Table Of ContentAstrophysics and Space Science Library 451
Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro
Rafael Escribano Editors
Laboratory
Astrophysics
Laboratory Astrophysics
Astrophysics and Space Science Library
EDITORIAL BOARD
F.BERTOLA,UniversityofPadua,Italy
C.J.CESARSKY,CommissionforAtomicEnergy,Saclay,France
P.EHRENFREUND,LeidenUniversity,TheNetherlands
O.ENGVOLD,UniversityofOslo,Norway
E.P.J.VANDENHEUVEL,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
V.M.KASPI,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada
J.M.E.KUIJPERS,UniversityofNijmegen,TheNetherlands
H.VANDERLAAN,UniversityofUtrecht,TheNetherlands
P.G.MURDIN,InstituteofAstronomy,Cambridge,UK
B.V.SOMOV,AstronomicalInstitute,MoscowStateUniversity,Russia
R.A.SUNYAEV,MaxPlanckInstituteforAstrophysics,Garching,Germany
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5664
˜
Guillermo M. Munoz Caro • Rafael Escribano
Editors
Laboratory Astrophysics
123
Editors
GuillermoM.Mun˜ozCaro RafaelEscribano
CentrodeAstrobiología Inst.deEstructuradelaMateria
INTA-CSIC IEM-CSIC
TorrejóndeArdoz Madrid,Spain
Madrid,Spain
ISSN0067-0057 ISSN2214-7985 (electronic)
AstrophysicsandSpaceScienceLibrary
ISBN978-3-319-90019-3 ISBN978-3-319-90020-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90020-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018950457
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Cover illustration: Artist’s composition of the absorption spectrum oficy dust with the Pleiades star
clusterinthebackground.Credit:ÁngelGonzálezValdenebro
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
Astrochemistry is the science devoted to the study of the chemical processes at
workinastrophysicalenvironments,includingtheinterstellarmedium,comets,and
circumstellar and circumplanetary regions, according to M. De Becker. It may
be distinguished from astrophysics, which focuses on the study, formation, and
evolution of astronomical objects based on physical principles, but clearly both
disciplines go hand in hand. Astrochemistry has evolved tremendously in the last
fifty years, coinciding with the detection of the first molecules in the interstellar
medium.Thescienceofastrochemistryhasprecededastrobiologyandoccasionally
dealswithrelatedtopics,in particularthe reactionsleadingto prebioticmolecules
inspaceandtheirdeliverytohabitableplanetslikeourprimitiveEarth.Laboratory
astrophysicsisnowadaysawell-establishedmultidisciplinaryfield.Thetruescope
of these studies lies between physics and chemistry, since the gas, ice, and dust
physicalpropertiesareexplored,inadditiontochemicalreactionsoccurringinthe
gasphase,inthebaredustsurface,orintheicebulkanditssurface.Sincethe1970s,
there is a growing worldwide community dedicated to this area of research that
publishesregularlyinastrophysicaljournalsandisrepresentedinthemainsymposia
dedicatedtoastrochemistryingeneral.Ourdeepgratitudegoestoallofthem,who
haveoftensacrificedtheirsparetimetocontributetothisbook.
The aim of this book is to introduce laboratory astrophysics to PhD students
working in this field. It can also be used as a manual for observers and modelers
who are searching for information on ice and dust processes. The ultimate goal
of the experimental astrophysicist is that the knowledge gained in the laboratory
simulationsisusedtointerprettheobservations,orincorporatedincomputermodels
of astrophysical environments. The first two chapters are an introduction to dust
grains,sometimescoveredbyicemantles,intheinterstellarmediumandthesolar
system,respectively.Althoughicymoonsandthetransneptunianobjectsknownto
contain ice in the solar system were not discussed, the astronomers dedicated to
theirstudymayalsousethisvolumeforconsultation.Chapter3isanintroduction
tospectroscopyandastronomicalobservations,sincemostofourknowledgeonice
and dust in space is based on spectroscopic observations. Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7
are dedicated to the ice properties: density, optical constants, quantum-chemical
v
vi Preface
description, and Monte Carlo simulations of porosity and accretion. Chapters 8,
9 and 10 are devoted to the ice processes: temperature programmed desorption,
photon-induceddesorption,andthermalreactivity.Chapter11dealswithcarbona-
ceous dust. Since the early years of astrophysics, the absorption and scattering of
radiationbydustparticleshasbeentakenintoconsiderationdueto itsundesirable
effects on optical images. But the perspective of astronomers dedicated to study
the interstellar medium is radically different, since the polarization and scattering
propertiesofthemediumtracetheparticleshapeandtheiralignmentwithmagnetic
fields, among other dust grain parameters, as it will be discussed in Chap. 12.
