Land Surface Remote Sensing in Urban and Coastal Areas

375 Pages·2016·111.91 MB·English

by  Nicolas Baghdadi

Land Surface Remote Sensing in Urban and Coastal Areas
Remote Sensing Observations of Continental Surfaces Set
coordinated by
André Mariotti

Land Surface Remote
Sensing in Urban and Coastal
Areas

Nicolas Baghdadi
Mehrez Zribi
First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Press Ltd and Elsevier Ltd
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ISBN 978-1-78548-160-4

Printed and bound in the UK and US
Foreword
I have been entrusted by ISTE Science Publishing with the responsibility
for a multidisciplinary editorial line: Earth System – Environment, and
within this framework it gives me great pleasure today to present a set of
books dedicated to the topic of remote sensing, compiled and edited by
Nicolas Baghdadi and Mehrez Zribi.
Both the content and the organization of this collection have largely been
inspired by reflections, analyses and prospective works conducted by almost
200 authors and researchers with a high level of international expertise in
this discipline.
This community, which is recognized for its scientific merit, has sought
to expand its research activities under the direction the two editing authors
founded on a solid effort in the area of acquisition and wider dissemination
of knowledge within this field.
This represents a community characterized by the firm commitment to
adopting a holistic or even an ecosystem approach within the context of an
interdisciplinary science of the Earth system. In this scientific context where
the complexity of natural systems is compounded with the complexity of
societies, the authors have given careful consideration to depicting a
finalizable and “public” type of discipline, open to decision makers,
managers and all those beyond the scientific community who are interested
in the future of our planet.
xiv Land Surface Remote Sensing in Urban and Coastal Areas
Two main tools are necessary in order to satisfy the requirements in terms
of understanding and characterizing our environment and its evolution:
process modeling and observation.
Remote sensing observations in conjunction with measurements and
modeling constitute a discipline that makes it possible to understand the
functional properties of the observed system and their dependence on its
structural properties. This is one of the key disciplines that allow the analysis
and provide access to the understanding of the functioning of our
environment: in general, this is dedicated to aspects such as the analysis of
climate change, the effects of anthropogenic and demographic pressure,
natural disasters, the increasing decline in resources (water, etc.), the
degradation of biodiversity across all environments, desertification, the need
to nourish the planet (for example, mapping of crops and yield prediction),
etc.
Analyzing and understanding these different types of problems is
rendered possible:
– by analyzing the detected, structural and functional objects (soils,
hydrosystems, vegetation, etc.);
– by understanding the main basic processes, which incorporate these
main elements: water flow covering all scales and compartments, erosion,
meteorology, crop development, soil pollution, etc;
– by developing indicators in order to evaluate the short-, medium- and
long-term evolution of all environmental compartments and variables.
The importance of these scientific questions has led to a general
mobilization of the international organizations by means of various
international conventions and agreements to protect the environment and
meet the specific requirements in terms of observation. Various international
networks have been developed over the past few years with the purpose of
conducting continuous measurements. However, these punctual
measurements could not provide sufficient spatiotemporal monitoring, in
particular in difficult-to-access regions. Within this context, spatial
observation could be implemented to its full potential, both by means of
considerable progress in terms of instrumentation and by means of the
development of effective data processing and analysis methods, data whose
provision becomes increasingly free of rights.
Foreword xv
Under the initiative of numerous space agencies (in particular European,
North-American, Japanese, etc.), important space missions were launched
for the purpose of conducting Earth observations, among which the
following may be mentioned:
– Sentinel, within the framework of the Copernius program (formerly
referred to as GMES for Global Monitoring for Environment and Security)
implemented in numerous areas such as land and marine environment
monitoring, emergency management (for example, natural disasters) and
climate change monitoring (radar and optical imaging);
– Landsat;
– ALOS, launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, in
particular for deforestation monitoring;
– SMOS and SMAP, in particular for the global mapping of soil
moisture, etc.
Although remote sensing represents a field in which specialist knowledge
is required in order to conduct a better analysis and interpretation of data,
this programmatic development is undoubtedly associated with a significant
progress with respect to the implementation of space-based Earth
observations at the level of an increasing number of laboratories across both
developed and emerging nations. This development is likewise associated
with new disciplines and thematic backgrounds, among which numerous
areas of the humanities and social sciences which enrich and extend the
primarily physical foundations of remote sensing may be mentioned.
It would be superfluous to list all remote sensing applications along with
the disciplines and scientific questions which adopted this concept, as this
would also inevitably result in regrettable omissions: nonetheless, the
extensive implementation of spatial observation grants the latter a strong
interdisciplinary status.
The launch of new large-scale space missions, the higher degree of
convenience, including financial convenience, as well as the access to data
will facilitate an intensification and generalization of the use of spatial
observation data and products: new scientific subjects, new users (managers,
decision makers, etc).
xvi Land Surface Remote Sensing in Urban and Coastal Areas
The high demand for educational material containing updated
information on the various remote sensing concepts and methods and the
main applications thereof, in particular at the level of continental surfaces,
are derived therefrom.
It is within this framework that this collection of books is proposed,
which aims to provide researchers, students in masters, engineer and PhD
programs, as well as decision makers, engineers specialized in management
services on a territorial, departmental, regional or national scale and players
in the decision-making authorities with a tool which incorporates both the
foundations of the physical principles underlying various spatial applications
and the implementation methods and exemplification at the level of various
applications based on spatial observation.
In these six volumes, Nicolas Baghdadi and Mehrez Zribi have mobilized
almost 200 internationally recognized researchers to propose a
comprehensive “toolkit”, describing the latest scientific methods and actions
in terms of the implementation of spatial observation.
The first two volumes describe the physical principles underlying various
techniques which cover the frequency spectrum ranging from visible to
microwaves. The third volume illustrates the agricultural and forestry
applications of spatial observation. The fourth volume presents the
applications of spatial observation in the field of continental hydrology. The
fifth volume is dedicated to the observation of urban and coastal areas,
whereas the final volume presents the implementation of spatial observation
within the context of risk assessment and understanding.
Thanks are due to Nicolas Baghdadi and Mehrez Zribi for taking the time
to draft, harmonize and partially edit these volumes and committing to this
effort in terms of putting this modern and high-quality knowledge across and
making it accessible to a diverse and vast scientific audience.
I wish to thank them both for their altruism, perseverance and devotion in
service of the success of this endeavor.

