Landolt-Börnstein. Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology. New Series. Group IV: Physical Chemistry, Volume 11. Ternary Alloy Systems Phase Diagrams, Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Data critically evaluated by MSIT®. Sub

509 Pages·2007·19.52 MB·English

by  G. Effenberg

Landolt-Börnstein
Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology
New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen
Group IV: Physical Chemistry
Volume 11
Ternary Alloy Systems
Phase Diagrams, Crystallographic and
Thermodynamic Data
®
critically evaluated by MSIT
Subvolume C
Non-Ferrous Metal Systems
Part 3
Selected Soldering and Brazing Systems
Editors
G. Effenberg and S. Ilyenko
Authors
®
Materials Science International Team, MSIT
ISSN 1615-2018 (Physical Chemistry)
ISBN 978-3-540-25777-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie
Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen
Vol. IV/11C3: Editors: G. Effenberg, S. Ilyenko
At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Added t.p.: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology.
Tables chiefly in English.
Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Börnstein of which the 6th ed. began publication in 1950 under title:
Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik.
Vols. published after v. 1 of group I have imprint: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag
Includes bibliographies.
1. Physics--Tables. 2. Chemistry--Tables. 3. Engineering--Tables.
I. Börnstein, R. (Richard), 1852-1913. II. Landolt, H. (Hans), 1831-1910.
III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology.
QC61.23 502'.12 62-53136
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Editors: Günter Effenberg
Svitlana Ilyenko
MSI, Materials Science International Services GmbH
Postfach 800749, D-70507, Stuttgart, Germany
http://www.matport.com
Authors: Materials Science International Team, MSIT®
The present series of books results from collaborative evaluation programs performed by MSI and authored
by MSIT®. In this program data and knowledge are contributed by many individuals and accumulated over
almost twenty years, now. The content of this volume is a subset of the ongoing MSIT® Evaluation
Programs. Authors of this volume are:
Nataliya Bochvar, Moscow, Russia Evgenia Lysova, Moscow, Russia
Anatoliy Bondar, Kyiv, Ukraine Pierre Perrot, Lille, France
Tatyana Dobatkina, Moscow, Russia Alan Prince†, Harpenden, U.K.
Olga Fabrichnaya, Stuttgart, Germany Qingsheng Ran, Stuttgart, Germany
Gautam Ghosh, Evanston, USA Peter Rogl, Wien, Austria
Joachim Gröbner, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Lazar Rokhlin, Moscow, Russia
Katharina Haußmann, Stuttgart, Germany Myriam Sacerdote-Peronnet, Lyon, France
Volodymyr Ivanchenko, Kyiv, Ukraine Stephan Schittny, Hanau, Germany
Yan Jialin, Guangxi, China Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
Jozefien De Keyzer, Leuven, Belgium Elena L. Semenova, Kyiv, Ukraine
Ulrich E. Klotz, Dübendorf, Switzerland Oleh Shcherban, L'viv, Ukraine
Kostyantyn Korniyenko, Kyiv, Ukraine Nuri Solak, Stuttgart, Germany
Tatiana Kosorukova, Kyiv, Ukraine Vasyl Tomashik, Kyiv, Ukraine
Ortrud Kubashewski, Aachen, Germany Ludmila Tretyachenko, Kyiv, Ukraine
K.C. Hari Kumar, Chennai, India Mikhail Turchanin, Kramatorsk, Ukraine
Viktor Kuznetsov, Moscow, Russia Tamara Velikanova, Kyiv, Ukraine
Nathalie Lebrun, Lille, France Sigrid Wagner, Stuttgart, Germany
Yurii Liberov, Moscow, Russia Andy Watson, Leeds, U.K.
Chunlei Liu, Dübendorf, Switzerland Viktor Witusiewicz, Aachen, Germany
Jörg F. Löffler, Dübendorf, Switzerland Matvei Zinkevich, Stuttgart, Germany
Hans Leo Lukas, Stuttgart, Germany
Institutions
The content of this volume is produced by Materials Science International Services GmbH and the
international team of materials scientists, MSIT®. Contributions to this volume have been made from the
following institutions:
Access, Aachen, Germany Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces,
Université Claude Bernard Lyon I
The Baikov Institute of Metallurgy, Max-Planck Institut für Metallforschung, Institut
Academy of Sciences, für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Pulvermetallurgisches
Moscow, Russia Laboratorium, Stuttgart, Germany
Donbass State Mechanical Engineering Academy, Moscow State University, Department of General
Kramatorsk, Ukraine Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
EMPA, Materials Science and Technology National University of L'viv, Cathedra of
Laboratory of Joining and Interface Technology, Inorganic Chemistry, L'viv, Ukraine
Dübendorf, Switzerland
I.M. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Northwestern University, Department of
Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering, Evanston,
Kyiv, Ukraine USA
Heraeus GmbH, Hanau, Germany RWTH Aachen, Germany
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Technische Universität Clausthal,
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Metallurgisches Zentrum, Clausthal-Zellerfeld,
Chennai, India Germany
Institute of Materials Science, Guangxi University, Université de Lille I, Laboratoire de Métallurgie
Nanning, China Physique, Villeneuve d’ASCQ, Cedex, France
Institute for Semiconductor Physics, National Universität Wien, Institut für Physikalische
Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine Chemie, Wien, Austria
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department University of Leeds, Department of Materials,
Metaalkunde en Toegepaste Materiaalkunde, School of Process, Environmental and Materials
Heverlee, Belgium Engineering, Leeds, UK
G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics,
National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine
Preface
The growing need to develop Pb free solder alloys less damaging for the environment is causing
increased research into candidate materials systems, such as those evaluated in this volume. However the
lead-tin solder alloys are still commonly used and dominate the industrial market by far. A candidate lead
free solder alloy must fulfill many requirements: wettability of the substrate, ability to form a strong
chemical bond with the substrate, suitable melting and solidification behavior, good mechanical
properties, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity and it must not be harmful to health and
environment.
We included in this volume ternary systems from which one may arrive at alloys that satisfy the above
requirements and are therefore promising candidates for the development of such soldering and brazing
materials. But also other important solder or braze systems which are presently in use are included in this
volume.
The sub-series Ternary Alloy Systems of the Landolt-Börnstein New Series provides reliable and
comprehensive descriptions of the materials constitution, based on critical intellectual evaluations of all
data available at the time, and it critically weights the different findings, also with respect to their
compatibility with today’s edge binary phase diagrams. Selected are ternary systems of importance to
industrial alloy development and systems which gained scientific interest in the recent years otherwise. In
a ternary materials system, however, one may find alloys for various applications, depending on the
chosen composition.
Reliable phase diagrams provide scientists and engineers with basic information of eminent
importance for fundamental research and for the development and optimization of materials. So
collections of such diagrams are extremely useful, if the data on which they are based have been
subjected to critical evaluation, like in these volumes. Critical evaluation means: where contradictory
information is published data and conclusions are being analyzed, broken down to the firm facts and re-
interpreted in the light of all present knowledge. Depending on the information available this can be a
very difficult task to achieve. Critical evaluations establish descriptions of reliably known phase
configurations and related data.
The evaluations are performed by MSIT®, Materials Science International Team, a group which has
been working together for 20 years now. Within this team skilled expertise is available for a broad range
of methods, materials and applications. This joint competence is employed in the critical evaluation of the
often conflicting literature data. Particularly helpful in this are targeted thermodynamic calculations for
individual equilibria, driving forces or complete phase diagram sections.
Insight in materials constitution and phase reactions is gained from many distinctly different types of
experiments, calculation and observations. Intellectual evaluations which interpret all data simultaneously
reveal the chemistry of a materials system best. The conclusions on the phase equilibria may be drawn
from direct observations e.g. by microscope, from monitoring caloric or thermal effects or measuring
properties such as electric resistivity, electro-magnetic or mechanical properties. Other examples of
useful methods in materials chemistry are mass-spectrometry, thermo-gravimetry, measurement of
electro-motive forces, X-ray and microprobe analyses. In each published case the applicability of the
chosen method has to be validated, the way of actually performing the experiment or computer modeling
has to be validated and the interpretation of the results with regard to the material’s chemistry has to be
verified.
An additional degree of complexity is introduced by the material itself, as the state of the material
under test depends heavily on its history, in particular on the way of homogenization, thermal and
mechanical treatments. All this is taken into account in an MSIT® expert evaluation.
To include binary data in the ternary evaluation is mandatory. Each of the three-dimensional ternary
phase diagrams has edge binary systems as boundary planes; their data have to match the ternary data
smoothly. At the same time each of the edge binary systems A-B is a boundary plane for many ternary A-
B-X systems. Therefore combining systematically binary and ternary evaluations can lead to a level of
increased confidence and reliability in both ternary and binary phase diagrams. This has started
systematically for the first time here, by the MSIT® Evaluation Programs applied to the Landolt-
Börnstein New Series.
The multitude of correlated or inter-dependant data requires special care. Within MSIT® an evaluation
routine has been established that proceeds knowledge driven and applies both human based expertise and
electronically formatted data and software tools. MSIT® internal discussions take place in almost all
evaluation works and on many different specific questions, adding the competence of a team to the work
of individual authors. In some cases the authors of earlier published work contributed to the knowledge
base by making their original data records available for re-interpretation. All evaluation reports published
here have undergone a thorough review process in which the reviewers had access to all the original data.
In publishing we have adopted a standard format that provides the reader with the data for each
ternary system in a concise and consistent manner, as applied in the MSIT® Workplace: Phase Diagrams
Online. The standard format and special features of the Landolt-Börnstein compendium are explained in
the Introduction to the volume.
In spite of the skill and labor that have been put into this volume, it will not be faultless. All criticisms
and suggestions that can help us to improve our work are very welcome. Please contact us via
[e-mail]. We hope that this volume will prove to be an as useful tool for the materials
scientist and engineer as the other volumes of Landolt-Börnstein New Series and the previous works of
MSIT® have been. We hope that the Landolt-Börnstein Sub-series Ternary Alloy Systems will be well
received by our colleagues in research and industry.
On behalf of the participating authors we want to thank all those who contributed their comments and
insight during the evaluation process. In particular we thank the reviewers – Andy Watson, Pierre Perrot,
Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, Olga Fabrichnaya, Hari Kumar, Gabriele Cacciamani, Matvei Zinkevich, Artem
Kozlov, Ludmila Tretyachenko, Joachim Gröbner, Hans Leo Lukas, Yong Du, Marina Bulanova. Special
thanks go to Oleksandr Dovbenko who very competently helped the editors to supervise the review and
helped the authors in discussing questionable matters.
We all gratefully acknowledge the dedicated desk editing by Oleksandra Berezhnytska, Oleksandr
Rogovtsov, and Vyacheslav Saltykov.
Günter Effenberg and Svitlana Ilyenko Stuttgart, March 2006
Contents
IV/11 Ternary Alloy Systems
Phase Diagrams, Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Data
Subvolume C: Non-Ferrous Metal Systems
Part 3: Selected Soldering and Brazing Systems
Introduction
Data Covered..................................................................................................................................XI
General............................................................................................................................................XI
Structure of a System Report..........................................................................................................XI
Introduction..........................................................................................................................XI
Binary Systems....................................................................................................................XI
Solid Phases.......................................................................................................................XII
Quasibinary Systems.........................................................................................................XIII
Invariant Equilibria...........................................................................................................XIII
Liquidus, Solidus, Solvus Surfaces...................................................................................XIII
Isothermal Sections...........................................................................................................XIII
Temperature – Composition Sections...............................................................................XIII
Thermodynamics..............................................................................................................XIII
Notes on Materials Properties and Applications...............................................................XIII
Miscellaneous...................................................................................................................XIII
References.........................................................................................................................XVI
General References....................................................................................................................XVII
Ternary Systems
Ag – Bi – Cu (Silver – Bismuth – Copper).......................................................................................1
