Laboratory Experiments in General Chemistry

429 Pages·2014·165.211 MB·English

by  Anthony J. Pappas and Larry E. Bray

IA VIIA VIIlA
-
l.008 1.008 4.003
.
1 H H He
I HA lilA IVA VA VIA 1 2
6.941 9.012- .I 10.811 I 12.0]1 14lX)7 15.999 18.998 20.179
2 Li Be B C N 0 F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.06 35.453 39.948
p s
3 Na. Mg Al Si Cl Ar
,
I 11 12 , IlIB ]VB VB VIB VIlB I VIII I m IIB 13 14 15 16 17 18
I
39.098 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.933 58.71 63.546 65.37 69.72 72.59 · 74.922 78.96 79.904 83,80
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
I9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
85 ..4 68 87.62 88.906 I 91.22 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.4 107.87 112.4 I 114.82 I us.69 I 121.1s 127.60 126.90 13130 I
5 Rb Sr y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
- -
132.9 I 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.2 190.2 192.22 195.09 196.97 200.59 204.37 207.2 208.98 (209) , (210) (222)
w
6 CS' Ba La Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 I
(223) (226) (227) ~ (265) (268) (271) (274) (276) (278) (281) (283) I (285) (287) (289) (29'1) (292) {292) (294)
5
7 1 Fr, Ra Ac i Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
87 88 89 ~ 104 .105 106 107 108 109 110 l ll 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
;
140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.4 151.96 157 .25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
58 59 60 61 I 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
I
I
232.04 231.03 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) I (262) I
Th Pa V Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
1
i:: 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
- I
•
•
•
•
I
•
•
..
I •
•
•
'
A n t h o n y J .. ~.Pappas • L a r r y E. Bray
•
•
,
•
■
•
•
■
■
'
'
' •
-
•
•
.
Fifteenth Edition
•
• -
• •
I
•
I
•
•
•
-
•
•
•
.
, . -
•
•
•
•
•
•
••
•
I
-
•
•
•
•
-
Cover Art: Courtesy of Photo Disc/Getty Images
2014, 2012, 2008, 2005, 2004, 2002, 1997, 1991, 1988, 1984, 1979, 1978
Copyright© 2011, 2000, 1998,
by Anthony Pappas and Larry E. Bray
© 1974 by Omni
Copyright Press, Inc.
Previously published by Burgess Publishing, A Division of Burgess Internationa.l Group, Inc.
A.II rights reserved.
Permission in writing must be obtained from the publisher before any part of this work may be reproduced or·
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mec,hanical, including photocopying and recording, or
by any information storage or retrieval system.
All trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, and registered se.rvice marks are the property of their
respective owners and are used herein for identification purposes only.
501
Pearson Learning Solutions, Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116
A Pearson Education Company -
www.pearsoned.com
Printed in, the United States of America
000200010271842235
MT
•
ISBN 10: 1-.269-58993-8
ISBN 1.3: 978-1-269-58993-2
31 2020
The pedagogical approach used in the design of experiments within this laboratory
manual was to utilize an unknown-based investigative methodology in an effort
aimed at achieving the following objectives:
,
that
• to foster independent and individual thinking in a laboratory setting so each
student is afforded the opportunity to develop technical prowess and manual
dexterity-all of which are essential so that each student is able to master labo
ratory techniques thereby training them to become capable experimentalists.
• to set in motion student's ability to suitably handle the rigors of professional
pr·ograms and a.uthentic research environments.
• to instill a culture of the necessity and importance of proper planning, execution,
observation, analysis and reporting of garnered experimental data.
• to promote the internalization of chemical principals and concepts that students
need in order to proc•~1re success in the classroom, as well as, in graduate admis
si.on standardized examinations.
-
• to stimulate student's intellectual curiosity so that they may advance their
analytical reasoning and critical thinking, reading, writing and mathematical
expertise.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to past and present faculty; staff and stu
dents ofMiami.-Dade College's Kendall Campus for helping us with the preparation,
editing and proofreading of this ·laboratory manual.
