Land Subsidence Analysis in Urban Areas: The Bangkok Metropolitan Area Case Study

319 Pages·2013·9.03 MB·English

by  David G. Zeitoun

Land Subsidence Analysis in Urban Areas
Springer Environmental Science and Engineering
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10177
David G. Zeitoun • Eliyahu Wakshal
Land Subsidence Analysis
in Urban Areas
The Bangkok Metropolitan Area Case Study
123
DavidG.Zeitoun EliyahuWakshal(Deceased)
JerusalemCollegeofTechnology
Jerusalem
Israel
ISSN2194-3214 ISSN2194-3222(electronic)
ISBN978-94-007-5505-5 ISBN978-94-007-5506-2(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-5506-2
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012955030
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013
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To myfather:
Mr.JosefZeitounwhopassedawayinMarch2000
To mymother,
To mywifeEstherand mychildren
DavidZeitoun

Afterwritingmuchofthesecondchapterofthisbook
andreviewingmuchofthemodelingworkdoneon
subsidence,ElieWakshaldiedinthehospitalon
September27,2012.
Thisisdifficultnewsforallthepeoplethatknowhis
devotiontohydrogeologyandhisloveforothers.
ProfessorE.Wakshalwasaniceman,anenthusiastic
professor,agenerousfriendwhoalwayslookedtohelp
people.
“Giveear,Oheavens,andIwillspeak;andhear,
Oearth,thewordsofmymouth.Mydoctrineshall
dropastherain;myspeechshalldistilasthedew,as
thesmallrainuponthetenderherb,andasthe
showersuponthegrass”(Bible,Deuteronomychapter
32,verse1–3).
ProfessorE.Wakshalwasaspecialistof
hydrochemistryandalwayscombinedmathematics
withadeepknowledgeingeology.Histeachingand
lectureswerealwaysconnectedwithengineering
projectsandwatersystemprojects.Hewasableto
understandtheearthbythelawsofphysicsandwater
flowthroughgeologyandchemistry.
Helovednatureandhumanities.Hedevotedhislifeto
buildthisworldinIsrael,inUruguay,andinThailand
andalsototeachhydrogeologyaroundtheworld.
Yourworkwillstayforthenextgenerationandyour
memorywillstayforever.
DavidG.Zeitoun

Foreword
Soil subsidence is a worldwide engineering problem. In the Bangkok metropoli-
tan area, land subsidence rates were 10 cm/year in the eastern suburbs, and
5–10cm/yearincentralBangkok,between1978and1981.
After remedial measures were introduced in 1983 for controlling groundwater
pumpage,acontinuousrecoveryofthewaterlevelwasobservedincentralBangkok
anditseasternsuburbs.Theannualsubsidenceratesbetween1988and1989were
3–5cmintheeasternsuburbs,and2–3cmincentralBangkok.Moreoverbetween
1989and 1990,the subsidence rates decreased to 2–3 cm in the eastern area, and
1–2cminthecentralareaofBangkok.
However, over the past 10 years, though the new policy directed by the DGR
(DepartmentofGroundwaterResearch)hassucceededinrestoringthegroundwater
level,thesubsidenceintheupperlayercontinuestoincrease.
Thisismainlyduetothecombinedeffectsofgroundwaterpumpingandloading
ofthebuildingsintheBangkokvicinity.Inmostoftheurbanarea,theman-induced
subsidenceiscausedbyseveraleffects.
This situation raises variousquestions:What are the legalimplicationswhen a
homeownerbelievessubsidencedamagedhisorherproperty?Whowouldbeliable?
Whatistherelativeimportanceofeachsubsidencecause?
The bookwritten by Dr. Wakshal and Dr. Zeitounpresentsa new approachfor
the computationofthe soilsettlement. Itpermitsto separatethe differenttypesof
subsidencecausesandanswertheabovequestions.
Since 2008, the DGR is working with the authors on the implementation of
the methodology presented in the book and the software built for the Bangkok
MetropolitanArea.
Thisbookprovidesthedetailsoftheengineeringmethodsthatareavailableand
the new mathematical methodology developed by the authors. I congratulate the
authorsandencouragethemtodeveloptheirideas.
ix
x Foreword
Also, I recommend this book to anyone working on subsidence projects. It is
important to ensure that such valuable knowledge will be used in subsidence’s
studies.
FormerDirectorGeneral Ms.SomkidBuapeng
DepartmentofGroundwaterResources
Bangkok
Thailand