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Language and Space
Language, Spet.'Ch, and Communication
Staristicllll.anguage Learning. Eugene Charniak. 1994
The Dl'I'e/opment of Speech Perception. edited by Judith Goodman and
Howard C. Nusbaum. 1994
Cons/rullI, Lyn Frazier and Charles Clifton, Jr.. 1995
The Gel/eralil'e Lexicol/. James Pustcjov·ky. 1996
The Origins 0/ Grammar: Evidel/ce Ironl Early Lunguage Comprehension,
Kalhy Hirsh-Pasek and Roherta Michnick GolinkolT. 1996
Language (lnd Space, edited by Paul Bloom, Mary A. Peterson. Merrill F.
Garrell, ami Lynn adel, 1996
Corpus Processing for Lexir'll/ Acquisition, edited by Branimir Boguracv
and JllmcS Pustejovsky. 1996
Methodsfor A 'se ing ChildN"IS SynlOx, etlited hy Dana McDaniel. Cecile
McKee, and Helen Smith aims. 1996
TIll' Balancing Au: Combilling ,S)'/Ilbolic and SlOtisri al Approaches 10
Language, edited by Judith Kla"ans and Philip Resnik, 1996
The Di. cOI'fry 0/ Spoken Language. Peter \V. J usczyk. 1996
Language and Space
ediled by Paul Bloom, Mary A. PCI r' n, Lynn Nad I. and
Merrill ". Garrel!
A Bradford Rook
The MIT Pre .
Cambridge. Ma'sachusc\lS
London, 'OI.land
ir~1 MIT Pr s pa)1Crb ck cliill(lfI. 191)9
II 1996 Mll chu I\~ In lililte of c:chnology
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Contents
Preface vii
Purlieipanls ix
Chapler I
The ArchitecluJe of the Lin!Cllistic-SpaliaJ Interface
Ray Jackcndoff
Chaptcr 2
How Milch Space Gets into L:mgoDgc? 31
Ivlanfrecl Bicrwisch
Chapter 3
Perspective Taking and Ellj~;s in SpatiAl Des.:riplioDS 77
Willem J. M. Levell
Cll:lph:r 4
Frames of Referc'lK"\: and Molyneux's QUD1ion: CrQ~lingnistk F:\ideoce 109
Slephen C. 'I.e\'inson
Chapl{'/' 5
The Confluence of Spacc and Language in Signed Languagcs 171
Karen Eml11or~y
Chapter 6
Fklh'e Molion in Language and "Ceplion" 21 1
Leonard Talmy
Chapter 7
The Spalial Prepo,Qtions in English. VC(;lor Gra(\lilliu. Ar)d the Cognili\'c Map Tbeor}' 277
John O'Keefe
vi Contcnt$
Chapter 8
Multiple Gl'OOlctriC Repre<;('ntations of Objects in Languliges and LanJ.lua~c Learners 317
Barbara Land3u
Chapter 9
Prcn?rbal Repl1.'Sl'ntalion lind Language 65
Jean ~1. Mandler
Chapter 10
learning How to Structure Space for lallf:u8g~: A Cros..,ling-ui~tic Perspec1i\'e 385
Melissa Bowerman
Cbapter II
Space to Think 437
Philip N. Johnson-Laird
Chapter 12
Spatial Perspective in Descriptions 463
B1.lrhara Tvcrsky
Chapter 13
A Computational Anal) is of the Apprehensi.on of Spalial Relatkms ·\':13
Gordon D. Logan and Daniel D. Sadler
Chapter 14
The Language-to-Ob~ct Perception Interface: E"idenct' from Neuropsycbology 531
Tim Shalhce
hapter 15
Space and Language 5 3
Mary A. Pctcr~on. Lynn Nadel. Paul Bloom. and MerrIll r. Garrett
umc Inuex 579
Suhjcct Index 5R5
Preface
The present volume consists of chapters by participants in the Language and Space
conference held in Tucson, Arizona, 16-19 March 1994. In most cases the chapters
have been written to reflect the numerous interactions at the conference, and for that
reason we hope the book is more than just a compilation of isolated papers. The
conference was truly interdisciplinary, including such domains as neurophysiology,
neuropsychology, psychology, anthropology, cognitive science, and linguistics. Neu
ral mechanisms, developmental processes, and cultural factors were aU grist for the
mill, as were semantics, syntax, and cognitive maps.