•
We especially wish to thank: Diane McKinney for the sedulous care she has devoted,
throughout the years, in making sure th.at ,our laboratories are run in such a man
ner to ,afford our students with the best possible teaching and learning environment;
Barbara Zeiler for testing and proofing several experiments; Julie Steffens for proof
ing several experiments and drawing several of the figures; Sally Jacobson for typing
a number of the experiments; Carina and Sara Alfaro for testing the equilibrium
1experiment; and Marta E. Goicoechea-Pappas for typing, testing, proofing, and creat
in.g new exercises and schematics for several experiments.
Anthony J. Pappas
Larry E. Bray

Contents
General Student Safety ................... • • • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · -~
Lab Safety Precautions ................................ • • • • • • • • • • · • · · · · • • .IX
Lab Safety Skills Evaluation ....................... • • • • • • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·X;
CHM 1045L Acknowledgment of the Safety Rules ........... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · · .XI
CHM 1046L Acknowledgment of the Safety Rules ...................... • • • • ..x iii
CHM 1046L Check-in Sheet ........ .. ..... . ............... .. . · · · · ·······.xv
Experiment 1: · Physical and Chemical Properties ... ... ... . ........ • .....1
Experiment 2: The Determination of the Densities
of Liquids and Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......7
Experiment 3: Thermodynamics:
Enthalpy of Neutralization/Calorimetry . .. ...............1 7
Experiment 4: Study of Hydrates .......................... .. ........3 1
Experiment 5: Analysis of Copper in a Brass Sample ...... . ............ .43
Experiment 6: Atomic Spectra ......................................5 7
Experiment 7: The Ideal Gas Equation: The Determination of
Gas Constant, R ......................................7 3
Experiment 8: Stoichiometry of the Reaction of Magnesium
with Hydrochloric Acid ... ......................... .. ..8 1
Experiment 9: Molar Mass Determination of a Pure
Substance Using the Ideal Gas Equation .................8 9
Experiment 10: Titrations of Acids and Bases ...........................9 9
Experiment 11: Molar Mass Determination of a Pure
Substance Using the Freezing Point
Lowering Property of Solutions ........................1 07
Experiment 12: Penta-Cation Analysis by Paper Chromatography .......... 121
Experiment 13: Redox Titrations ............ ..... ...................1 33
Experiment 14: Analysis of Soda Ash .................................1 43
Experiment 15: Anion Analysis .................. .. ..................1 55
Experiment 16: Cation Analysis .. . ...................... .. ..........1 69
Experiment 17: Hexa-Cation Analysis ...... . .........................1 89
Experiment 18: Qualitative Analysis of an Unknown Salt ...... .... ......1 97
Experiment 19: Chemical Equilibrium ... . ....... ..... . . , .............2 09
Experiment 20: Determination of the Equilibrium
Constant of a Weak Acid ..............................2 21
Experiment 21: A Study of the Electrochemical Half
Reaction: Fe3+ + e- -+ Fe2+ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• 229
Experiment 22: The Synthesis of the Compound: Trans-Dichlorobis
(ethylenediamine) cobalt (III) Chloride ........ . .........2 45
Experiment 23: The Kinetics of the Aquation Reaction of the
Compound: Trans-Dichlorobis(e thyl enediamine)
cobalt (III) Chloride . ............... . ........... .... ..2 61
Experiment 24: Electrolytes, Single and Double Replacement Reactions,
and Nomenclature Lab Exercise .......................2 75
V
vi LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN GENERAL CHEMISTR'V
.. .. . . . . . . . . . 2 81
Appendix I Notebook
• • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -
Appendix II Use of Apparatus for Measurement of Mass and Volume . . • .287
Appendix III Use of Spectronic 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 93
Appendix IV Techniques for Qualitative Analysis . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 97
Laboratory· Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 05
AppendixV
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 13
Appendix.VI Tables
.,
•·
....
. - -
Appendix VII Units, Factors, and Logs . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 15
Appendix VIII Modular Study o.n Concentration of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . .3 17
· · . 323
Appendix IX Nomenclature . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ., . . . . . . .
Answers to Lab and Modular Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .3 27
AppendixX
P · t· f S 1 · t· - 341
Appendix.XI repara 10n o o u ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . • • • • • .
Appendix XII General Chemistry Study Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 49
Number 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 51
Number 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 52
Number 3 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 53
Number 4 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Number 5 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ... . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 55
Number 6 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
Number 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 357
Number 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 358
N1Jmber 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .3 59
Number 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 61
Number 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3 62
Number 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .3 67
Number 13 .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 68
Number 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 70
Number 15 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 3 71
N umh er 16 . . . . . . . . . . . _. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .3 7 3
Number 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 74
Number 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..3 76
Number 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .3 77
Number 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 78
Number 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . 3 7·9
~
Number 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 380
Number 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .3 81
•
Number 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . 383
- - • • II- • •• •
Number 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .85
Number 26 . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 87
:Number 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .3 88
Number 28 . . . ,. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ,. . .3 89
Number 29 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •-. . . . . .-3 90
Number 30 " . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .3 91
Number 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
N timber 32 ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·. .3 94
N1Jn1ber 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 95
Number ·34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .397
Appendix XIII Extra Graph Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 99
e n e r a
At any time if'you fail to follow any of the safety rules, depending on the seriousness
of the violation, one of the following courses of action. will be undertaken by your
instructor:
a. Points will be deducted from your experiment grade.
b. You may be subject to immediate expulsion from the laboratory..
c. You may be expelled from the chemistry course!
1. Familiarize yourself with the location of the following:
a. Fire exits
b. Emergency s.hower
c. Fire extinguishers (different types, how they are used)
tl~ Fire blanket (how to remove)
e. Eye wash fountain
f. 5% acetic acid (for base spills)
g. 5% sodium bicarbonate (for acid spills)
h. First aid kit
i. Waste containers (paper, glass, organic waste)
j. Pan and broom
k. Sect1rity (Room 5118) Phone 72100
2. I f any accident occurs, notify the instructor at once. 1'his holds for all glass
cuts, burns, or chemicals spilled on clothing as well as for more serious
accidents.
3. Come to lab prepared by carefully reading and understanding the
experiments.
4. SAFETY GLASSES M E REQUIRED B Y STATE LAW as long as one per
son is working in the lab. Prescription safety lens.es will be allowed in lieu
of laboratory safety glasses .. This does not include contact lenses or sun
glasses. Students are required to purchase their own glasses and bring
tne
them to lab. (Safety glasses are available in campus bookstore.)
5. Do not perform unauthorized experiments.
vu• •
viii LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY
6. Read labels on bottles carefully. Be sure you are using the right reagent.
7. DO NOT look directly into test tubes or point them at anyone.
8. DO NOT taste anything unless explicitly told to do so by your instructor.
9. Use a wafting motion to smell solutions, never inhale any solution directly.
10. Use the hoods when creating any type of fumes.
11. Whenever diluting acids or bases, pour the acid/base into water and not wa-
ter into the acid/base.
12. Long hair must be tied back.
13. It is suggested that you wear old clothing and a lab apron or jacket.
14. You must wear closed shoes, not sandals or thongs.
15. Report any broken glassware to your instructor at once. Sweep up frag
ments and place them in the proper waste container.
16. Smoking, eating, and drinking are not allowed in the laboratory.
17. Handle all chemicals very carefully. Some of the more dangerous chemicals
that you will handle in freshman chemistry lab are:
a. hydrogen gas (H
)
2
b. potassium chlorate (KC1O
)
3
c. all concentrated and dilute acids and bases
d. sodium peroxide (Na O
)
2 2
e. ammonium bifluoride (NH F H)
4 2
£ aqua regia (3 parts concentrated HCl + 1 part concentrated HN0 or
3
any mixture thereoO .
g. sodium qismuthate (NaBiO
)
3
h. sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
i. hydrogen sulfide (H S)
2
j. sodium dithionite (Na S O
)
2 2 4
k. silver nitrate (AgNO )-beauty wise
3
18. Dispose of waste in the proper manner.
a. Liquids and solid reagents-Pour liquids and solid reagents down the
sink with large amounts of water.
b. Waste solids (matches, litmus paper, etc.)--discard waste solids into the
trash can, NEVER into the sink.
c. Organic wastes-NOTHING BUT ORGANIC WASTE MUST BE
PLACED IN THE ORGANIC WASTE BOTTLE. Acids/bases placed in