Laboratory manual for The art of electronics

146 Pages·1981·5.603 MB·English

by  Paul Horowitz, Ian C Robinson

LABORATORY MANUAL
for
THE ART OF ELECTRONICS

LABORATORY MANUAL
for
THE ART OF ELECTRONICS
Paul Horowitz
l an Robinson
Harvard University
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CAMBRi DGE UN BVERSlTY PRESS
Cambridge
London New York
New Rochelle MeBburne Sydney
--
Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP
32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA is?
296 Beaconsfield Parade, Middle Park, Melbourne 3206, Australia -
ci> Cambridge University Press 1981
First Published 1981
Reprinted 1983 (twice), 1984
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Horowitz, Paul, 1942-
Laboratorv manual tor The art of electronlcs.
1. Electronics--Laboraton manuals. 2. Electronic
circult deslgn--Laborator? manuals. I. Foblnson,
.
Ian C. 11. Horowltz, Paul, 1942- Art of
electronlcs. 111. Iltle.
TK7818.H64 621.381 81-1 4 13
ISBU 0 521 24265 7 5ard LO-ers AACR2
ISBN 0 521 28510 0 paperback
-
Introduction
'a Lab 1. DC Circuits
.
Ohm's law; A nonlinear device; The diode; Voltage divider;
Oscilloscope; AC voltage divider
L9 Lab 2. Capacitors
RC circuit; Differentiator; Integrator; Low-pass filter; High-
pass filter; Filter example I; Filter example I I; Blocking
~9 capacitor; LC filter
. Lab 3. -:D iodes
LC resonant circuit; Half -wave rectifier; Full-wave bridge
lsli rectifier; Ripple; Signal diodes; Diode clamp; Diode limiter;
-. Impedances of test instruments
Lab 4. Transistors I
Lm
Transistor junctions are diodes; Transistor current gain;
Transistor switch; Emitter follower; Input impedance and
output impedance of emitter follower; Single supply follower;
Current source; Common emitter amplifier; Emitter follower
buffer
Lab 5. Transistors I I
ilzl Dynamic diode curve tracer; Ebers-Moll equation; Grounded
emitter amplifier; Biasing with dc feedback; Current mirror;
Crossover distortion
-
mi:- , Lab 6. Transistors I I I
. Darlington; Superbeta; Bootstrap; Differential amplifier; Miller
effect
Lab 7. Op Amps I
Op-amp open-loop gain; Inverting amplifier; Non-inverting
amplifier; Follower; Current source; Current-to-voltage
converter; Summing amplifier; Push-pull buffer
.
Lab8. Op Amps ll
Op-amp limitations; Active rectifier; Improved active rectifier;
irr- Active clamp; Integrator; Differentiator
Lab 9. Op Amps l l l
- Single-supply op-amp; Comparator; Schmitt trigger; Negative
impedance converter
- . Lab 10. Oscillators
IC relaxation oscillator; Sawtooth wave oscillator; Triangle
wave oscillator; Voltage-cont rolled oscillator; Wien bridge
-
- oscillator; Twin-T notch filter
Lab 11. Power Supplies
s b Discrete 5V regulator; The 723 regulator; Three-terminal fixed
-, regulator; Three-terminal adjustable regulator; Three-terminal
regulator as current source
J3d
Lab 12. Field Effect Transistors I
FET characteristics; FET current source; Source follower;
Voltage-controlled gain amplifier; Automatic gain control
Lab 13. Field Effect Transistors I I
JFET switch; CMOS inverter; Transmission gate; Chopper
circuit; Sample and bid; Cornmutating filter
Lab 14. Combinational Logic
Logic probe and level indicators; Diode gates; Discrete TTL
NAND gate; Exclusive OR; Multiplexer; Adder and magnitude
comparator; CMOS gates
Lab 15. Sequential Logic I
JK flip flop; Debouncing; D-type flip flop; MSI counters;
Programmable divide-by-N counter; Stopwatch
Lab 16. Three-state Logic
TTL 3-state buffer; "Monobus" example of a data bus
Lab 17. Analog-Digital Conversion
Digital-analog converter; Tracking analog-digital converter
Lab 18. Sequential Logic I I
Pseudo random sequence generator; Phase locked loop
frequency multiplier
Lab 19. Microprocessors I
Introduction; Address counter and display; Data bus and
display; Memory
Lab 20. Microprocessors I I
Central processor; Address display enable; Memry enable;
Clock; Simple program
Lab 2%. Microprocessors I I I
Timing program; Input/output programming; Device decoding;
Decimal arithmetic; Exercise
Lab 22. M icroprocessoss BV
Modifications to existing circuit; Counter hardware; Period
measurement program; Decimal frequency readout; 0.99Hz
range
Lab 23. Microprocessors V
D/A conversion; Tracking A/D converter; Digital voltmeter;
XY display
Appendix A. Lab Supplies
Appendix B. Z-80 data
Appendix C. Pinout Diagrams
This laboratory manual is intended to accompany The Art of EBestao~ics,b y
Hosowitz and Hi/! (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1980). It consists of 2z.-
lab exercises (and reading assignments) that we use in our 'Laboratory Electronics"
--=-----
