 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Yang–prelims
Contents
Preface xxi
1 MechanismsofLaser-InducedSelf-Organizationof
Nano-andMicrostructuresofSurfaceReliefinAir
andinLiquidEnvironment 1
V.I.Emel’yanov
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Laser-InducedSolid-StateDefect-Deformational
InstabilitiesoftheSurfaceRelief 7
1.2.1 EquationsoftheDDInstabilityofthe
IsotropicallyStressedLayerwithMobile
Defects 12
1.2.2 TwoMaximaoftheGrowthRateoftheSurface
DDGratingsasaFunctionoftheWave
Number 16
1.2.3 ThreeDDGratingInteractionsandGeneration
ofSurfaceReliefHarmonics 24
1.2.3.1 EquationsofthreeDDgrating
interactions 24
1.2.3.2 Generationofthesecondharmonicof
theDDgrating 26
1.2.3.3 ThemixingofDDgratingwave
vectors 26
1.2.4 DerivationoftheBimodalSizeDistributionof
NanoparticlesFormedbyLaserIrradiationin
theDDApproach 28
1.2.5 ComparisonofLinearIsotropicDDTheory
withExperimentalResults 32
January5,2012 18:29 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Yang–prelims
vi Contents
1.2.5.1 Laser-inducedformationofa
subsurfacedefect-enrichedlayerand
scalingoflateralsizesofsurfaceDD
nano-andmicrostructures 32
1.2.5.2 Formationofalarge-scalesurface
structureinbrassuponmultipulse
laserirradiationinwater
confinement:thesizeeffect 36
1.2.5.3 Twoscalesoflaser-inducedsurface
reliefmodulation 40
1.2.5.4 Bimodalparticlesizedistribution
function 44
1.2.5.5 Surfacereliefharmonicsgeneration
duetothreeDDgratinginteractions 51
1.2.6 IsotropicDefect-Deformational
Kuramoto–SivashinskyEquationforthe
SurfaceReliefInstability 56
1.2.6.1 DerivationoftheisotropicDDKS
equation 56
1.2.6.2 LinearizationoftheisotropicDDKS
equation:comparisonwiththemodal
analysis 58
1.2.6.3 Computersimulationsoftheisotropic
DDKSequation 60
1.2.7 LinearDDModelofInstabilityofthe
AnisotropicallyStressedLayerwith
AnisotropicSurfaceDefectDiffusion 73
1.2.7.1 Equationsoftheanisotropiclinear
DDmodel 73
1.2.7.2 ThegrowthrateoftheDDgratingin
dependenceonitsorientationand
wavenumber 75
1.2.7.3 Formationofone-and
two-dimensionalDDgratingson
surfaceswithlaser-induced
anisotropicstress 76
1.2.8 AnisotropicDefect-Deformational
Kuramoto–SivashinskyEquation 80
January5,2012 18:29 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Yang–prelims
Contents vii
1.2.8.1 DerivationoftheanisotropicDDKS
equation 80
1.2.8.2 Numericalsolutionoftheanisotropic
DDKSequation:formationofDD
ripples 81
1.2.8.3 TheDDinterpretationof
laser-inducedsubwavelengthripple
formation 83
1.2.9 ConclusiontoSection1.2 88
1.3 Laser-InducedMoltenStateHydrodynamicInstability
oftheSurfaceRelief 92
1.3.1 OutlineofthePhysicalMechanismof
HydrodynamicInstabilityoftheReliefofthe
Laser-MeltedSurface 92
1.3.2 HydrodynamicKuramoto–Sivashinsky
EquationfortheModulationoftheSurface
ReliefoftheMoltenLayer 94
1.3.3 LinearRegimeoftheHDInstabilityofthe
MoltenSurfaceRelief:NumericalEstimations 97
1.3.4 NonlinearRegimeoftheHDInstabilityofthe
