Laboratory manual for human anatomy & physiology : main version

782 Pages·2019·176.965 MB·English

by  Terry R. Martin, Cynthia Prentice-Craver

MAIN VERSION
LABORATORY MANUAL FOR
HUMAN
ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
FOURTH EDITION
TERRY R. MARTIN
Kishwaukee College
CYNTHIA PRENTICE-CRAVER
Chemeketa Community College
mar59086_fm_i-xxii.indd 1 10/17/17 8:29 PM
LABORATORY MANUAL FOR HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: MAIN VERSION, FOURTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2016, 2013, and 2010.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database
or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to,
in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LMN 21 20 19 18
ISBN 978-1-260-15908-6
MHID 1-260-15908-6
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The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education
does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
Some of the laboratory experiments included in this text may be hazardous if materials are handled
improperly or if procedures are conducted incorrectly. Safety precautions are necessary when you are
working with chemicals, glass test tubes, hot water baths, sharp instruments, and the like, or for any
procedures that generally require caution. Your school may have set regulations regarding safety procedures
that your instructor will explain to you. Should you have any problems with materials or procedures, please
ask your instructor for help.
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CONTENTS
Preface vi | To the Student xx |
Fundamentals of Human Skeletal System
Anatomy and Physiology
12 Bone Structure and Classification 109
1 Scientific Method and Measurements 1 LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 117
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 5
13 Organization of the Skeleton 121
2 Body Organization, Membranes, LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 127
and Terminology 9
14 Skull 131
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 19
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 139
3 Chemistry of Life 25
15 Vertebral Column and
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 29
Thoracic Cage 145
4 Care and Use of the Microscope 33 LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 153
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 41
16 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 157
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 163
Cells
17 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 167
5 Cell Structure and Function 45
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 173
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 51
18 Fetal Skeleton 177
6 Movements Through Membranes 55
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 181
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 61
19 Joint Structure and Movements 185
7 Cell Cycle 65
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 195
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 71
Muscular System
Tissues
20 Skeletal Muscle Structure and
8 Epithelial Tissues 75 Function 199
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 81 LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 205
9 Connective Tissues 85 21 Electromyography: BIOPAC®
Exercise 207
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 89
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 217
10 Muscle and Nervous Tissues 93
22 Muscles of the Head and Neck 221
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 97
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 227
Integumentary System
23 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder,
and Upper Limb 231
11 Integumentary System 99
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 239
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 105
iii
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24 Muscles of the Vertebral Column, 38 Ear and Equilibrium 411
Abdominal Wall, and Pelvic Floor 245 LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 417
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 251
Endocrine System
25 Muscles of the Hip and
Lower Limb 255 39 Endocrine Structure and Function 419
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 265
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 429
Surface Anatomy 40 Diabetic Physiology 433
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 437
26 Surface Anatomy 269
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 279 Cardiovascular System
Nervous System 41 Blood Cells 441
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 447
27 Nervous Tissue and Nerves 283
42 Blood Testing 451
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 291
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 457
28 Meninges, Spinal Cord, and Spinal
43 Blood Typing 459
Nerves 293
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 465
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 303
44 Heart Structure 467
29 Reflex Arc and Somatic Reflexes 307
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 477
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 313
45 Cardiac Cycle 481
30 Brain and Cranial Nerves 315
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 487
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 327
46 Electrocardiography:
31A Reaction Time: BIOPAC®
BIOPAC© Exercise 491
Exercise 331
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 497
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 337
47 Blood Vessel Structure, Arteries,
31B Electroencephalography I: BIOPAC®
and Veins 501
Exercise 343
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 513
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 349
48 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure 517
32 Dissection of the Sheep Brain 351
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 523
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 357
Lymphatic System
General and Special Senses
49 Lymphatic System 527
33 General Senses 359
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 535
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 363
34 Smell and Taste 367 Respiratory System
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 373
50 Respiratory Organs 537
35 Eye Structure 377
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 545
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 385
51 Breathing and Respiratory Volumes 549
36 Visual Tests and Demonstrations 391
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 557
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 397
52 Spirometry: BIOPAC® Exercise 559
37 Ear and Hearing 401
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 565
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 407
iv
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53 Control of Breathing 567 Supplemental Laboratory Exercises*
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 573
S-1 Skeletal Muscle Contraction S-1.1
Digestive System LABORATORY ASSESSMENT S-1.5
54 Digestive Organs 577 S-2 Nerve Impulse Stimulation S-2.1
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT S-2.5
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 589
55 Action of a Digestive Enzyme 595 S-3 Factors Affecting the Cardiac
Cycle S-3.1
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 599
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT S-3.5
56 Metabolism 601
Appendix 1 Laboratory Safety Guidelines A-1
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 607
Appendix 2 Preparation of Solutions A-3
Urinary System Appendix 3 Assessments of Laboratory
Assessments A-5
Appendix 4 Table of Correlations–Laboratory
57 Urinary Organs 611
Exercises and Ph.I.L.S. 4.0 Lab Simulations–
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 621 Followed by Ph.I.L.S. Lessons A-7
Index I-1
58 Urinalysis 625
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 631
*These exercises are available in the eBook via Connect Anatomy
& Physiology and also online for instructor distribution; see
Reproductive System Instructor Resources via Connect Library tab.