course at Hasvard University, each lab requiring 2-3 hours for the average student.
Our students s-pen-d two afternoons each week in the lab; thus the set of labs is well
-
suited to the typical 12-15 week college semester. The choice of subjects (and
-
reading) reflects our view of a one-semester course based ow the text, and
therefore does not cover all areas included in that volume,
The actual lab exercises utilize commonly available general-purpse lab
instrumentation and standard electronics parts, and therefore should be adaptable to
an electronics lab anywhere the text is used, The following apparatus should be
available at each experimental setup:
Dual-trace triggered scope (e,g., Tektronix 455 or 9328)
Wide-range function generator (e.g,, I EC F41)
General-purpose breadbard (e.g., AP Powerace 103t)
Digital Multimeter (Keithley 169, Fluke 8OlOA)
VOM (e,g,, Simpsow 260-6P)
Variable regulated power supply, 0-20V (@,go, Lambda Lk-902-0V)
Logic probe, BTL/CMOS (e.g,, Hewlett-Packard 545A)
Resistance substitution box
Part assortment (see Lab Supplies Appendix)
Cables and clip leads
Hand tools: Long-nosed pliers, small screwdriver, stripper
(t There is no commercial equivalent to the in-house breadboards we use;
the inexpensive AP unit is close, but lacks an internal oscillator,
uncommitted pots, pulse generators, BNC connectors, and binding posts.)
>& -
We have found that the choice of "bargain" instruments is, in the Bong run, false
economy. Furthermore, students deserve to learn electronics with high quality
Y
laboratory equipment, maintained in good operating condition.
We have included an appendix containing the pinouts of ail active devices
(transistors, BC's) used in these lab exercises. With the inclusion of an appendix of
2-80 data, this lab manual is self contained, and requires no additional data sheets
or data b k s , An appendix listing all smal! parts needed for these labs has also
been included, to assist in maintaining a complete stock of lab supplies.
Each lab is intended as one afternoon's work; students generally disassemble
their circuits at the end, freeing the breadbard for the next class group. The five
microprocessor labs, however, constitute a single large project, and are left
assembled between lab sessions. In these labs we have employed the versatiie 2-80
processor, which, with its static registers, permits simplified single-stepping, We
have confined ourselves to the 8085 compatibie instruction subset and opcodes,
however, for consistency with the text.
-3
In keeping with the spirit of The Art of Electronics, we have kept the
workbook format informal, and have avoided entirely the practice of requiring lab -
writeups in a fixed format. We've chosen a spiral binding so the book will lie flat
@>
on the table, instead of flopping around maddeningly; the large margins leave room
for valuable scribblings.
We are indebted to Tom Hayes for, his many insightful suggestions, and his ri
.
painstaking proof reading of the manuscript.
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Cambridge, Massachusetts
January, 1981 3
A Note on the Type
In keeping with the spirit of the electronic revolution, this book was prepared by -
the authors in camera-ready form, using a 2-80 computer running the Aox, Inc.,
MATE editor and the Scroll Systems, Inc., Retroscrollerm. The manuscript was FR
printed on a Diablo Systems, Inc., HyType II printer, using a Qume 'Theme Ilpt' ,
.
variable-pitch print wheel. The figures were hand drawn by the authors. ,
LAB 1. DC CIRCUITS 1-1
-
Reading: Chapter 1.1 1.11, pp 1-17.
Appendix A (don't worry if there are things
you don't understand)
Appendix C.
Problems : Problems in text.
Additional Exercises 1,2.
-1-1. -Ohm's- Law.
Figure 1.1. V vs I for a resistor.
Verify that Ohm's law is obeyed by measuring \I and B for a
few voltages. Use a variable regulated dc supply, and the
hookup in figure 1.1. Note that voltages are measured
between points in the circuit, while currents are measured
through a part of a circuit. Therefore you usually have to
break the circuit to measure a current. After you've
measured a few values of V and I for the 20k resistor, try a
IOk resistor instead.
Interesting questions: The voltmeter is not measuring the
voltage at the place you want, namely across the resistor.
Does that matter? How can you fix the circuit so the
voltmeter measures what you want? When you've done that,
what about the accuracy of the current measurement? Can
you summarize by saying what an ideal voltmeter (or
ammeter) should do to the circuit under test? What does
that say about its 'internal resistancew?