Labour-based Technology ab gy our-based Techno abour - ILO

195 Pages·2005·1.66 MB·English

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Papers Presented at the 10th Regional Seminar for Labour-based Practitioners Page 1
CTP 166
Tenth Regional Seminar for Labour-based Practitioners
Hosted by the Ministry of Works, United Republic of Tanzania
in collaboration with the ILO/ASIST Programme
Arusha, Tanzania
13th - 17th October 2003
Labour-based Technology
A Review of Current Practice
VOLUME 2: PAPERS OF THE TENTH REGIONAL SEMINAR
Theme of the seminar:
Labour-based Technology for Poverty Reduction
Compiled by
Seminar Organising Committee
ASIST
United Republic of Tanzania International Labour Organisation
Ministry of Works Advisory Support, Information Services
Republic of Tanzania and Training (ASIST)
Copyright © International Labour Organisation 2004
Seminar papers Copyright © Authors of the papers
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the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be
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reproduction, adaptation or translation, application should be made to the ILO/ASIST
Information Service, PO Box 210, Harare, Zimbabwe, or to ILO Publications Branch (Rights
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International Labour Office welcomes such applications.
Labour-based Technology: A review of current practice. Volume 2: Papers of the Tenth Regional
Seminar
ISSN 1020-4962
(for the series title Labour-based Technology: A review of current practice)
Printed Version ISBN 92-2-114992-7 (for this volume)
PDF Version ISBN 92-2-114988-9 (for this volume)
First published 2004
This publication can be obtained direct from the ASIST Information Service,
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email: [email protected], Website: http://ilo.org/asist; or from the Employment Intensive
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The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations
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This is not an official ILO document Printed in Tanzania
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Sub-Theme 1: Provision of Infrastructure and Services Through Labour Based
Technologies (LBT)..........................................................................1 - 62
1.1 Small Contractors Development in Botswana Through Labour
Based Routine Road Maintenance (B. Obika et al - Botswana)...........................3 - 12
1.2 Experience of Using LBT in Rehabilitation and Maintenance of
District and Feeder Roads: Medium term impact on people and the
Government of Tanzania (Halifa Msangi and Geert Mujsers - Tanzania)..........13 - 29
1.3 Labour Based Technology in Feeder Road Rehabilitation and Poverty
Reduction - The Ghana Experience (Dr. S. K. Ampandu et al - Ghana)..............30 - 47
1.4 Employment Creation Through the Reconstruction of the ENI
Highway between Chicumbane and Xai Xai in Mozambique
(Atanasio Mughune (ANE) and Robert Geddes (Scott Wilson)
- Mozambique) ........................................................................................................48 - 62
Sub-Theme 2: Private Sector and Community Involvement .............................63 - 111
2.1 Community Involvement in Labour Based Upgrading - Urban Experience
from Maseru - Lesotho (Eng. Mpayo Kasure).......................................................65 - 75
2.2 Community Centred Investment in Basic Rural Access Interventions:
An Entry Point to Poverty Alleviation (C. Mbara and Camilla Lema)................76 - 91
2.3 Opportunities for Community Participation in Feeder Road Rehabilitation
and Maintenance (Michael Knowles)....................................................................92 - 111
Sub-Theme 3: Contracting and Labour Standards .............................................112 - 156
3.1 ‘Amadiba Road’ (R. D. Little)..................................................................................114 - 120
3.2 Implementing Labour Standards in Construction (Rebecca Scott).....................121 - 139
3.3 Nipping Poverty in the Bud Through Appropriate Road Contract
Management (Raphael Mabenga)....................................... ..................................140 - 156
Sub-Theme 4: Policy and Upscaling........................................................................157 - 220
4.1 Filling in the Gap between Policy and Practice - Influencing Decision
