Table Of ContentjyuBOR u w omm
OF
THE MOWER ACT
By
Walter LV^ftackledge
A dissertation submitted, in partial fulfillmnt of the r®~
quirts&ents for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in the Department of Commerce of the
Graduate College of the State
University of Iona
June 8, 2&X1
ProQuest Number: 10907218
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The writer desires to express his
gratitude and appreciation to Professor
Walter L. Daykin for his supervision and
valuable suggestions in the preparation
of this dissertation*
TABLE OF CORTENTS
Section Pag©
Chapter I
Introduction 1
Chapter II
A Summary of Early Legal History of Labor
1* Early Labor-*'--Handicraft System...... 11
2* Early English Labor Legislation to 1352, ...... 13
3# Comraon-Law Rules Applied to Labor and Legislation to
19ii8 in England ...... 15
1** Common-Law Rales and Early Laoor Legislation to 1890
in the United States**... .................. 22
5* Modern Federal Labor Legislation to 191*8 in the united
States* * *■•*•••*•••*.•«.••«*... ................. 21*
Chapter III
Findings and Declaration of Policy
1 General
1* The Act.,........ 31
2 * Constitutionality. ......... 33
3* Power of Congress .................... 35
lu Construction,,, ............ 35
A* With Anti-Trust Laws ....... 37
B« With Other Laws ....... 38
5* Purpose.. .... 39
o
6* State Legislation............................... 88
7* Law Governing.*.... 1*6
8* Interstate Commerce-— Practices as Affecting, 1*7
A* Test of Jurisdiction. ...... 89
B* Intrastate Activities Affecting Interstate
Commerce ..... 50
9* Policy*...................................... 52
II What Constitutes Interstate Commerce
Hi
Section Page
10* Elements Generally* ......*............... ...... 53
11* Nature and Size of Business.................. ....... Sh
12* Percentage or Volume of Interstate Transactions...*... 55
33* Degree of Interference...... 56
lii* Title of Goods. ... *.......................... 57
15* Origin of Materials................................. 57
16+ Manufacturers Generally......... ......... . 5$
17* Burden of Proof ........................ 59
Chapter IV
Definitions
1* The Act....... 60
2+ Labor Unions ... 63
3 • