Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History

694 Pages·1999·29.01 MB·English

by  V. K. Pavlov

Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Singapore
Tokyo
H. Kassens, H.A. Bauch, LA. Dmitrenko, H. Eicken,
H.-W. Hubberten, M. Melles, 1. Thiede, L.A. Timokhov (Eds.)
Land-Ocean Systems
in the Siberian Arctic
Dynamics and History
With 301 Figures, 6 in color and 85 Tables
i
Springer
Editors
Dr. Heidemarie Kassens Prof. Dr. Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten
GEOMAR Forschungszentrum Alfred -We gener-Institut
far marine Geowissenschaften fUr Polar-und Meeresforschung
WischhofstraBe 1-3 Forschungsstelle Potsdam
D-24148 Kie1 / Germany Telegraphenberg A 43
D-14473 Potsdam / Germany
Dr. Henning A. Bauch
GEOMAR Forschungszentrum Dr. Martin Melles
ftir marine Geowissenschaften Alfred-Wegener-Institut
WischhofstraBe 1-3 fUr Polar-und Meeresforschung
D-24148 Kie1 / Germany Forschungsstelle Potsdam
Telegraphenberg A 43
Dr. Igor A. Dmitrenko D-14473 Potsdam / Germany
State Research Center
of Russian Federation, the Arctic Prof. Dr. Him Thiede
and Antarctic Research Institute Alfred-Wegener-Institut
38, Bering Str. fUr Polar-und Meeresforschung
199397 St. Petersburg / Russia Postfach 120161
D-27515 Bremerhaven / Germany
Dr. Hajo Eicken
University of Alaska Fairbanks Prof. Dr. Leonid A. Timokhov
Geophysical Institute State Research Center
903 Koyukuk Dr., P. O. Box of Russian Federation, the Arctic
757320 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320 / and Antarctic Research Institute
USA 38, Bering Str.
199397 St. Petersburg / Russia
ClP data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek -CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Land-ocean systems in the Siberian Arctic: dynamics and history / H. Kassens ... -Berlin;
Heidelberg; New York, Barcelona; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo:
Springer, 1999
ISBN-\3: 978-3-642-64270-8 e-ISBN-\3: 978-3-642-60\34-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-60\34-7
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Preface
The Arctic comprises some of the most sensitive elements of the global environment, which are
considered to respond rapidly to climate change. However, our knowledge of the processes
driving the Arctic system today and in the past is still very limited, thus making it difficult to
predict future climate scenarios. In this context the Laptev Sea and its Siberian hinterland are of
particular interest. River discharge into the Laptev Sea contitutes a key source for the Arctic
halocline's freshwater budget, and the shallow Laptev Sea Shelf is a major ice production area,
linking the Siberian shelves to the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas. Based on a
multidisciplinary approach, Russian and German scientists are describing in this book the
natural processes behind short- and long-term changes in the Laptev Sea and its Siberian
hinterland, using paleo-records and modem data which were collected during the past six years.
These marine and terrestrial datasets provide important new insights into the causes, impacts,
and feedback mechanisms which determine the Arctic climate system today.
The papers included in the volume provide a comprehensive overview of the environmental
system of the Laptev Sea and its Siberian hinterland. Although the content of many of the
papers cut across disciplines, each was assignedto a specific theme:
A: Modern Ocean and Sea-Ice Processes
B: The Marine Ecosystem
C: Land-Ocean Interactions and Pathways
D: Terrestrial Environment -Past and Present
E: Marine Depositional Environment -Past and Present
The book contains scientific results of the Russian and German projects "LAPEX", "Laptev
Sea System", "Late Quaternary Environmental Evolution of Central Taymyr" and "Ecology of
the Marginal Seas of the Eurasian Arctic", which were coordinated on the German side by the
GEOMAR Research Center for Marine Geosciences (Kiel), the Alfred-Wegener-Institute for
Polar and Marine Research (Potsdam and Bremerhaven) and the Institute for Polar Biology
(Kiel), as well as on the Russian side by the State Research Center - Arctic and Antarctic
Research Institute (St. Petersburg). Many other research institutions in Russia and Germany
were involved, and it would not have been possible to carry out the projects without their
benevolent assistance. Financial and logistic support has been mainly acquired from the
German and Russian Ministries of Science and Technology. Both ministries provided
invaluable assistance particularly during the expeditions and workshops.
