Table Of Content09043-Prelims.qxd 3/10/03 2:49 PM Page III
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE
INTERNATIONAL AFFILIATION OF LAND RECLAMATIONISTS
RUNCORN/UNITED KINGDOM/13–16 MAY 2003
Land Reclamation
Extending the Boundaries
Edited by
Heather M. Moore & Howard R. Fox
Department of Geography, University of Derby, UK
Scott Elliott
Leyden Kirby Associates, UK
A.A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS LISSE/ ABINGDON/ EXTON(PA) / TOKYO
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
09043-Prelims.qxd 3/10/03 2:49 PM Page IV
COVER-PHOTO:
Taf Bargoed Valley, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, UK. Three former collieries extending to over 60ha reclaimed for a
community park, climbing centre and minewater discharge treatment works. Photograph courtesy of Welsh
Development Agency and Groundwork.
Copyright © 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., Lisse, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher.
Although all care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and the information
herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to property or
persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: A.A. Balkema, a member of Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers
www.balkema.nl and www.szp.swets.nl
ISBN 90 5809 562 2
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
09043-Prelims.qxd 3/10/03 2:49 PM Page V
Land Reclamation – Moore, Fox & Elliott (eds)
© 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 5809 562 2
Table of Contents
Preface IX
Conference Organising Committee XI
Catalysing Regeneration
The municipal engineer in regeneration and the “Brownfield Debate” 3
P. Kirby & S. Elliott
Barriers to the effective implementation of the Part IIA contaminated land regime and 11
recommendations for progress
B. Baker, J. Handley & C. Hughes
Millennium Coastal Park, Llanelli – Wales’largest coastal regeneration scheme 19
P. Holmes
Reclamation and regeneration in the new economies of Eastern Europe 25
G. Griffiths & H. Chlebna
Multifunctionality and scale in post-industrial land regeneration 27
C. Ling, J. Handley & J. Rodwell
Reclamation or redevelopment: the Oasis Principle 35
S.D. Steffens
The market for environmental goods and services related to regeneration in the North West 45
J.P. Palmer
Creating multi-functional landscapes – a more enlightened approach to land reclamation 55
R. Cass
Integrating with Industrial Heritage
Land reclamation and industrial heritage in Cornwall: catalysing regeneration 67
C.L. Wilson & R.P. Sainsbury
Chatterley Whitfield sustainable energy centre 73
A.R. Morrison
Land reclamation in the North East: the last 30 years 81
A. Hesselberth & D. Hobson
Landscapes for People
Post coal-mining landscapes: an under-appreciated resource for wildlife, people and heritage 93
I.D. Rotherham, F. Spode & D. Fraser
V
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
09043-Prelims.qxd 3/10/03 2:49 PM Page VI
Reclamation in Gateshead: creating landscapes for people 101
M. Poremba
Newlands – a strategic approach to derelict, underused and neglected land in the Community 109
Forests of North West England
L.A. Dudley
Legislation and Land Reclamation
Contaminated land – land affected by contaminants; an approach for Building Regulations 119
M. Johnson
Contaminated land reports (CLR 7–10, CLEA): applications and implications 123
S. Ruzicka
Planning policy and land contamination 131
D. Brook
Environmental insurance – from contamination to confidence 135
D. Brierley
Understanding the motivation behind the end use of mineral sites 139
R.L. Curzon
Addressing Difficult Sites
Stabilisation of Galligu 151
D. Johnson
The migration of volatile organic compounds in soil vapour to indoor air and the assessment of 159
the associated impacts on human receptors
G. Digges La Touche & L. Heasman
Reclamation of Brymbo Steelworks, Wrexham 163
P.S. Roberts
The Mersey Forest Brownfield Research Project 165
P.D. Putwain, H.A. Rawlinson, C.J. French, N.M. Dickinson & P. Nolan
Japanese Knotweed and land reclamation in Stoke-on-Trent 173
S. Evans & N. Farrin
BSSS/IPSS –Soils and Land Reclamation
Phytoextraction of Ni and Zn from moderately contaminated soils 179
J. Scullion
Erosion risk assessment on disturbed and reclaimed land 185
R.J. Rickson
Paper mill sludge as a soil amendment: the performance of field beans on a site restored 193
with Gault Clay
G. Sellers & H.F. Cook
Microbiological tools for monitoring and managing restoration progress 201
J. Harris
Making soil from waste material 207
S.D. Maslen, B.J. Chambers, S.W. Hadden & S.M. Royle
VI
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
09043-Prelims.qxd 3/10/03 2:49 PM Page VII
Increasing Biodiversity
The effect of composted green waste on tree establishment on landfill 213
K.J. Foot, M. Hislop & S. McNeilly
The protection of ecology on landfill sites 223
S.M. Carver
Prevention of biorestoration failures along pipeline rights-of-way 227
M.J. Hann & R.P.C. Morgan
Reclamation of quarry waste in Morocco: Agadir cement works 235
C. Harrouni, A. El Alami, F. Gantaoui, H.M. Moore & H.R. Fox
Restoration of a magnesian limestone grassland community on former quarry sites 243
J.D. Riley, D.L. Rimmer & D. Brignall
Reclamation Research: Achievements and Challenges
Passive in situremediation of acidic mine waste leachates: progress and prospects 253
P.L. Younger