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Makers to Use Labour based Technology (Shuva Sharma -Nepal) .....................159 - 173
4.2 Labour Based Application within Changing Times - A Long Term Practical
Experience from Morogoro Region, Tanzania
(F. Mbilinyi and B. Karumuna - Tanzania) ...........................................................174 - 188
4.3 The Government of Malawi/European Union Public Works Programme
in Malawi - A Multi-tier Approach to Poverty Reduction and Food Security
(A.C.Lwanda et al - Malawi)..................................................................................189 - 203
4.4 Alternative to Conventional Gravel Wearing Courses on Low Volume
Roads (Phil Paigee - Green and Jon Hongve - South Africa) ...............................204 - 220
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Papers Under Sub-Theme
1. Provision of Infrastructure and Services Through
Labour-based Technologies (LBT)
Papers Presented at the 10th Regional Seminar for Labour-based Practitioners Page 1
Table of Contents Pages
1.1 Small Contractors Development in Botswana Through Labour Based Routine Road
Maintenance (B. Obika et al - Botswana)..................................................... 3 - 12
1.2 Experience of Using LBT in Rehabilitation and Maintenance of District and Feeder
Roads: Medium Term Impact on People and the Government of United Republic of
Tanzania (Halifa Msangi and Geert Mujsers - Tanzania)......................... 13 - 29
1.3 Labour Based Technology in Feeder Road Rehabilitation and Poverty Reduction -
The Ghana Experience (Dr. S. K. Ampandu et al - Ghana)....................... 30 - 47
1.4 Employment Creation Through the Reconstruction of the ENI Highway between
Chicumbane and Xai Xai in Mozambique (Atanasio Mughune (ANE) and Robert
Geddes (Scott Wilson) - Mozambique)........................................................48 - 62
Papers Presented at the 10th Regional Seminar for Labour-based Practitioners Page 2
SMALL CONTRACTOR DEVELOPMENT IN BOTSWANA
THROUGH LABOUR BASED ROUTINE ROAD
MAINTENANCE
B. Obika Roughton M. Segokgo Roads C. Overby, Norwegian
International, P.O. Box Department, P/Bag Public Roads
10062, Gaborone 0026 Gaborone, Administrative, Oslo,
[email protected] Botswana Norway
E. Masimega Roads
Department, P/Bag
0026 Gaborone,
Botswana
Abstract
The recognition by Roads Department that a vibrant local contractor industry is key to
sustainable efficiency in road maintenance led to the undertaking of a Demonstration
project for the Training and Establishment of small scale Local contractors in Routine
Road Maintenance using Labour Based Methods (LBM).
Many of the over 2000 km of roads planned for National Development Plan 8 (NDP 8)
were secondary and access roads, which are suitable to Labour Based Methods. Thus if
appropriately planned and executed, the use of LBM could assist in employment creation
and private sector participation both of which were key aspirations of NDP8
The project comprised the pre-selection, training, awarding of contracts and supervision
of Citizen Contractors (including on the job training) to undertake routine maintenance
work using Labour based methods. At all stages of the project emphasis was placed on
community and stakeholder participation.
Results of the project have shown that substantial reductions in rural unemployment can
be achieved through an expanded LBM routine road maintenance programme. Accident
rates have been reduced, and there is increased ownership of the facilities by the
communities. A model for future enhanced public/private sector partnering is defined
and recommendations for wider application of LBM routine road maintenance are made.
The results also highlight the need for advocacy and LBM mainstreaming with regard to
rural poverty reduction.
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1.1.1 INTRODUCTION
As part of its efforts to maximise the use of Labour Based Methods in road works Roads
Department appointed Roughton International in 1999 to undertake, as a Demonstration
project, the Training and Establishment of small scale local contractors in Routine Road
Maintenance using Labour Based Methods (LBM)
The key objectives for the project were:
• the creation of employment particularly in rural areas in line with the key objectives
of NDP 8
• the development of local contractors,
• the efficient maintenance of the national road network, and
• the establishment of a model for sustaining the above three aims through the use of
consultants to manage maintenance works.