Most of the observations of molecules in space target species in the gas phase
with the use of radiotelescopes.Chapter 13 is dedicatedto laboratorysimulations
of ion processes, of interest for observations in the gas phase. There is, however,
compelling evidence for the important role played by dust in the physics and
chemistry of various astrophysical environments. As an example, many of the
observedmolecularabundancescannotbeexplainedsolelybyreactionsinthegas
phase.Chapter14presentstherecentastrophysicalmodelswhich,inadditiontothe
gas-phaseprocesses,alsoincludethedustgrains.
January2018 GuillermoM.MuñozCaro
RafaelEscribano
Synopsis
Laboratory astrophysics is nowadays a well-established multidisciplinary field.
Focused on astrophysical environments, which include asteroids, comets, the
interstellar medium, and circumstellar and circumplanetary regions, its scope lies
between physics and chemistry, since it explores physical properties of the gas,
ice, and dust present in those systems, as well as chemical reactions occurring in
the gas phase, in the bare dust surface, or in the ice bulk and its surface. There is
a growing worldwide communitydedicated to this area of research that publishes
regularlyinastrophysicaljournalsandisrepresentedinthemainsymposiadedicated
toastrophysicsandastrochemistryingeneral.
Theultimategoaloftheexperimentalastrophysicististhattheknowledgegained
in laboratory simulations is used to interpret the observations, or incorporated
in computer models of astrophysical environments. This volume is designed to
provide adequate material to help in such task. The aim of this book is thus to
introduce and describe the use of spectroscopic tools for laboratory astrophysics
and, in addition, the techniquesand theoretical methodsthat serve to characterize
thephysicalpropertiesofice:density,opticalconstants,morphology,andporosity.
ThebookisaddressedmainlytoPhDgraduatesworkinginthisfield.Itcanalsobe
usedasamanualforobserversandmodelerswhoaresearchingforinformationon
iceanddustprocesses.
vii
Acknowledgements
The Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO) financially supportedthe “Cosmic
Dust”network,whichallowedfruitfulinteractionsamongmanyofthecontributors
tothisbook.Ourgratitudegoestoallofthem.
ix
Contents
PartI Introduction
1 DustandIceintheInterstellarMedium................................. 3
GuillermoM.MuñozCaro
2 IcyGrainsinthe SolarSystem:CometaryandAsteroidal
Environments ............................................................... 15
FernandoMoreno
3 IntroductiontoSpectroscopyandAstronomicalObservations ....... 27
RafaelEscribanoandGuillermoM.MuñozCaro
PartII IceProperties
4 DensityofIcesofAstrophysicalInterest................................. 51
Miguel Ángel Satorre, Ramón Luna, Carlos Millán,
ManuelDomingo,andCarminaSantonja
5 InfraredOpticalConstantsandBandStrengthsofIces ............... 71
BelénMaté
6 QuantumChemicalDescriptionofSolids:DFTApproach............ 87
OscarGálvez
7 MonteCarloSimulationsoftheFormationandMorphology
ofInterstellarIces .......................................................... 95
StéphanieCazaux,JeanBaptisteBossa,RafaelMartin-Doménech,
Guillermo M. Muñoz Caro, Yu-Jung Chen, Harold Linnartz,
andAlexanderTielens
PartIII IceProcesses
8 InfraredSpectroscopyandProgrammedThermalDesorption
ofIceMixtures.............................................................. 113
RafaelMartín-DoménechandGuillermoM.MuñozCaro
xi