The remote location and harsh weather conditions made logistics and work in northern
Central Siberia and in the Laptev Sea extremely difficult. Hence, the success of the projects
would not have been possible without the support of many institutions and authorities in Russia
and Germany. In particular, we would like to express our appreciations to the crews of the
research vessels "Ivan Kireev", "Kapitan Dranitsyn", "Lotsman", "Polarstern", "Professor
Makkaveev", "Professor Multanovsky", and "Sarya 9" as well as to the team of the Lena
Nordenskiold Station and the helicopter pilots for their tireless efforts above and beyond their
duties. Furthermore we would like to thank various authorities in St. Petersburg, Moscow,
Murmansk, Yakutsk, Archangel'sk, Tiksi, Khatanga, Norilsk, and Dickson as well as in
Berlin, Bonn, Bremerhaven, Hamburg, Kiel, and Potsdam for their good collaboration.
VI
As editors we wish to thank all contributing authors. In this respect we particularly
acknowledge the support of the critical referees (who are too numerous to mention by names)
who have gone through the papers of this book trying to help to maintain a scientific standard
of an international volume. We are further grateful to B. Rohr for her tenacity as editor's
assistant, P. P. Overduin for proofreading most of the papers, and H. Cremer for helping to
improve the layout of the book.
The political changes which have occurred since the late 80's have made this project possible
and we are extraordinarily grateful that those who carry the responsibility for political and
administrative decisions have used this time of political change to make such bilateral Russian
German projects possible, and that they had confidence in the participants to establish the
required close and intense cooperation, both in the field as well as at their home institutes.
We are devoting this book to the memory of the explorers who lost their lives in this part of
the Arctic in their courageous attempts to fulfil their devotion to science. They range from
members of the American "Jeanette" expedition under their leader George W. De Long (1879-
1881) to several participants of the Russian "Sarja" expedition (1900 - 1902) under Baron
Eduard von Toll, and include the tragic disappearance (1997) of the head of the international
biological Lena-NordenskiOld Station to the North of Tiksi Semen Semenovich Isakov from
Yakutsk, Rep. Sakha.
The Editors
Kiel, Bremerhaven, Potsdam, St. Petersburg, Fairbanks
Table of Contents
Section A: Modern Ocean and Sea-Ice Processes
Features of Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Sea Level and Water
Circulation in the Laptev Sea
V.K. Pavlov and P. V. Pavlov ............................................................................. 3
Numerical Modelling of Storm Surges in the Laptev Sea Based on the Finite
Element Method
I. Ashik and A. Novakov ............................................................................................................ 17
Large-Scale Variations of Sea Level in the Laptev Sea
G.N. Voinov and E.A. Zakharchuk. ........................................................................................... 25
Extreme Oscillations of the Sea Level in the Laptev Sea
I. Ashik, Y. Dvorkin and Y. Vanda ............................................................................................ 37
Internal Waves in the Laptev Sea
E.A. Zakharchuk ....................................................................................................................... 43
The Composition of the Coarse Fraction of Aerosols in the Marine Boundary
Layer over the Laptev, Kara and Barents Seas
V.P. Shevchenko, A.P. Lisitzin, R. Stein, V. V. Serova, A.B. Isaeva and
N. V. Politova ............................................................................................................................. 53
New Data on Sea-Ice Albedo in the Laptev and Barents Seas
B. V. Ivanov ................................................................................................................................ 59
Possible Causes of Radioactive Contamination in the Laptev Sea
V.K. Pavlov, V. V. Stanovoy and A. I. Nikitin .............................................................................. 65
Oceanographic Causes for Transarctic Ice Transport of River Discharge
I. Dmitrenko, P. Golovin, V. Gribanov and H. Kassens ........................................................... 73
Step-Like Vertical Structure Formation Due to Turbulent Mixing of Initially
Continuous Density Gradients
A. Zatsepin, S. Dikarev, S. Poyarkov, N. Sheremet, I. Dmitrenko, P. Golovin
