Table Of ContentAdvances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research
Vikas Thakur
Jean-Sébastien L'Heureux
Ariane Locat Editors
Landslides
in Sensitive
Clays
From Research to Implementation
Advances in Natural and Technological
Hazards Research
Volume 46
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Vikas Thakur • Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux
Ariane Locat
Editors
Landslides in Sensitive Clays
From Research to Implementation
123
Editors
VikasThakur Jean-SébastienL’Heureux
DepartmentofCivil TrondheimDivision
andEnvironmentalEngineering NorwegianGeotechnicalInstitute(NGI)
NorwegianUniversityofScience Trondheim,Norway
andTechnology(NTNU)
Trondheim,Norway
ArianeLocat
Départementdegénieciviletdegénie
deseaux
UniversitéLaval
QuébecCity,QC,Canada
ISSN1878-9897 ISSN2213-6959 (electronic)
AdvancesinNaturalandTechnologicalHazardsResearch
ISBN978-3-319-56486-9 ISBN978-3-319-56487-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-56487-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017941619
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Preface
Sensitive clays are known for their potential for large landslides, which poses a
seriousrisktohumanlives,infrastructureandsurroundingecosystemswithintheir
reach.Thishasbeenremindedbytherecentcatastrophiclandslidesat,e.g.,Sørum
in2016,Skjeggestadin2015,Statlandin2014,Bynesetin2012,Saint-Judein2010,
Lyngenin2010andKattmarkain2009.Alone,thecollapseofSkjeggestadBridge
in Norway in 2015 due to a landslide in sensitive clay costs millions of dollars in
repairs. Efforts are being made recently to increase society’s ability to cope with
suchlandslidehazards.Geoscientistsarenowexpectedtoprovideinputtoagencies
responsible for preparedness work for the landslide risk at an acceptable level. In
otherwords,geoscientists’roleisnotonlytoactastechnologiststoestablishnew
theoriesbutalsotogotheextramiletoimplementtheminthepracticeinorderto
findsolutionstogeotechnicalproblems.
Inrecentyears,therehavebeensignificantresearchactivitiesintheScandinavian
countries and Canada with respect to the characterisation, identification, mapping
and testing of sensitive clays. Closer collaborations between geophysicists and
geoengineershaveenhancedtheuseofgeophysicalmethodsforsitecharacterisation
andbridginggapsbetweengeophysicsandgeoengineering.Newtechniquesforthe
identification and assessment of sensitive clays have been tested, while chemical
stabilisationofsensitiveclaysisunderinvestigationinthefieldandinthelaboratory.
Furthermore,somerelatedknowledgeonlandslidesinsensitivesediments,climate
change,innovativestabilisationmethods,effectivepreparednessandearlywarning
systemsisbeingdeveloped.
This book gathers the most recent scientific research by international experts
dealing with geological, geotechnical and geophysical aspects of slope failure in
sensitive clays and focuses on understanding the complete and practical spectrum
ofchallengespresentedbylandslidesinsuchcomplexmaterials.Recommendations
fortheimplementationofresearchresultsinthepracticecovertopicsincludingthe
characterisationandbehaviourofsensitiveclays;pre-failure,failureandpost-failure
stages of sensitive clays; mapping and identification methods; climate change;
hazardassessment;andriskmanagement.
v
vi Preface
Keywords
Sensitiveclay,Quickclay,Landslide,Siteinvestigation,Modelling,Hazardassess-
ment,Hazardmitigation,Riskassessment,Climatechange
Trondheim,Norway VikasThakur
Trondheim,Norway Jean-SébastienL’Heureux
QuébecCity,QC,Canada ArianeLocat
Contents
1 LandslideinSensitiveClays–FromResearchtoImplementation ... 1
VikasThakur,Jean-SébastienL’Heureux,andArianeLocat
PartI CharacterizationandBehaviorofSensitiveClays
2 SensitiveClaysofEasternCanada:FromGeologytoSlope
Stability...................................................................... 15
GuyLefebvre
3 Chemistry: An Essential Key to Understanding
High-Sensitivity and Quick Clays and to Addressing
LandslideRisk .............................................................. 35
J.KennethTorrance
4 Improving the Post-failure Properties in Quick Clays
byTreatmentwithPotassiumChloride.................................. 45
TonjeEideHelle,PerAagaard,andSteinarNordal
5 CPTUClassificationDiagramsforIdentificationofSensitiveClays.. 57
Anders Samstad Gylland, Rolf Sandven, Alberto Montafia,
AndreasAspmoPfaffhuber,KristofferKåsin,andMikeLong