The LBM Routine Maintenance project formed part of a wider labour base programme within
the Roads Department, Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications, a component of
which falls under it’s Institutional Co-operation with the Norwegian Public Roads
Administration (NPRA). Participating agencies included NORAD, UK Department for
International Development (DFID) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO).
The project comprised the pre-selection, training, awarding of contracts and supervision of
citizen contractors (including on the job training) to undertake routine maintenance work
using Labour based methods. At all stages of the project emphasis was placed on community
and stakeholder participation through consultations.
This paper documents the implementation methodology, the results and makes
recommendations for wider application of LBM routine maintenance based on lessons learnt
from the demonstration project.
The major stages of the project comprised:
a) Pre-contract services including, project design, the selection and pre-training of
potential, emerging and small contractors and tender documentation
b) Supervision and on-the-job training of contractors.
c) Provision of post-contract services.
The maintenance works stage of the project commenced in June 2000 and ended in December 2001.
1.1.2 BACKGROUND AND APPROACH
Within NDP 8 a large road construction programme was planned which would result in an
increase in the paved road network from 5500 km to over 7500 km. Most of these roads were
to be secondary and access roads which are suitable for labour based methods. Growing
unemployment, which, in 1998, was 21%, (BIDPA 1997) necessitated renewed efforts by
Government to maximise the use of labour based methods on all projects where it is technically
and economically feasible to do so. Government policy stipulated that
‘each Ministry should identify budgeted and planned maintenance and other recurrent activities
as well as development projects that should be implemented using labour based approaches’
The policy further stipulated that:
‘Labour based components of the social safety net should take the form of permanent programme
to be specifically targeted to the poor”
Papers Presented at the 10th Regional Seminar for Labour-based Practitioners Page 4
The overall approach and pace adopted for the implementation of the LBM Routine
Maintenance was dictated by a number of prevailing factors including:
• The availability in terms of numbers and capacity of local contractors able to
participate in the programme
• The need to ensure that the project moved sufficiently quickly to capitalise on the
opportunities for development of contractors presented by the large NDP 8 programme
• Training requirements
• Prevailing constraints influencing the development of the small contractor some of
which have been high lighted in this paper.
• Prevailing constraints to the wider application of labour based methods including
the erroneous public and private sector perceptions relating to quality and productivity
of labour based techniques.
• Government, Central Tender Board and Roads Department policies and project
implementation regulations.
The above factors resulted in, for example, the pre-contract contractor training programme
being streamlined over a shorter period of time than in other contractor development
programmes (Stock and Veen, 1996).
1.1.3 PROJECT ROADS AND CONTRACT PACKAGING
Three routine maintenance demonstration projects were identified as follows:
2 Section 1: Dibete-Mahalapye 85 km
3 Section 2: Nokaneng-Sepopa 117 km
4 Section 3: Lobatse - Ramatlabama 50 km
In order to allow the A and OC grade contractors to participate taking into account the
Central Tender Board financial ceilings, the Dibete-Mahalapye road was split into three
sections for Opportunity Category (OC) grade contractors. The Nokaneng - Sepopa was
awarded to a B grade contractor who was required to split the work into three subsections
(36.2 km, 43.2 km and 34.8 km lengths) and to sub-contracted two subsections of the road to
OC grade contractors. The Lobatse-Ramatlabama road was retained as a single project
suitable for an A grade contractor: The project roads and contract packaging comprised the
following:
Table 1: Project Packaging
Section Description Length Km Contractor grade
1 Dibete-Mmamabula 25.2 O/C
Mmamabula-Palla Road 28.4 O/C
Palla Road -Mahalapye 33.8 O/C
2 Nokaneng-Gumare 36.2 O/C (Subcontract)
Gumare-Etsha 13 Jcn 43.2 B
Etsha 13 Jcn-Sepupa 39.8 O/C (Subcontract)
3 Lobatse Central-Ramatlabama 50.1 A
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