The spirit and purpose of land restoration 265
J.F. Handley
Soil Remediation
Some mechanisms responsible for the alteration of soil hydraulic properties by root activity 273
V.B. Powis, W.R. Whalley, N.R.A. Bird & P.B. Leeds-Harrison
Phytoremediation of a contaminated dredged canal sediment 281
A. Royle, N.M. Dickinson, P.D. Putwain, R. King & E. Gray-Jones
CL:AIRE – five years on 285
P. Beck
Soil Restoration
Use of biopellets in establishing species-rich grassland on reclaimed colliery spoil 293
J.P. Newell Price & E.A. Allchin
Geotextiles in land reclamation: applications for erosion control and vegetation establishment 305
R.J. Rickson
Soil functioning in natural and planted woodlands on slate waste 315
J. Williamson, D. Jones, E. Rowe, J. Healey, R. Bardgett & P. Hobbs
The development of intuitive software (“ROOTS”) to provide a decision support system for the 319
production of custom built specifications for the creation of woodland on disturbed land
N.A.D. Bending, C.R.H. Robinson, J.A. Evans & C.J. Pile
Case Studies
A comparison of limestone quarries and their potential for restoration and after-use in 331
Libya and the UK
I.D. Rotherham, F. Spode, S. Elbah & D. Fraser
VII
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
09043-Prelims.qxd 3/10/03 2:49 PM Page VIII
Innovative Techniques
Remediation technologies in UK: pitfalls and opportunities, selection and application 343
S. Ruzicka & E. Gustavsen
An appraisal of remedial trials for styrene contaminated ground and groundwater at a 351
former chemical manufacturing facility in South Wales
P.E. Russell & B. Ellis
The development of a new low cost leachate treatment system for closed landfill site management 359
S. Simmons & S. Mollard
Remediation in practice – expect the unexpected 365
D.L. Avalle & R.P. Ashby
Look before you leap: the use of geoenvironmental data models for preliminary site appraisal 369
E. Hough, H. Kessler, M. Lelliott, S.J. Price, H.J. Reeves & D. McC Bridge
Chinese Case Studies
Study of the control of land desertification and ecological restoration in QUSHUI County 379
in the watershed of the Lasa river in China
M. Fu, Z. Hu & J. Mi
Perspectives on non-filling reclamation techniques for subsided land in Chinese coal mining areas 385
Z. Hu & C. Liu
Author index 389
VIII
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
09043-Prelims.qxd 3/10/03 2:49 PM Page IX
Land Reclamation – Moore, Fox & Elliott (eds)
© 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 5809 562 2
Preface
Major programmes of land reclamation, aimed at providing new uses for previously developed land, were pur-
sued in the United Kingdom and in other industrialised countries around the world throughout the latter part of
the 20th Century. Such programmes have formed a critical first step in the regeneration process and have been
largely driven by public sector funding and management.
Over recent years, there has been a noticeable shift in emphasis of public sector funding for regeneration
away from the large scale physical changes which reclamation has sought to achieve. Yet, at the same time,
problem sites still remain in significant numbers and there has been a politically driven emphasis on the reuse
of previously developed land (so called ‘brownfield sites’) for new development. The consequence has been the
necessity to involve a wider range of stakeholders – from public, private and voluntary sectors – in the success-
ful delivery of reclamation and regeneration.
Sustainability of both the process and the outcomes has been an ever present guiding principle for all stake-
holders. This theme provided the focus for the last International Land Reclamation Conference held in the UK
(Nottingham 1998). The messages from that event – notably the essential need for a thorough analysis of the
land resource and for multidisciplinary working – remain as fundamental principles of good practice. The addi-
tional themes emerging in the 21st Century encompass the need for robust and innovative approaches to the
assessment and delivery process.
The papers published in these proceedings address a range of reclamation issues and capture experience from
the continents of Europe, Africa, and America as well as the UK. Administrative, technical and legal perspec-
tives are considered and a wide range of case studies are presented; with the objective of sharing knowledge and
experience for the benefit of all those involved in defining and delivering project outcomes.
The papers were presented at Land Reclamation 2003, the seventh in a series of conferences organised under
the banner of the International Affiliation of Land Reclamationists (IALR). Previous conferences in the series
were held in USA, Australia, Canada and China. Organisations in these countries provide the core membership
of IALR. The conference was jointly organised by the National Land Reclamation Panel (NLRP) and the British
Land Reclamation Society (BLRS), in association with the Institute of Professional Soil Scientists and
CL:AIRE.
The National Land Reclamation Panel has existed for over 30 years as a representative body of Local
Authorities throughout the UK active in land reclamation, urban regeneration and restoration of mineral work-
ings. Its principle aims are to disseminate information, provide unbiased technical advice to Local Authorities
and promote research into reclamation of derelict and contaminatedland.
