Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes: Impact on Climate and Air Quality

197 Pages·2012·4.904 MB·English

by  Nicole Mölders (auth.)

Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes
ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES LIBRARY
(cid:0)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:7)
Editors
Lawrence A. Mysak, Department of Atmospheric andOceanographic Sciences,
McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Kevin Hamilton, International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, HI, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board
A. Berger Universit´e Catholique, Louvain, Belgium
J.R. Garratt CSIRO,Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
J. Hansen MIT, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.
M. Hantel Universita¨t Wien, Austria
W. Hsieh University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
H. Kelder KNMI (Royal NetherlandsMeteorological Institute),
DeBilt, The Netherlands
T.N. Krishnamurti TheFlorida StateUniversity, Tallahassee, FL,U.S.A.
P. Lemke Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar andMarine Research,
Bremerhaven, Germany
G.E. Swaters University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
A.J. Willmott National Oceanography Centre,Liverpool, U.K.
J.C. Wyngaard Pennsylvania StateUniversity, University Park,PA, U.S.A.
For further volumes:
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Nicole Mo¨lders
Land-Use and Land-Cover
Changes
Impact on Climate and Air Quality
123
NicoleMo¨lders
DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences
CollegeofNaturalSciences
andMathematics
GeophysicalInstitute
UniversityofAlaskaFairbanks
903KoyukukDrive
Fairbanks,AK99775
USA
[email protected]
[email protected]
ISSN1383-8601
ISBN978-94-007-1526-4 e-ISBN978-94-007-1527-1
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-1527-1
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011936018
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2012
Nopart ofthis workmaybereproduced, stored inaretrieval system,ortransmitted inanyformorby
anymeans,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording orotherwise, without written
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Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Acknowledgments
Iwouldlike tothankthemostmyfather–HermannW.M¨olders–for
evoking my interest in land-cover-related weather and climate change.
He brought the climate–land-cover relations of the Sahel drought and
potential climate impacts of irrigation to my attention when I was a
teenager.
I also would like to express my thanks to Prof. Dr. Hantel and Prof.
Dr. Kramm who encouraged me to write this book. I wish to thank my
colleagueProf.Dr.KrammandmygraduatestudentHuy N.Q. Tranfor
fruitful discussions and helpful comments during the process of writing
this book.
ThanksgoalsotomyformermentorsProf.Dr.Raschke,Prof.Dr.Ra-
mond, Prof. Dr. Pointin, Prof. Dr. Ebel, Dr. Laube, Prof. C. Walcek,
Prof.Dr.Tetzlaff,andDr.Raabewhohelpedmetobecomethescientist
I am today.
v

Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Natural Land-Cover Changes 2
1.2 Anthropogenic Land-Cover Changes 4
1.3 Land-Cover Changes and Weather and Climate 7
References 9
2 Physical and Chemical Principles 11
2.1 Energy Balance 11
2.1.1 Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes 13
2.1.2 Surface Heterogeneity 18
2.2 Clouds and Precipitation 24
2.3 Air Chemistry 26
2.3.1 Emissions 26
2.3.2 Background Chemistry 27
2.3.3 Polluted Air 28
2.3.4 Aqueous Chemistry 30
2.3.5 Gas-to-Particle Conversion 32
2.3.6 Removal of Gases and Aerosols 32
2.4 Interaction Between Energy, Water, and Trace Gas Cycle 35
References 36
3 Impact of Land-Cover and Land-Cover Changes 39
3.1 Detection of Land-Cover Changes 39
3.1.1 Land-Cover Maps 41
3.1.2 Remote Sensing–Derived Land-Cover 43
3.1.3 Land-Cover Change Detection 46
3.1.4 Role of Land-Cover Data in Land Cover–Related
Studies 48
3.2 Observations and Major Field Experiments 50
vii
viii Contents
3.3 Mechanisms 57
3.3.1 Changes of the Surface Fluxes 58
3.3.2 Secondary Changes in Response
to Land-Cover Change 59
3.3.3 Teleconnection 63
3.4 Scales 66
3.4.1 Inhomogeneity 68
3.4.2 Heterogeneity at Various Scales 69
3.4.3 Impact of Heterogeneity 70
3.5 Land-Cover Change Impacts 71
3.5.1 Deforestation and Forest Degradation 72
3.5.2 Conversion of Native Grasslands to Cropland 81
3.5.3 Droughts and Desertification 85
3.5.4 Recultivation 90
3.5.5 Urbanization 94
3.5.6 Water Bodies 102
3.5.7 Interaction of Land-Cover Change Impacts 107
References 111
4 Future Challenges 117
4.1 Future Emission Scenarios 118
4.2 Land-Cover Change Impacts Under Future Climate
Conditions 122
4.2.1 Biogeophysical Feedbacks 122
4.2.2 Biogeochemical Feedbacks 136
4.3 Air Quality 141
4.4 Food and Fuel Production 144
4.4.1 Water Availability 145
4.4.2 Soil Degradation and Land Loss 148
4.4.3 Biofuel 149
4.5 Urbanization, Urban Areas, and Megacities 151
4.5.1 Urban Heat Island 151
4.5.2 Water Management 154
4.5.3 Air Quality 154
4.5.4 Urban Planning and Development 158
4.6 Detecting Land-Cover Changes in Observations 160
4.7 Changes of Snow and Ice 165
4.7.1 Snow-Vegetation and Permafrost-Vegetation
Relation 165
4.7.2 Ice–Vegetation Relation 168
References 172
Contents ix
5 Conclusions 175
5.1 Modeling and Observations 176
5.2 Future Assessment 180
References 181
Index 187