Landscape Archaeology in Southern Epirus, Greece 1 (Hesperia Supplement 32)

311 Pages·2003·15.24 MB·English

by  James Wiseman

LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY IN
SOUTHERN EPIRUS, GREECE I
HESPERIA SUPPLEMENTS
1* S. Dow, Prytaneis:A Study of the InscriptionsH onoringt he Athenian Councillors
(1937)
2* R. S. Young,L ate GeometriGc ravesa nd a Seventh-CenturyW elli n theAgora( 1939)
3* G. P. Stevens, The Settingo f the PericleanP arthenon( 1940)
4* H. A. Thompson, The Tholoso fA thensa nd Its Predecessor(1s 940)
5* W. B. Dinsmoor, Observationosn theH ephaisteion(1 941)
6* J. H. Oliver, TheS acredG erusia( 1941)
7* G. R. Davidson and D. B. Thompson, SmallO bjectsfromth e Pnyx:I (1943)
8* CommemorativSet udiesi n Honoro f TheodorLe eslieS hear( 1949)
9* J. V. A. Fine, Horoi:S tudiesi n MortgageR, eal Securitya, nd Land Tenurein Ancient
Athens( 1951)
10* L. Talcott, B. Philippaki,G . R. Edwards,a nd V. R. Grace, Small Objectsfromth e
Pnyx:I I (1956)
11* J. R. McCredie, FortifedMilitary Campsi nAttica (1966)
12* D. J. Geagan, TheA thenianC onstitutiona fterS ulla (1967)
13 J. H. Oliver,M arcusAurelius:Aspecotfs C ivica nd CulturalP olicyi n theE ast (1970)
14 J. S. Traill, TheP oliticalO rganizationo fA ttica (1975)
15 S. V. Tracy,T heL etteringo f an AthenianM ason (1975)
16 M. K. Langdon,A Sanctuaryo f Zeuso n Mount Hymettos( 1976)
17 T. L. ShearJ r., Kalliaso f Sphettosa nd theR evolt ofA thensi n 268 B.C. (1978)
18* L. V. Watrous,L asithi:AH istoryo f Settlemenot n a HighlandP lain in Crete( 1982)
19 Studiesi n Attic EpigraphyH, istory,a nd TopographPyr esentedto EugeneV anderpool
(1982)
20 Studies in Athenian ArchitectureS, culpturea, nd TopographyP resentedt o Homer
A. Thompson(1 982)
21 J. E. Coleman, Excavationsa t Pylosi n Elis (1986)
22 E. J. Walters,A ttic GraveR eliefsT hatR epresenWt omenin theD resso flsis (1988)
23 C. GrandjouanH, ellenisticR eliefM oldsfromt heA thenianA gora( 1989)
24 J. S. Soles, TheP repalatialC emeterieast Mochlosa nd Gourniaa nd theH ouseT ombs
of BronzeAgeC rete( 1992)
25 S. I. Rotroff and J. H. Oakley,D ebrisf rom a PublicD ining Place in theA thenian
Agora( 1992)
26 I. S. Mark, TheS anctuaryo fA thenaN ike in Athens:ArchitecturSatl agesa nd Chro-
nology( 1993)
27 N. A. Winter, ed., Proceedingosf theI nternationaCl onferencoen GreekArchitectural
Terracottaosf the Classicaal nd HellenisticP eriodsD, ecember1 2-15, 1991 (1994)
28 D. A. Amyx and P. Lawrence,S tudiesi n ArchaicC orinthianV aseP ainting (1996)
29 R. S. Stroud, TheAthenianG rain-TaxL aw of 374/3 B.C. (1998)
30 J. W. Shaw,A . Van de Moortel, P. M. Day, and V. Kilikoglou,A LMIA Ceramic
Kiln in South-CentraCl reteF. unctiona nd PotteryP roduction(2 001)
31 J. Papadopoulos,C eramicuRs edivivus:T heE arlyI ronA ge PottersF' ield in theArea
of the ClassicalAtheniaAn gora( 2003) * Out ofprint
32
HesperiaS upplement
LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY
IN SOUTHERN EPIRUS,
GREECE I
EDITED BY
JAMES WISEMAN AND KONSTANTINOS ZACHOS
TheA mericanS choolo f ClassicalS tudiesa t Athens
2003
Copyright ? 2003
The American School of
Classical Studies at Athens
All rights reserved.