The British Land Reclamation Society is a multidisciplinary organisation with members drawn from both
public and private sector and acts as a forum for discussion on land reclamation and regeneration and for the
promotion of best practice and research.
CL:AIRE is a public/private partnership, incorporated in 1999. Its purpose is to demonstrate and research
new technologies for the sustainable and cost-effective remediation of contaminated land. Included within the
technical remit are innovative methods for site characterisation and monitoring.
The Institute of Professional Soil Scientists (IPSS), founded in 1991, is a professional body which aims to
promote and enhance the status of soil science and allied disciplines. It prescribes the professional standards
accepted by its members and strives continually to advance their competence encompassing scientific/technical
expertise. Many of its members are actively involved in land reclamation research and consultancy.
IX
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
09043-Prelims.qxd 3/10/03 2:49 PM Page XI
Land Reclamation – Moore, Fox & Elliott (eds)
© 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 5809 562 2
Conference Organising Committee
Co-chairman of the Organising Committee: Howard Fox (University of Derby) and
Dave Morris (Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council)
For the British Land Reclamation Panel
Scott Elliott Leyden Kirby Associates
Heather Moore University of Derby
Malcolm Reeve Land Research Associates
Steve Smith Welsh Development Agency
Elizabeth Simmons Robert Long Consultancy Ltd
For the National Land Reclamation Panel
John Ellison Halton Borough Council
Alison Hesselberth Newcastle-upon-Tyne City Council
Fiona Stagg Stoke-on-Trent City Council
For the British Society of Soil Science
Scott Young University of Nottingham
For CL:AIRE
Paul Beck
The Organising Committee are grateful for the support of the following sponsoring agencies and companies:
Welsh Development Agency, English Partnerships, Scottish Enterprise, Northwest Development Agency,
Forestry Commission, United Utilities, Peel Holdings, Halton Borough Council, Environment Agency.
Editors:
Heather Moore
Department of Geography, University of Derby
Howard Fox
Department of Geography, University of Derby
Scott Elliott
Leyden Kirby Associates
XI
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
09043-01.qxd 05/Mar/03 11:36 AM Page 1
Catalysing Regeneration
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
09043-01.qxd 05/Mar/03 11:36 AM Page 3
Land Reclamation – Moore, Fox & Elliott (eds)
© 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 5809 562 2
The municipal engineer in regeneration and the “Brownfield Debate”
P. Kirby & S. Elliott
Leyden Kirby Associates, Bury, Lancashire, UK
ABSTRACT: This paper charts the growth of concern in society about the effects of urban deprivation and
the mechanisms put into place to deal with this problem. The paper goes on to outline how this concern has
combined with increasing “environmental awareness” to demand a response by engineers, particularly in rela-
tion to the art of the re-using and recycling despoiled or “brown” land. Consideration is given to the manner in
which engineers have needed to expand their awareness to deal with the various environmental issues. The
Legislative and policy issues driving the “brownfield” remediation sector are considered, as are a typical range
of technical problems and some suggestions as to their solution.
1 INTRODUCTION projects one needs a mixture of formal knowledge,
skills and behaviors.
Municipal Engineering as a distinct profession has long Engineers are therefore expected to gain from
been merged into the more laterally organised profes- experience of best appropriate practice, which will, if
sion of Civil Engineering. However, the design and applied, give the best chance of successful project
provision of new and improved municipal schemes outcome.
still exercises many Engineers and attracts increasing It is in the application of the more recent need to
amounts of financial investment. The engineer engaged also obtain the “best environmental performance” from
in such work has always been required to produce his or a project that the engineer now needs to add to their
her work in conformity with the requirements of soci- traditional skills.
ety. Society now requires that such work makes the best
possible use of existing resources and places the least
2.2 “Traditional” engineering project
possible demands upon the environment.
management
This paper looks at how Municipal Engineers have
needed to adjust their activities particularly in the need Traditionally engineers have been expected to partic-
to become more involved in the field of “increasing ipate at many stages, during the currency of a partic-
the value of land” in relation to the reuse of previously ular Project, in order to achieve its delivery both to
used “Brown Land”. time and to the most appropriate cost.
2.2.1 Pre-project assembly and procurement
2 THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE ENGINEER In advance of project implementation, the engineer is
often required exercise skill and experience in “setting
2.1 Introduction up” the project. This activity will be in accordance
with the client’s general procurement procedures.
The vast majority of municipal reclamation projects
Familiarity with procurement procedures and an
have fallen within the province of the engineer with
understanding of achievable objective setting will be
regard to their detail design and construction. The
needed, together with experience in resourcing and
engineer has needed to absorb and implement the
the need to construct robust communication links will
effects of environmental legislation, in implementing
be required. These will include:
these projects, which are still required to improve our
standard of life and safety. – the provision of procurement advice, in relation to
Much that is really useful and valuable about the assembly of strategic project objectives and project
control of engineering projects is inherently embed- scoping;
ded in individual experience combined with scientific – assistance with selection process for project
judgment. To be competent in the management of contractors;
3
© 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