André MARIOTTI
June 2016
Acronyms
2D Two dimensions
3D Three dimensions
4AOP Automatized Atmospheric Absorption Atlas Operational
6S Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum
AATSR Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer
ACORN Atmospheric Correction Now
ADC Analog-to-digital converter
ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
ADEME French Environment and Energy Management Agency
ADEOS Advanced Earth Observing Satellite
AERONET Aerosol Robotic Network
AET Actual Evapotranspiration
AFRITRON African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network
AGB Above-Ground Biomass
AGNES Agglomerative Nesting
AHS Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner
AHT Astronomical High Tide
AIEM Advanced Integral Equation Model
AirSAR Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar
ALB Airborne LiDAR Bathymeter
ALEXI Atmosphere-Land Exchange Inverse
ALS Airborne Laser Scanning
xviii Land Surface Remote Sensing in Urban and Coastal Areas
AltBOC Alternate Binary Offset Carrier
AMARTIS Advanced Modeling of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer for
Inhomogeneous Surfaces
AMMA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis
AMSR Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer
ANA Agência Nacionalde Aguas (Brazilian National Water Agency)
AOL Airborne Oceanographic LiDAR
APD Avalanche Photodiode
API Antecedent Precipitation Index
APOM Aerosol Plume Optical Model
ARVI Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index
ASAR Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar
ASCAT Advanced Scatterometer
ASDF Averaged Square Difference Function
ASI Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Italian Space Agency)
ASI Agriculture Stress Index
ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer
ATCOR Atmospheric and Topographic Correction
ATLAS Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System
ATM Airborne Topographic Mapper
ATREM Atmospheric Removal (atmospheric correction method)
ATSR Along Track Scanning Radiometers
AUC Area Under Curve
AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
AVIRIS Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
AWiFS Advanced Wide Field Sensor
BEIDOU/ Chinese Navigation Satellite System
COMPASS
BELA BepiColombo Laser Altimeter
BGB Below-Ground Biomass
BIL Band Interleaved by Line
BIOMOD Biomolecular Design (Computer platform implemented in R)
BIP Band Interleaved by Pixel
Acronyms xix
BLUE Best Linear Unbiased Estimator
BOC Binary Offset Carrier
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BPT Binary Partition Tree
BRDF Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function
BRGM Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (French
Geological Survey)
BSA Back Scatter Alignment
BSQ Band Sequential
BUI Build-up Index
BWI Bassist Wetness Index
C/A Coarse Acquisition
CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
CAIC Consistent Akaike’s Information Criterion
CALIOP Cloud-Aerosol LiDAR with Orthogonal Polarization
CALIPSO Cloud‐Aerosol LiDAR Pathfinder Satellite Observation
CanEx-SM Canadian Experiment for Soil Moisture
CART Classification and Regression Trees
CASI Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager
CBERS China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite
CBOC Composite Binary Offset Carrier
CCD Charged Coupled Devices
CCDAS Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System
CCI Climate Change Initiative
CCRS Canada Center for Remote Sensing
CDF Cumulative Density Function
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CDOM Colored Dissolved Organic Matter
CEC Cation-Exchange Capacity
CEM Constrained Energy Minimization
CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
CERES Crop Environment Resource Synthesis