Out-of-print Hesperias upplements may be purchased from
Swets & Zeitlinger
Backsets Department
P.O. Box 810
2160 SZ Lisse
The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]
Cover illustration:T he eroded landscape of Kokkinopilos above the Louros
River gorge
Libraryo f CongressC ataloging-in-PublicationD ata
Landscapea rchaeologyin southernE pirus,G reeceI / editedb yJ ames
Wisemana nd KonstantinosZ achos.
p. cm.-(Hesperia Supplement;3 2)
Includesb ibliographicarle ferences(p .).
ISBN 0-87661-532-9 (alk.p aper)
1. Preveza( Greece)-Antiquities. 2. Excavation(sA rchaeology)-Greece-
Preveza.3 . Landscapea rchaeology-Greece-Preveza.4 . Arta( Greece:N ome)-
Antiquities.5 . Excavation(sA rchaeology)-Greece-Arta (Nome) 6. Landscape
archaeology-Greece-Arta( Nome) I. WisemanJ,a mes. II. Zachos,K onstantinos
L. III. Hesperia( PrincetonN, J.). Supplement;3 2.
DF9oI.P72L362 003
938'.2-dc2I 2002044060
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations vii
List of Tables xii
Prefacea ndA cknowledgments xv
Chapter1
THE NIKOPOLIS PROJECT: CONCEPT, AIMS, AND
ORGANIZATION
by JamesW isemana nd KonstantinosZ achos 1
Chapter2
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY: SAMPLING
STRATEGIES AND FIELD METHODS
by Thomas F.T artaron 23
Chapter3
THE EARLY STONE AGE OF THE NOMOS OF
PREVEZA: LANDSCAPE AND SETTLEMENT
by CurtisN . Runnelsa ndT jeerdH . van Andel 47
Chapter4
EARLY UPPER PALAEOLITHIC SPILAION: AN
ARTIFACT-RICH SURFACE SITE
by CurtisN . Runnels,E vangeliaK arimalia, nd BrendaC ullen 135
Chapter5
THE COASTAL EVOLUTION OF THE AMBRACIAN
EMBAYMENT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SETTINGS
by ZhichunJ ing and George( Rip) Rapp 157
VI CONTENTS
Chapter6
THE LOWER ACHERON RIVER VALLEY: ANCIENT
ACCOUNTS AND THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE
by Mark R. Besonen, George (Rip) Rapp, and Zhichun Jing 199
Chapter7
SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS
by James Wiseman and Konstantinos Zachos 265
References 269
Index 283
ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustrationsa re by memberso f the projecte xcept where noted.
1.1. Map of Epirusa nd adjacentr egions 2
1.2. Map of surveyz one with selectedt oponyms 3
1.3. Multispectrailm age (SPOT) of the northernp art
of the surveyz one 14
1.4. Multispectrailm age (SPOT) of the southernp arto f the
surveyz one 14
1.5. The erodedl andscapeo f Kokkinopilos 16
1.6. Aerialv iew of the fortifiedt own site at KastroR ogon 18
1.7. Aerialv iew of the waterc hannela nd aqueduct
bridgesa crosst he LourosR iver 19
2.1. Map of southwesternE pirus 29
2.2. Archaeologicasl urveyt ractf orm 36
2.3. Exampleso f spatialr elationshipbs etweent ractsa nd
site/scatters 41
2.4. Generalv iew of the site at Grammeno( SS92-6) 44
3.1. Map of Epirusa nd surroundinga reas 49
3.2. Tectonicso f northwesternG reecea nd the Ionian Sea 55
3.3. Possiblya ctive( Late Quaternaryt)e ctonicf eatures
of westernE pirus 56
3.4. Presentt ectonica ctivityi n westernE pirusa s indicatedb y
freshs triaeo n faultp lanes 56
3.5. Simplifiedb edrockm ap of westernE pirus 57
3.6. Formationo f a doline (sinkhole) 58
3.7. Diagramo f the genesiso f loutsesa nd poljeso n a karstic
peneplain 59
3.8. Poljesa nd loutsesi n westernE pirus 60
VIII ILLUSTRATIONS
3.9. View ofValtos Kalodiki 63
3.10. The eponymous loutsa on the raised peneplain south of
the lower Acheron valley 63
3.11. The polje of Cheimadio 63
3.12. Red sediments and paleosols 64-65
3.13. Terra rossa redeposited in fan complex 66
3.14. Typical grain-size frequency diagrams of terra rossa
redeposited in poljes and loutses 67
3.15. The raised polje of Kokkinopilos 71
3.16. Badland erosion at Kokkinopilos 72
3.17. Cross section through the incised polje deposits of
Kokkinopilos 73
3.18. Morphi polje outcrop with paleosols forming hard,
protruding benches 74
3.19. Composite profile of Ayia loutsa 74
3.20. Stratified lower section of the Ayia loutsa looking west;
detail of Mousterian artifacts in situ 75
3.21. The Adriatic Sea during the last glacial maximum 76
3.22. Global sea-level variations for the past 140,000 years 77
3.23. The emerged coastal plain off Epirus at six key moments 79
3.24. Two sea-level rise curves for the deglaciation interval of
late OIS 2 79
3.25. Locations of raised paleoshore deposits of the last
interglacial in coastal Epirus 81
3.26. Cumulative grain-size distributions of coastal sediments
of the last interglacial and early Holocene 81
3.27. The raised Tyrrhenian beach at Tsarlambas 82
3.28. Climate and vegetation changes during the last two glacial-
interglacial cycles 84
3.29. Maturity stages and approximate ages of the Mediterranean
paleosol chronosequence 87
3.30. Relationship between paleosol maturity,t erra rossa
deposition rate, and Palaeolithic stone tool age in poljes
and loutses 94
3.31. Palaeolithic site/scatters in the Thesprotiko valley 99
3.32. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic site/scatters in the Acheron
valley 100
3.33. View of a stone cluster at Alonaki 101
ILLUSTRATIONS IX
3.34. Early Palaeolithic artifacts from Alonaki 102
3.35. Early Palaeolithic choppers from Alonaki 102
3.36. Early Palaeolithic core-choppers from Alonaki 103
3.37. Early Palaeolithic core from Alonaki 103
3.38. Early Palaeolithic biface (handaxe) from Ormos Odysseos 104
3.39. Interglacial sand dune (SS92-25) at Ormos Odysseos 104
3.40. Ormos Odysseos, biface findspot (W94-20) 104
3.41. Early Palaeolithic biface or bifacial core from Ayios Thomas 105
3.42. The Palaeolithic site of Ayia and its setting 109
3.43. Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian) artifacts from Ayia 110
3.44. Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian) artifacts from Ayia 110
3.45. Palaeolithic findspots in the vicinity of Kastrosykia 111
3.46. Anavatis site/scatter 94-13, looking northeast 111
3.47. View of Rodaki (SS92-15) 112
3.48. Middle Palaeolithic artifacts from Rodaki 112
3.49. Early Upper Palaeolithic end scrapersf rom Spilaion 115
3.50. Late Upper Palaeolithic backed blades 116
3.51. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic site/scatters in the Preveza area 118
3.52. Mesolithic artifacts from Tsouknida and Ammoudia 120
3.53. Mesolithic trapeze from Ammoudia 120
3.54. View of Ammoudia, looking northwest, with stone feature
visible at left 121
3.55. Mesolithic artifacts from Loutsa 122
3.56. Typical Preveza Mesolithic findspot (SS94-23), looking
southwest 123
3.57. Typical Mesolithic artifact scatter near Preveza (SS94-22) 123
3.58. Mesolithic artifacts from the Preveza area 124
4.1. Map showing the location of Spilaion at the mouth of the
Acheron River 136
4.2. Map of Spilaion showing topographic contours 139
4.3. View of Spilaion, looking southwest 139
4.4. View of the rugged karst surface on the southeast slope of
Spilaion at the time of collection 140
4.5. Sample grid on the southeast slope of Spilaion during
collection 141