and Development
59 Male Reproductive System 633
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 639
60 Female Reproductive System 643
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 651
61 Meiosis, Fertilization, and Early
Development 655
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 663
62 Genetics 667
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT 675
v
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PREFACE
InTOUCH | Anatomy & Physiology Lab Courses
WITH
Author Terry Martin’s forty years of teaching anatomy and physiology courses, authorship of three laboratory
manuals, and active involvement in the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) drove his determina-
tion to create a laboratory manual with an innovative approach that would benefit students. Author Cynthia Prentice-Craver’s
twenty-two years of passion for and experience in teaching human anatomy and physiology, and her commitment to developing
curriculum that stimulates student curiosity and enthusiasm, steered her cultivation of this laboratory manual. The Laboratory
Manual for Human Anatomy & Physiology includes a main version, a cat version, and a fetal pig version. Each of these versions
includes sixty-three laboratory exercises, three supplemental labs found online, and six cat, or fetal pig, dissection labs in the
corresponding versions. All versions are written to work well with any anatomy and physiology text.
Martin Lab Manual Series . . .
InTOUCH Anatomy & Physiology Lab Courses
WITH
Anatomy and Physiology REVEALED®
icons are found in figure legends. LABORATORY 20
EXERCISE
These icons indicate that there is a
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function LABORATORY Name ____________________________________________
direct link to APR available in the ASSESSMENT Date ______________________________________________
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facilitates more thorough 67..TaA.h seTy nrauceertig o_isn_t _ioc_f m _au psacrleti ccuolnatrr amctuiosnc laes issbis .atslFw tahaleys esa gt_ho_ne_ is_sat_.me. FinI GthUe RspEa 2ce0s.7 p ro Lvaidbeedl .t hisA tr1ansmission electron micrograph (16,000×) of a relaxed sarcomere by placing the correct numbers
a.True _____ b.False _____ 1
understanding of lab exercises. 8.The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber (cell) is called the
Chapter Opening Image: © Brian Hainer/Getty Images saa.rcTorlueem _m__a.__ b.False _____ AH bzoanned (dark) 2
119999 IM b lainned (light) 3
Sarcomere
Z disc 4
6 5 © H.E. Huxley 205
BIOPAC® exercises use hardware and software for data
acquisition, analysis, and recording.
NEW! Exercise 56 Metabolism. This new lab will explore
metabolism, how it can be measured, and conditions that
influence it.
FIGURE 22.8 Identify the muscles of the head and neck in this lateral view of a cadaver, using the terms
provided. A1
Ph.I.L.S. 4.0 physiology lab simulations, available in
1 6 Appendix 4, make otherwise difficult and expensive
7
2 8 experiments a breeze through digital simulations.
9
43 111021 Cadaver images from Anatomy & Physiology REVEALED®
5 13 (APR) are incorporated throughout the lab. Cadaver images
help students make the connection from specimen to cadaver.