The conference had its beginnings in a seemingly innocent conversation in 1990
between two new colleagues at the University of Arizona (Bloom and Peterson), who
wondered about the genesis of left-right confusions. One of them (M. A. P.) assumed
that these confusions reflected a language problem; the other (P. B.) was quite certain
that they reflected a visual perceptual problem. Curiously, it was the perception
researcher who saw this issue as being mainly linguistic and the language researcher
who saw it as mainly perceptual. In true academic form they decided that the best
way to arrive at an answer would be to hold a seminar on the topic, which they did
the very next year. Their seminar on language and space was attended by graduate
students, postdoctoral fellows, and many faculty members from a variety of depart
ments. Rather than answering the question that led to its inception, the seminar
raised other questions: How do we represent space? What aspects of space can we
talk about? How do we learn to talk about space? And what role does culture play in
all these matters? One seminar could not explore all of these issues in any depth; an
enlarged group of interested colleagues (the four coeditors) felt that perhaps several
workshops might.
The Cognitive Neuroscience Program at the University of Arizona, in collabora
tion with the Cognitive Science Program and the Psychology Department, sponsored
two one-day workshops on the relations between space and language. Although
stimulating and helpful, the workshops gave rise to still other questions: How does
viii Preface
the brain represent space? How many kinds of spatial representations are there?
What happens to spatial representations after various kinds of brain damage? Should
experimental tests of the relations between space and language be restricted to closed
class linguistic elements or must the role of open-class elements be considered as well?
Given the scope of these question, we decided to invite investigators from a variety
of disciplines to a major scientific conference, and Language and Space took shape.
The conference was judged by all to be a great success. We do not imagine that the
chapters in this book provide final answers to any of the questions we first raised, but
we are confident that they add much to the discussion and demonstrate the impor
tance of the relations between space and language. We expect that increased attention
will be given to this fascinating subject in the years ahead and hope that our confer
ence, and this book, have made a significant contribution to its understanding.
Meetings cannot be held without the efforts of a considerable number of people,
and the support of many funding sources. Our thanks to Pauline Smalley for all work
she did in organizing the conference and making sure participants got to the right
place at the right time and to Wendy Wilkins, of Arizona State University, for her
gracious help both before and during the conference. We gratefully acknowledge the
support of the conference's sponsors: McDonnell-Pew Cognitive Neuroscience Pro
gram, the Flinn Foundation Cognitive Neuroscience Program, and the Cognitive
Science Program and Department of Psychology at the University of Arizona. We
thank the participants for their intellectual energy and enthusiasm, which greatly
contributed to the conference's success. Finally, we thank Amy Pierce of the MIT
Press for her help with this volume. Editors Bloom and Peterson tossed a coin one
evening over margaritas to determine whose name would go first.
Participants
Manfred Ric::rwisch Barbara Landau
Structural Grammar Research Unil Department of Cognitive Science
Humboldt University, Berlin. University of California. Irvine
Paul Bloom Willem J. M. Levelt
Departments of Psychology and ~Iax Planck InstillllC for
Linguistics Psyeholinguistics
Univcrsity of Arizona Nijmcgen
Melissa Bowerman Stephen '. Levinson
Max Planck Institute for Max Planck Institute: for
Psyeholinguisties Psycholinguislics
Nijmegen ijmegen
Karen .00morey Gordon Logan
Salklruitule for Biological Studie$ Department of P ychology
San Diego University of Illinois
Merrill F. Garrett Jean M. Mandler
Department of Psychology and Department of Cognitive Science
Cognitivc Science Program niversity of C~lifomia. San Diego
University of Arizona
Lynn Nadel
Ra}' Jackendoff Department of Psychology and
Lingui'lic' and Cognitive Science Cognitive Science Program
Program University of Arizona
Rrandeis University
John O'Keefe
Philip N. Johnson-Laird Department of Anatomy and
Dtpartment of Psychology Developmental Biology
Princeton University University College. London