MoltenSurfaceRelief:NumericalSolutionsof
theHDKSEquationoftheMoltenSurfaceRelief 98
1.3.5 ComparisonwiththeExperimenton
Laser-InducedSurfaceStructureFormationin
WaterConfinement 99
1.4 Conclusions 102
2 ComputerModelsofLaserAblationinLiquids 111
LaurentJ.LewisandDannyPerez
2.1 Introduction 112
2.2 BasicsofAblation:Light–MatterInteractions 114
2.3 AblationintheThermalRegime:TheBackstage 116
2.3.1 Thermodynamics 116
2.3.2 ConventionalWisdom:EarlyTheories 118
2.3.3 NewtonRingsoraNewParadigm 118
2.3.4 ComputerModels 119
2.4 ThePhysicsofAblation:TheCaseofaDryTarget 123
2.4.1 TheFemtosecondRegime 123
January5,2012 18:29 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Yang–prelims
viii Contents
2.4.1.1 Visualanalysis 124
2.4.1.2 Thermodynamictrajectories 126
2.4.1.3 Ablationmechanismsvsdepth 129
2.4.2 PicosecondandNanosecondPulses 130
2.4.3 MolecularSolids 131
2.5 AblationofaWetTarget:TheConfiningRoleof
theLiquid 134
2.5.1 BehaviouroftheLiquidFilm 136
2.5.2 SolidTarget 140
2.5.2.1 Solidtargetwettedbyalow-density
liquid 142
2.5.2.2 Solidtargetwettedbyahigh-density
liquid 144
2.5.2.3 Propertiesoftheplume 146
2.5.3 Discussion 149
2.6 ConclusionsandPerspectives 150
3 ThermodynamicandKineticApproachesofDiamond
andRelatedNanomaterialsFormedbyLaserAblation
inLiquid 157
C.X.WangandG.W.Yang
3.1 ThermodynamicandKineticFactorsofLaserAblation
inLiquid 158
3.2 ThermodynamicsandKineticsofDiamond
NanocrystalsUponLaserAblationinLiquid 162
3.2.1 NanothermodynamicNucleationofDiamond
NanocrystalsUponLaserAblationinLiquid 162
3.2.2 Graphite–DiamondPhaseTransitionUpon
LaserAblationinLiquid 168
3.2.3 StructureTransformationofNanodiamonds
UponLaserAblationinLiquid 173
3.2.4 StabilityofNanodiamondsSynthesizedby
LaserAblationinLiquid 179
3.2.5 ThermodynamicsofNanodiamonds
SynthesizedbyPulsed-LaserAblationinLiquid 183
3.2.6 NucleationandGrowthKineticsof
NanocrystalsFormedUponLaserAblationin
Liquid 190
January5,2012 18:29 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Yang–prelims
Contents ix
3.3 NanothermodynamicalNucleationandPhase
Transitionofthec-BNNanocrystalFormationUpon
LaserAblationinLiquidNanothermodynamical
NucleationandPhaseTransitionofthec-BN
NanocrystalFormationUponPLIIR 195
4 PreparationofNanoparticlesUsingLaserAblationin
Liquids:FundamentalAspectsandEfficientUtilization 207
TakeshiTsuji
4.1 Introduction 208
4.2 FundamentalsofExperimentalSetup 210
4.3 InfluenceofLaserAblationConditionsonthe
FormationEfficiencyandSizeofNPsinLAL 214
4.3.1 WavelengthDependence 214
4.3.2 PreparationofNPsUsingFemtosecondPulses 224
4.4 Time-ResolvedObservationsoftheLALProcess 231
4.5 SizeandShapeModificationUsingSLI 241
4.6 CombinationwithElectrophoresisDeposition
Techniques 247
4.7 FutureRemarks 257
5 DynamicsofLiquid-PhaseLaserAblation 269
KoichiSasaki
5.1 Introduction 270
5.2 SpectroscopicDiagnosticsofaLiquid-Phase
Laser-AblationPlasma 271