6 RelationshipsBetweenShearWaveVelocityandGeotechnical
ParametersforNorwegianandSwedishSensitiveClays............... 67
MikeLong,TaraWood,andJean-SébastienL’Heureux
7 GeophysicalandGeotechnicalCharacterizationofaSensitive
ClayDepositinBrownsburg,Quebec .................................... 77
KarineBélanger,ArianeLocat,RichardFortier,andDenisDemers
8 InvestigatingHowtheChangesinGeotechnicalProperties
ofSensitiveClaysInfluenceTheirGeophysicalProperties ............ 87
Shane Gribben, Sara Bazin, Shane Donohue, V. Sivakumar,
andJean-SébastienL’Heureux
vii
viii Contents
9 DeterminationofRemouldingEnergyofSensitiveClays.............. 97
Vikas Thakur, Samson Abate Degago, Juha Selänpää,
andTimLänsivaara
10 Problems Related to Field Vane Testing in Soft Soil
ConditionsandImprovedReliabilityofMeasurementsUsing
anInnovativeFieldVaneDevice.......................................... 109
Juha Selänpää, Bruno Di Buò, Tim Länsivaara,
andMarcoD’Ignazio
11 ANewLaboratoryProceduretoStudyStressReliefinSoil
Samples...................................................................... 121
Helene Alexandra Amundsen, H. Dang, Matthew Adamson,
ArnfinnEmdal,andVikasThakur
12 SampleDisturbanceinDeepClaySamples.............................. 133
AndersBeijerLundberg
13 Effects of Sample Disturbance in the Determination
ofSoilParametersforAdvancedFiniteElementModelling
ofSensitiveClays ........................................................... 145
Marco D’Ignazio, Hans Petter Jostad, Tim Länsivaara,
VilleLehtonen,JuhoMansikkamäki,andChristopherMeehan
14 ViscometricTestsofSensitiveClayfromByneset,Norway,and
FittotheHerschel–BulkleyModel ....................................... 155
RagnhildHåøyGrue,DieterIssler,Jean-SébastienL’Heureux,and
VikasThakur
15 DynamicPropertiesofaSensitiveClayDeposit ........................ 167
Sarah Bouchard, H. Ali, D. LeBoeuf, Serge Leroueil,
andG.Cascante
PartII Pre-failureandFailureStages
16 The Role of Instability and Shear Band Localisation
inTriggeringLandslidesinSensitiveClays.............................. 179
LarsAndresenandHansPetterJostad
17 VibratoryRollerInfluenceZoneNearSlopeswithVibration
SusceptibleSoils ............................................................ 191
JörgenJohansson,SarahBouchard,andJean-SébastienL’Heureux
18 BayesianUpdatingofUncertaintiesintheStabilityAnalysis
ofNaturalSlopesinSensitiveClays...................................... 203
Ivan Depina, Cecilia Ulmke, Djamalddine Boumezerane,
andVikasThakur
Contents ix
19 PotentialLandslidingattheNorthSpur,ChurchillRiverValley..... 213
DeniseLeahy,RégisBouchard,andSergeLeroueil
20 CorrectionFactorsforUndrainedLEAnalysesofSensitiveClays... 225
PetterFornesandHansPetterJostad
21 AdvancesinDetermining(cid:2)uands forLimitEquilibrium
u
Analyses ..................................................................... 237
VilleLehtonenandTimLänsivaara
22 RecommendedPracticefortheUseofStrengthAnisotropy
FactorsinStabilityCalculations.......................................... 249
Vikas Thakur, Vidar Gjelsvik, Odd Arne Fauskerud,
Stein Christensen, Frode Oset, Margareta Viklund,
andStein-AreStrand
23 On the Benefits of Incorporating Anisotropy in Stability
AnalysesinSensitiveClays................................................ 259
MatsKarlssonandMinnaKarstunen
24 DevelopmentandApplicationofaRegionalSlopeStability
AssessmentScreeningTool ................................................ 267
Brian D. Carlton, Katherine Price, Maarten Vanneste,
andCarlFredrikForsberg
PartIII Post-failureStage
25 TheUseofLiDARAirborneDataforRetrogressiveLandslides
InventoryinSensitiveClays,Québec,Canada.......................... 279
Denis Demers, Denis Robitaille, Alexandre Lavoie,
StéphaneParadis,AlexisFortin,andDanielOuellet
26 RunoutofLandslidesinSensitiveClays................................. 289
Stein-Are Strand, Vikas Thakur, Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux,
SuzanneLacasse,KjellKarlsrud,TrudeNyheim,KristianAunaas,
Hanne Bratlie Ottesen, Vidar Gjelsvik, Odd Arne Fauskerud,
RolfSandven,andAndersRosenquistafÅkershult
27 ParametricAnalysisoftheMobilityofDebrisfromFlowSlides
inSensitiveClays ........................................................... 301
Dominique Turmel, Jacques Locat, Pascal Locat,
andDenisDemers
28 MappingQuickClayHazardZones:ComparisonofMethods
fortheEstimationoftheRetrogressionDistance ....................... 311
EllenD.Haugen,MortenTveit,andHåkon.Heyerdahl