TD eaernpmgreusl:si soorris O (occf ieppitiaclr abneilulys) STetemrnpoocraleliisdomastoid Micrographs incorporated throughout the lab aid
Frontal belly Orbicularis oculi Trapezius
M (oafs seeptiecrranius)OPlrabtyicsumlaaris oris Z (ysguopmeraiotirc upsa rmt)ajor students’ visual understanding of difficult topics.
Nasalis Splenius capitis
© McGraw-Hill Education/APR Instructor’s Guide is annotated for quick and easy use
PART B: Assessments
Complete the following statements: by instructors and is available online.
1.When the _____________________ contracts, the corner of the mouth is drawn upward and laterally when laughing. A2
vi 2.The _______________________ acts to compress the wall of the cheeks when air is blown out of the mouth. A2
3.The _______________________ causes the lips to close and pucker during kissing, whistling, and speaking. A2
4.The temporalis acts to ___________________________________________________. A2
5.The _______________________ pterygoid can close the jaw and pull it sideways. A2
6.The _______________________ pterygoid can protrude the jaw, pull the jaw sideways, and open the mouth. A2
7.The ___________________ wrinkles the skin of the chin, and raises and protrudes the lower lip when drinking, pouting,
or expressing doubt. A2
8.The _______________________ can close the eye, as in blinking. A2
9.The _______________________ can pull the head toward the chest. A2
228
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FEATURES
OF THIS LABORATORY MANUAL
InTOUCH WITH Student Needs The annotated instructor’s guide for Laboratory Man-
ual for Human Anatomy and Physiology describes the
The procedures are clear, concise, and easy to follow.
purpose of the laboratory manual and its special fea-
Relevant lists and summary tables present the contents
tures, provides suggestions for presenting the labora-
efficiently. histology micrographs and cadaver photos
tory exercises to students, instructional approaches, a
are incorporated in the appropriate locations within the
suggested time schedule, and annotated figures and
associated labs.
assessments. It contains a “Student Safety Contract”
The pre-lab section includes quiz questions. It also and a “Student Informed Consent Form.”
directs the student to carefully read the introductory
Each laboratory exercise can be completed during a
material and the entire lab to become familiar with its
single laboratory session.
contents. If necessary, a textbook or lecture notes might
be needed to supplement the concepts.
InTOUCH
Terminologia Anatomica is used as the source for uni-
versal terminology in this laboratory manual. Alternative WITH Educational Needs
names are included when a term is introduced for the
first time. Learning outcomes with icons O   have match-
ing assessments with icons A so students can be sure
Laboratory assessments immediately follow each labo-
they have accomplished the laboratory exercise content.
ratory exercise.
Outcomes and assessments include all levels of learning
Histology photos are placed within the appropriate lab- skills: remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate,
oratory exercise. and create.
A section called “Study Skills for Anatomy and Physi- Assessment rubrics for entire laboratory assessments
ology” is located in the front of this laboratory man- are included in Appendix 3.
ual. This section was written by students enrolled in a
Human Anatomy and Physiology course.
InTOUCH Technology
WITH
Critical Thinking Activities and Assessments are
incorporated within most of the laboratory exercises to
enhance valuable critical thinking skills that students
need throughout their lives.
Cadaver images are incorporated with dissection labs. Detailed cadaver photographs blended together with a
state-of-the-art layering technique provide a uniquely
interactive dissection experience. Cat and fetal pig
InTOUCH Instructor Needs
WITH
versions are also available.
The instructor will find digital assets for use in creating Physiology Interactive Lab Simulations
customized lectures, visually enhanced tests and quiz- (Ph.I.L.S. 4.0) is included with the Connect
zes, and other printed support material. website for this laboratory manual. Eleven
A correlation guide for Anatomy & Physiology lab simulations are located in Appendix 4,
Revealed® (APR) and the entire lab manual is avail- including a correlation guide.
able. Contact your McGraw-Hill Learning Technology
Representative. Cadaver images from APR are included BIOPAC® exercises are included on
within many of the laboratory exercises. four different body systems. BIOPAC®
Some unique labs included are “Scientific Method and systems use hardware and software for data acquisi-
Measurements,” “Chemistry of Life,” “Fetal Skeleton,” tion, analysis, and recording of information for an
“Surface Anatomy,” “Diabetic Physiology,” “Metabo- individual.
lism,” and “Genetics.”
vii
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