Ag – Bi – Sn (Silver – Bismuth – Tin)..............................................................................................4
Ag – Cu – In (Silver – Copper – Indium).......................................................................................18
Ag – Cu – Mn (Silver – Copper – Manganese)..............................................................................26
Ag – Cu – Ni (Silver – Copper – Nickel).......................................................................................30
Ag – Cu – P (Silver – Copper – Phosphorus).................................................................................38
Ag – Cu – Sn (Silver – Copper – Tin)............................................................................................47
Ag – Cu – Ti (Silver – Copper – Titanium)....................................................................................63
Ag – Cu – Zn (Silver – Copper – Zinc)..........................................................................................75
Ag – In – Sb (Silver – Indium – Antimony)...................................................................................86
Ag – In – Sn (Silver – Indium – Tin)..............................................................................................96
Ag – Pb – Sn (Silver – Lead – Tin)...............................................................................................113
Ag – Sn – Zn (Silver – Tin – Zinc)...............................................................................................121
Au – Bi – Sn (Gold – Bismuth – Tin)...........................................................................................131
Au – Cu – Sn (Gold – Copper – Tin)............................................................................................138
Au – In – Sn (Gold – Indium – Tin).............................................................................................149
B – Cr – Ni (Boron – Chromium – Nickel)..................................................................................153
Bi – In – Sb (Bismuth – Indium – Antimony)...............................................................................168
Bi – In – Sn (Bismuth – Indium – Tin).........................................................................................191
Bi – Sn – Zn (Bismuth – Tin – Zinc)............................................................................................202
Co – Cu – Mn (Cobalt – Copper – Manganese)............................................................................212
Cr – Ni – P (Chromium – Nickel – Phosphorus)..........................................................................222
Cr – Ni – Si (Chromium – Nickel – Silicon).................................................................................229
Cu – In – Sn (Copper – Indium – Tin)..........................................................................................249
Cu – Mn – Ni (Copper – Manganese – Nickel)............................................................................274
Cu – Mn – Sn (Copper – Manganese – Tin).................................................................................286
Cu – Ni – Sn (Copper – Nickel– Tin)...........................................................................................303
Cu – Ni – Zn (Copper – Nickel – Zinc)........................................................................................338
Cu – P – Sn (Copper – Phosphorus – Tin)....................................................................................355
Cu – Pb – Sn (Copper – Lead – Tin).............................................................................................368
Cu – Pd – Sn (Copper – Palladium – Tin)....................................................................................390
Cu – Si – Zn (Copper – Silicon – Zinc)........................................................................................393
Cu – Sn – Ti (Copper – Tin – Titanium).......................................................................................409
Cu – Sn – Zn (Copper – Tin – Zinc).............................................................................................422
Cu – Ti – Zr (Copper – Titanium – Zirconium)............................................................................436
In – Ti – Zn (Indium – Tin – Zinc)...............................................................................................465
Mn– Ti – Zr (Manganese – Titanium – Zirconium)......................................................................475
Ni – Pd – Si (Nickel – Palladium – Silicon).................................................................................486
Free WEB Access to update information and more.
Content updates of the Landolt-Börnstein sub-series IV/11 plus supplementary information are available
from MSI, including:
• Links to Literature (up-to-date bibliographic data base)
• Diagrams as Published (not MSIT®-evaluated diagrams)
• Research Results (published and proprietary data)
• Ternary Evaluations: These are LB IV/11 contents and their
updates (if any) as interactive live diagrams & documents.
This service is free of charge for Landolt-Börnstein subscribers and applies for material systems included
in the sub-series IV/11. As eligible Springer customer, please contact MSI for access at
[e-mail].
Contents and supplementary information to the Landolt-Boernstein sub-series IV/11 are made by MSI,
Materials Science International Services, GmbH, Stuttgart and its global team MSIT®, as part of their
ongoing Phase Diagram Evaluation Programs. For details on “MSIT® Workplace, Phase Diagrams
Online” see: http://www.matport.com.