5.2.1 ExperimentalMethod 271
5.2.2 OpticalEmissionIntensity 272
5.2.3 OpticalEmissionSpectrum 274
5.2.4 EstimationofPlasmaPressure 276
5.3 DynamicsofCavitationBubble 276
5.3.1 ExperimentalApparatusforShadowgraph
Imaging 276
5.3.2 SnapshotsofCavitationBubbles 277
5.3.3 TemporalEvolutionofBubbleSize 279
5.3.4 RemarksontheDynamicsofaCavitation
Bubble 281
5.4 GrowthofNanoparticles 281
January5,2012 18:29 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Yang–prelims
x Contents
5.4.1 ExperimentalApparatusforLaser-Light
Scattering 282
5.4.2 PlacefortheGrowthofNanoparticles 282
5.4.3 PartialTransportofNanoparticles 284
5.4.4 StorageofNanoparticles 284
5.4.5 TemporalEvolutionofNanoparticles 285
5.5 PhysicalControlofLiquid-PhaseLaserAblation 287
5.5.1 EffectofPressurizationonaLaser-Ablation
Plasma 288
5.5.2 EffectofPressurizationontheDynamicsofa
CavitationBubble 289
5.5.3 EffectofWaterTemperatureontheDynamics
ofaCavitationBubble 292
5.5.4 EffectofaSupersonicWaveontheDynamicsof
aCavitationBubble 293
5.6 Conclusions 295
6 EmissionSpectroscopyofLaserAblationPlumein
Liquid 299
TetsuoSakka
6.1 Introduction 300
6.2 Experiments 301
6.2.1 EmissionSpectroscopy 301
6.2.2 EmissionImaging 303
6.2.3 Shadowgraph 304
6.3 EmissionSpectrafromLaserAblationPlumein
Liquid 304
6.3.1 DoublePulseExperiments 304
6.3.2 UseofaLongPulse-WidthLaser 305
6.4 Analysis 308
6.4.1 SpectroscopicTemperatureDetermination 308
6.4.2 IntensityAnalysis 310
6.4.3 Self-AbsorptionCorrection 312
6.5 MechanismofOpticalEmission 315
6.5.1 ImagingoftheEmission 316
6.5.2 CavitationBubble 318
6.6 Applications 320
6.7 ConclusionsandOutlook 323
January5,2012 18:29 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-Yang–prelims
Contents xi
7 FormationofNanoparticlesUnderLaserAblationof
SolidsinLiquids 327
G.A.Shafeev
7.1 Introduction 328
7.2 GeneralSetupofLaserAblationinLiquids 328
7.2.1 ExperimentalTechnique 329
7.2.1.1 Pulseduration 330
7.2.1.2 Laserwavelength 332
7.2.1.3 Repetitionrate 332
7.3 HistoricalReview 333
7.4 LaserAblationofanAgTargetinaLiquid
Environment 337
7.5 LaserAblationofanAuTargetinaLiquid
Environment 338
7.6 InteractionofNPswithLaserBeam 341
7.6.1 FragmentationofNPsUnderLaserExposure
inLiquids 341
7.6.2 Shape-SelectiveFragmentation 342
7.7 FormationofAu–AgAlloyUnderLaserIrradiationof
NPs 345
7.8 NPsofCu,Brass,andBronze 352
7.9 InternalSegregationofBrassNPs 354
7.10 Self-InfluenceofaFemtosecondLaserBeam 356
7.11 InfluenceoftheNatureoftheLiquid 358
7.11.1AblationofaTiTarget 358
7.11.2LaserGenerationofAluminumNPs 360
7.11.3AblationofSn 364
7.12 ModelingoftheSizeDistributionFunctionof
Laser-GeneratedNPs 369
7.13 InfluenceofIntensityDistributionoftheLaserBeam
ontheShapeofNPs 370
7.14 SynthesisofAuNPsbyAblationwithDelayed
FemtosecondPulses 375
7.15 InitiationofNuclearReactionsbyLaserExposureof
AuNPs 378
7.16 TailoringthePropertiesofAuNPs 388
7.17 ProblemstoBeSolved 390
7.18 Conclusion 391