and H. Kassens ......................................................................................................................... 93
Dissolved and Particulate Major and Trace Elements in Newly Formed Ice
from the Laptev Sea (Transdrift III, October 1995)
l.A. Halemann, M. Schirmacher and A. Prange ..................................................................... 10 1
VIII
Particle Entrainment into Newly Forming Sea Ice - Freeze-Up Studies in
October 1995
F. Lindemann, J.A. Holemann, A. Korablev and A. Zachek ................................................... 113
Frazil Ice Formation during the Spring Flood and its Role in Transport of
Sediments to the Ice Cover
P. Golovin, I. Dmitrenko, H. Kassens and J.A. Holemann ..................................................... 125
Section B: The Marine Ecosystem
Pelagic-Benthic Coupling in the Laptev Sea Affected by Ice Cover
C. Grahl, A. Boetius and E.-M. Nothig ................................................................................... 143
Chlorophyll a Distribution in Water Column and Sea Ice during the Laptev
Sea Freeze-Up Study in Autumn 1995
K. v. luterzenka and K. Knickmeier ........................................................................................ 153
Composition, Abundance and Population Structure of Spring-Time
Zooplankton in the Shelf-Zone of Laptev Sea
E.N. Abramova ....................................................................................................................... 161
Macrobenthos Distribution in the Laptev Sea in Relation to Hydrology
V. V. Petryashov, B.I. Sirenko, A.A. Golikov, A. V. Novozhilov, E. Rachor,
D. Piepenburg and M.K. Schmid ............................................................................................ 169
Carepoctus solidus sp.n., a New Species of Liparid Fish (Scorpaeniformes,
Liparidae) from the Lower Bathyal of the Polar Basin
N. V. Chemova ......................................................................................................................... 181
Spring Stopover of Birds on the Laptev Sea Polynya
D. V. Solovieva ......................................................................................................................... 189
Section C: Land-Ocean Interactions and Pathways
Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Suspended Particulate
Material of East Siberian Rivers Draining to the Arctic Ocean
V. Rachold. .............................................................................................................................. 199
Carbon Isotope Composition of Particulate Organic Material in East Siberian
Rivers
V. Rachold and H.-W. Hubberten ........................................................................................... 223
Distribution of River Water and Suspended Sediment Loads in the Deltas of
Rivers in the Basins of The Laptev and East-Siberian Seas
V. V. Ivanov and A.A. Piskun ................................................................................................... 239
Dissolved Oxygen, Silicon, Phosphorous and Suspended Matter
Concentrations During the Spring Breakup of The Lena River
S. V. Pivovarov, l.A. Hoiemann, H. Kassens, M. Antonow and I. Dmitrenko ......................... 251
IX
Distribution Patterns of Heavy Minerals in Siberian Rivers, the Laptev Sea
and the eastern Arctic Ocean: An Approach to Identify Sources, Transport
and Pathways of Terrigenous Matter
M Behrends, E. Hoops and B. Peregovich ............................................................................ 265
The Role of Coastal Retreat for Sedimentation in the Laptev Sea
F.E. Are .................................................................................................................................. 287
Section D: Terrestrial Environment - Past and Present
Seasonal Changes in Hydrology, Energy Balance and Chemistry in the
Active Layers of Arctic Tundra Soils in Taymyr Peninsula, Russia
1. Boike and P.P. Overduin .................................................................................................... 299
The Landscape and Geobotanical Characteristics of the Levinson-Lessing
Lake Basin, Byrranga Mountains, Central Taimyr
M.A. Anisimov and I.N. Pospelov ........................................................................................... 307
Studies of Methane Production and Emission in Relation to the Microrelief of
a Polygonal Tundra in Northern Siberia
V.A. Samarkin, A. Gundelwein and E.-M Pfeiffer .................................................................. 329
Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emmissions at Arctic Tundra Sites in North
Siberia
M. Sommerkorn, A. Gundelwein, E.-M. Pfeiffer and M Bolter. ............................................. 343
The Features of the Hydrological Regime of the Lake-River Systems of the
Byrranga Mountains (by the Example of the Levinson-Lessing Lake)
V.P. Zimichev, D. Yu. Bolschyanov, VG. Mesheryakov and D. Gintz .................................... 353
Lead-21O Dating and Heavy Metal Concentration in Recent Sediments of
Lama Lake (Norilsk Area, Siberia)
B. Hagedorn, S. Harwart, MMR. van der Loeff and M. Melles ........................................... 361
Late Weichselian to Holocene Diatom Succession in a Sediment Core from
Lama Lake, Siberia and Presumed Ecological Implications
U. Kienel ................................................................................................................................ 377
Climate and Vegetation History of the Taymyr Peninsula since Middle
Weichselian Time -Palynological Evidence from Lake Sediments
1. Hahne and M. Melles .......................................................................................................... 407
Laminated Sediments from Levinson-Lessing Lake, Northern Central Siberia
-A 30,000 Year Record of Environmental History?
T. Ebel, M Melles and F. Niessen .......................................................................................... 425
High-Resolution Seismic Stratigraphy of Lake Sediments on the Taymyr
Peninsula, Central Siberia
F. Niessen, T. Ebel, C. Kopsch and G.B. Fedorov ................................................................. 437
x
Archaeological Survey in Central Taymyr
V. V. Pitul'ko ............................................................................................................................ 457
Marine Pleistocene Deposits of the Taymyr Peninsula and their Age from
ESRDating
D. Bolshiyanov and A. Molodkov ............................................................................................ 469
Paleoclimatic Indicators from Permafrost Sequences in the Eastern Taymyr
Lowland
C. Siegert, A.Yu. Derevyagin, G.N. Shilova, W.-D. Hermichen and A. Hiller ....................... .477
Section E: Marine Depositional Environment - Past and Present
Stable Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Benthic Carbonate Shells of Ostracoda,
Foraminifera, and Bivalvia from Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea,
Summer 1993 and 1994
H. Erlenkeuser and U. von Grafenstein .................................................................................. 503
Determination of Depositional Bery llium-l 0 Fluxes in the Area of the Laptev
Sea and Beryllium-l 0 Concentrations in Water Samples of High Northern
Latitudes
C. Strobl, V. Schulz, S. Vogler, S. Baumann, H. Kassens, P. W. Kubik.
M. Suter and A. Mangini ......................................................................................................... 515
Spatial Distribution of Diatom Surface Sediment Assemblages on the Laptev
Sea Shelf (Russian Arctic)
H. Cremer ............................................................................................................................... 533
R.N. Djinoridze. G. I. Ivanov, E. N. Djinoridze, and R. F. Spielhagen
Diatoms from Surface Sediments of the Saint Anna Trough (Kara Sea) ......................... 553
Distribution of Aquatic Palynomorphs in Surface Sediments from the Laptev
Sea, Eastern Arctic Ocean
M. Kunz-Pirrung .................................................................................................................... 561
Distribution of Pollen and Spores in Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea
D.D. Naidina and H.A. Bauch ................................................................................................ 577
Clay Mineral Distribution in Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea: Indicator
for Sediment Provinces, Dynamics and Sources
B. T. Rossak. H. Kassens. H. Lange and 1. Thiede ................................................................. 587
Planktic Foraminifera in Holocene Sediments from the Laptev Sea and the
Central Arctic Ocean: Species Distribution and Paleobiogeographical
Implication
H.A. Bauch .............................................................................................................................. 601
Holocene Diatom Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Eurasian Arctic
Seas
Y. Polyakova ........................................................................................................................... 615