Landmark Supreme Court Cases: The Most Influential Decisions of the Supreme Court (Facts on File Library of American History)

609 Pages·2004·2.4 MB·English

by  Roy M. Mersky

Landmark Supreme Court Cases
The Most Influential Decisions
of the Supreme Court of the United States
8
R R
Gary Hartman
Roy M. Mersky
Cindy L. Tate
Landmark Supreme Court Cases: The Most Influential Decisions of the
Supreme Court of the United States
Copyright © 2004 by Gary Hartman and Roy M. Mersky
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, record-
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hartman, Gary R.
Landmark Supreme Court cases : the most influential decisions of the Supreme
Court of the United States / Gary Hartman and Roy M. Mersky
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-2452-9 (alk. paper)
1. United States. Supreme Court. 2. Law—United States—Cases. I. Mersky,
Roy M. II. Tate, Cindy L. III. United States. Supreme Court. IV. Title.
KF8742.H37 2003
347.73’26—dc222003057776
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Cover design by Cathy Rincon
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
CONTENTS
8
List of Entries by Subject v
Preface ix
Introduction xi
Landmark Supreme Court Cases
Abortion 1
Antitrust and Competition 17
Civil Rights and Equal Protection 27
Contracts 137
Due Process 151
Executive Privilege 227
Interstate Commerce 237
Labor Unions 261
Freedom of the Press 269
Privacy 285
Freedom of Religion 301
Search and Seizure 333
Freedom of Speech and Assembly 359
Taxation 451
Jurisdiction 461
Additional Cases 477
Appendixes
I. Cases by Title 527
II. Chronological List of Cases 531
Glossary 537
Sources by Case 551
Bibliography 573
Index 574

LIST OF ENTRIES BY SUBJECT
8
ABORTION Batson v. Kentucky Korematsu v. United States
Brown v. Board of Education Kramer v. Union Free School
Harris v. McRae
of Topeka, Kansas District
Maher, Commissioner of
Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Lane v. Wilson
Social Services v. Roe
Ellerth
Lau v. Nichols
Planned Parenthood of Central
Bush v. Gore
Missouri v. Danforth Loving v. Virginia
Bush v. Vera
Roe v. Wade Michael M. v. Superior Court
Caban v. Mohammed of Sonoma County
Thornburgh v. American
Colegrove v. Green
College of Obstetricians Milliken v. Bradley
Cooper v. Aaron
and Gynecologists Mississippi University for
Webster v. Reproductive Craig v. Boren Women v. Hogan
Health Services Dandridge v. Williams Missouri ex rel. Gaines v.
Davis v. Monroe County Canada
ANTITRUST AND Board of Education (City of) Mobile, Alabama v.
COMPETITION Dred Scott v. Sandford Bolden
Butcher’s Benevolent EEOC v. Wyoming et al. Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
Association of New Orleans Foley v. Connelie, Orr v. Orr
v. The Crescent City Live- Superintendent of New Personnel Administrator of
Stock Landing and York Police et al. Mass. v. Feeney
Slaughter-House Company Furman v. Georgia
Plessy v. Ferguson
Nebbia v. New York Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Reed v. Reed
Standard Oil Company of Graham v. Richardson
Regents of the University of
New Jersey v. United States Gratz v. Bollinger
California v. Bakke
Swift & Company v. United Grutter v. Bollinger
Reynolds v. Sims
States Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong
Rogers v. Lodge
United States v. E.C. Knight Harper v. Virginia State Board
Romer v. Evans
Co. of Elections
Virginia Pharmacy Board v. Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. Rostker v. Goldberg
Virginia Consumer Council Runyon v. McCrary
James v. Valtierra
Schlesinger v. Ballard
Johnson v. Transportation
CIVIL RIGHTS AND EQUAL Agency, Santa Clara County Shapiro v. Thompson
PROTECTION Katzenbach v. Morgan Shaw v. Reno
Baker v. Carr Kirchberg v. Feenstra Shelley v. Kramer
v
vi n Landmark Supreme Court Cases
Skinner v. State of Oklahoma Gideon v. Wainwright Twining v. New Jersey
ex. rel. Williamson, Atty. Gomillion v. Lightfoot Washington v. Glucksberg
Gen. of Oklahoma
Goss v. Lopez Washington v. Texas
Smith v. Allwright
Griffin v. Breckenridge Williams v. State of Florida
Sosna v. Iowa
Griffin v. California Wolf v. Colorado
Strauder v. West Virginia
Harris v. New York Woodson v. North Carolina
Sugarman v. Dougall
Hurtado v. People of the State
Swann v. Charlotte- of California EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE
Mecklenburg Board of
Irvin v. Dowd
Haig v. Agee
Education
Jacobson v. Commonwealth of
Schick v. Reed
Sweatt v. Painter
Massachusetts
United States v. Nixon
Terry v. Adams
Local 28 of the Sheet Metal
Wiener v. United States
Trop v. Dulles Workers’ International
Washington v. Davis Association v. EEOC
Whitcomb v. Chavis Lynch v. Household Finance INTERSTATE COMMERCE
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Corp.
Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
Education Mallory v. United States
Champion v. Ames
Yick Wo v. Hopkins Malloy v. Hogan
Cooley v. Board of Port
Ex Parte McCardle
Wardens
CONTRACTS Ex Parte Milligan
Edwards v. California
Calder v. Bull Miranda v. Arizona Gibbons v. Ogden
(Proprietors of the) Charles Moore v. Dempsey Hammer v. Dagenhart
River Bridge v. Proprietors Munn v. Illinois
Heart of Atlanta Motel v.
of the Warren Bridge Near v. Minnesota Ex Rel. United States
(Trustees of) Dartmouth Olson, County Attorney
Maryland v. Wirtz
College v. Woodward Palko v. Connecticut
National Labor Relations
Fletcher v. Peck Poe v. Ullman Board v. Jones & Laughlin
Home Building & Loan Powell v. Alabama Steel Corporation
Association v. Blaisdell
Rhode Island v. Innis Railway Express Agency, Inc.
Lochner v. New York Rideau v. Louisiana v. New York
Muller v. Oregon (Harry) Roberts v. Louisiana (A.L.A.) Schechter Poultry
Stone v. Mississippi Corp. v. United States
Rochin v. California
South Dakota v. Dole
Ross v. Moffitt
DUE PROCESS Southern Pacific Co. v.
Schall v. Martin
Arizona
Adamson v. California Screws v. United States
United States v. Carolene
Betts v. Brady Smith v. Goguen
Products Co.
Bolling v. Sharp Sniadach v. Family Finance
Wickard v. Filburn
Duncan v. Louisiana Corporation of Bayview
Escobedo v. Illinois South Carolina v. Katzenbach
Fay v. Noia Stanley v. Illinois LABOR UNIONS
Ferguson v. Skrupa Stone v. Powell Adair v. United States
Frontiero v. Richardson Tison v. Arizona Coppage v. Kansas
In re Gault et al. Tollett v. Henderson
List of Entries by Subject n vii
Lincoln Federal Labor Union Lemon v. Kurtzman FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND
v. Northwestern Iron & Lynch v. Donnelly ASSEMBLY
Metal Co.
Marsh v. Chambers Abrams v. United States
(Illinois ex rel.) McCollum v. Barenblatt v. United States
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS Board of Education of Beauharnais v. Illinois
Branzburg v. Hayes School District No. 17,
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
Champaign County, Illinois
Gannett Co., Inc. v. Daniel
Brandenburg v. Ohio
et al.
DePasquale
Buckley v. Valeo
Miami Herald Publishing Co., Pierce v. Society of Sisters
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
Division of Knight Sherbert v. Verner
Newspapers, Inc. v. Tornillo Stone v. Graham Cohen v. California
Nebraska Press Association v. Cole v. Richardson
Thomas v. Review Board
Stuart Cox v. Louisiana
Tilton v. Richardson
New York Times Co. v. DeJonge v. Oregon
Torasco v. Watkins
Sullivan
Dennis v. United States
West Virginia State Board of
Pell v. Procunier
Education v. Barnette Edwards v. South Carolina
Time, Inc. v. Firestone
Federal Communication
Wisconsin v. Yoder
Time, Inc. v. Hill Commission v. League of
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
Zurcher v. Stanford Daily Women Voters
Zorach v. Clauson
Feiner v. New York
PRIVACY First National Bank of Boston
SEARCH AND SEIZURE v. Bellotti
Bowers v. Hardwick
Carey v. Population Services Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
Int’l. of Federal Bureau of Ginsberg v. State of New York
Narcotics
Eisenstadt v. Baird Gitlow v. People of the State
Griswold v. State of California v. Ciraola of New York
Connecticut Chimel v. California Good News Club v. Milford
Stenberg v. Carhart Katz v. United States Central School
Whalen v. Roe Ker v. State of California Jacobellis v. Ohio
Mapp v. Ohio Keyishian v. Board of Regents
FREEDOM OF RELIGION New Jersey v. T.L.O. Kingsley Int’l Pictures Corp. v.