IV/11 Ternary Alloy Systems
Phase Diagrams, Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Data
Subvolume C: Non-Ferrous Metal Systems
Part 3: Selected Soldering and Brazing Systems
Ag - … Au - … B - … Bi - … Co - …
Ag - Bi - Cu Au - Bi - Sn B - Cr - Ni Bi - In - Sb Co - Cu - Mn
Ag - Bi - Sn Au - Cu - Sn Bi - In - Sn
Ag - Cu - In Au - In - Sn Bi - Sn - Zn
Ag - Cu - Mn
Ag - Cu - Ni
Ag - Cu - P
Ag - Cu - Sn
Ag - Cu - Ti
Ag - Cu - Zn
Ag - In - Sb
Ag - In - Sn
Ag - Pb - Sn
Ag - Sn - Zn

Cr - … Cu - … In - … Mn - … Ni - …
Cr - Ni - P Cu - In - Sn In - Ti - Zn Mn - Ti - Zr Ni - Pd - Si
Cr - Ni - Si Cu - Mn - Ni
Cu - Mn - Sn
Cu - Ni - Sn
Cu - Ni - Zn
Cu - P - Sn
Cu - Pb - Sn
Cu - Pd - Sn
Cu - Si - Zn
Cu - Sn - Ti
Cu - Sn - Zn
Cu - Ti - Zr
Ag–Bi–Cu 1
Silver – Bismuth – Copper
Joachim Gröbner
Introduction
The first data on the Ag-Bi-Cu system were reported by [1951Ava], who considered microstructure of
alloys near the binary Ag-Cu eutectic depending on the cooling rate. [1976Zan] reported results of rapid
quench-cooling experiments in the Ag rich part of the system. A eutectic reaction was found to exist at
240(cid:5) 5°C, but the phases in equilibrium were not specified. This work was reviewed by [1980Hen] and
[1988Hen]. [1988Liu, 1989Liu] investigated the entire ternary system in 12 vertical sections by
thermoanalysis (DTA) in an atmosphere of dry nitrogen. They found that the ternary Ag-Bi-Cu system is a
simple eutectic one with the invariant reaction at 258°C. [1998Shu] has calculated the liquidus surface using
a model of ideal solution of self-associates and compared the result with that measured by [1989Liu].
[2004Doi] has presented the primary crystallization surfaces and liquidus isotherms calculated using
Calphad method and the thermodynamic parameters for the three binary systems. A good agreement was
found between the results of calculation and the experimental data by [1989Liu].
Binary Systems
The binary systems Ag-Cu and Bi-Cu are accepted from the MSIT Evaluation Program [2002Rom] and
[2002Cac], respectively. The Ag-Bi phase diagram is accepted from [Mas2].
Solid Phases
No ternary phases were found in this system. The crystallographic data of the phases in the Ag-Cu-Bi
system and their ranges of stability are listed in Table 1.
Invariant Equilibria
One invariant eutectic reaction: L (cid:156) (Ag) + (Cu) + (Bi) at 258°C exists in the ternary system [1989Liu].
The composition of the liquid phase is given in Table 2.
Liquidus Surface
The liquidus surface after [1989Liu] is given in Fig. 1.
Notes on Materials Properties and Applications
The Ag-Bi-Cu system is a part of the Ag-Bi-Cu-Sn system which has been enumerated as a strong potential
candidate alloy for a lead-free solder [2004Doi].
References
[1951Ava] Avakyan, S.V., Lashko, N.F., “Crystallization of Binary Eutectics in Ternary Systems”
(inRussian), Zh. Fiz. Khim., 25, 1085-1091 (1951) (Experimental, 2)
[1976Zan] Zanicchi, G., Ferro, R., Marazza, R., Contardi, V., “Some Metastable Ag-Rich Alloys in the
Silver-Bismuth-Copper System”, J. Less-Common Met., 50, 151-154 (1976)
(Experimental,6)
[1980Hen] Henig, E.T., “The Ag-Bi-Cu (Silver-Bismuth-Copper) System”, Bull. Alloy Phase
Diagrams,1(2), 62 (1980) (Abstract, 1)
[1988Hen] Henig, E.T., “Silver - Bismuth - Copper”, MSIT Ternary Evaluation Program, in MSIT
Workplace, Effenberg G. (Ed.), MSI, Materials International Services GmbH, Stuttgart,
Document ID: 10.12132.1.20, (1988) (Crys. Structure, Phase Diagram, Assessment, 1)
Landolt-Börnstein MSIT®
New Series IV/11C3