Olmstead v. United States Regents of University of
(School District of) Abington
Payton v. New York New York State
Township, Pennsylvania v.
Schempp Schmerber v. California Konigsberg v. State Bar of
California
Braunfeld v. Brown Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
Laird v. Tatum
Cantwell v. Connecticut Smith v. Maryland
Engel v. Vitale Terry v. Ohio Lamont v. Postmaster General
Epperson v. Arkansas U.S. v. U.S. District Court for Lloyd Corp., Ltd. v. Tanner et
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher the Eastern District of al.
Supermarket of Michigan Southern Division Memoirs of a Woman of
Massachusetts, Inc. et al. Pleasure v. Massachusetts
Girouard v. United States Wilson v. Layne Meyer v. Nebraska
Goldman v. Weinberger Miller v. California
viii n Landmark Supreme Court Cases
National Association for the Wieman v. Updegraf Hawaii Housing Authority v.
Advancement of Colored Wooley v. Maynard Midkiff
People v. Alabama Yates v. United States Humphrey’s Executor v.
National Association for the United States
Young v. American Mini
Advancement of Colored Theatres Hutchinson v. Proxmire
People v. Button, Atty.
I.N.S. v. Chadha
General of Virginia
TAXATION Karcher v. Daggett
New York Times Co. v. United
Katzenbach v. McClung
States Breedlove v. Suttles, Tax
Collector Kent v. Dulles
Paris Adult Theater I v. Slaton
Everson v. Board of Education Keyes v. School District No. 1
(Board of) Regents, University
of the Township of Ewing of Denver, CO
of Wisconsin System v.
et al. Kirby v. Illinois
Southworth
Flast v. Cohen Kirkpatrick v. Preisler
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v.
FCC v. Radio Television McCray v. United States Luther v. Borden
News Directors Association Mueller v. Allen McCulloch v. Maryland
Reno v. American Civil Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and McGowan v. State of
Liberties Union Trust Company Maryland
Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. McGrain v. Daugherty
Virginia JURISDICTION Missouri v. Holland
Roberts v. United States Perez v. Brownell
Jaycees Erie Railroad Company v.
Powell v. McCormack
Tompkins
Roemer v. Board of Public
Profitt v. Florida
Works of Maryland Kinsella v. Krueger
Prune Yard Shopping Center v.
Roth v. United States Kinsella v. United States ex rel.
Robins
Singleton
Saia v. New York
Pulley v. Harris
Marbury v. Madison
Scales v. United States
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee Ex Parte Quirin
(Charles T.) Schenck v. United
States National League of Cities v. Scott v. Illinois
Usery Selective Service System v.
Schneider v. Irvington
Scheuer v. Rhodes Minn. Public Interest
Stanley v. Georgia
Research Group
Sierra Club v. Morton
Terminiello v. City of Chicago
Solem v. Helm
Swift v. Tyson
Texas v. Johnson
Steward Machine Co. v. Davis,
Wayman v. Southard
Thornhill v. Alabama Collector of Internal
Tinker v. Des Moines School Revenue
District ADDITIONAL CASES Tileston v. Ullman
United Public Workers v. Atkins v. Virginia United Jewish Organization v.
Mitchell Carey
Bowsher v. Synar
United States v. O’Brien United States v. Butler
Chisolm v. Georgia
Valentine v. Chrestensen United States v. Ursery
Frothingham v. Mellon
Watkins v. United States Waller v. Florida
Garcia v. San Antonio
Wayte v. United States Metropolitan Transit
Whitney v. California Authority (SAMTA)
PREFACE
8
Landmark Supreme Court Cases is a reference many legal citations, which are references to
guide that summarizes some of the most where the complete decision of the Supreme
important decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court. Court can be found for a particular case. These
This book provides a snapshot of the issues, his- citations begin with the case name, printed in ital-
tory, and arguments leading to the significant ics. The first number following the case name is
decisions of our highest court. Information on the the volume number of the publication in which
results of the cases and their effect on legal, the decision may be found. This number is fol-
social, and political positions in our nation is also lowed by an abbreviation of the name of the pub-
provided. The authors hope that these brief sum- lication, called a report or reporter. The
maries will pique your interest and lead you to publication abbreviation is followed by a page
seek out and read the related cases and recom- number on which the decision may be found
mended readings found at the end of each sum- within the publication. Finally, the citation con-
mary. As you use this book, you will encounter cludes with the year in which the case was decided.
ix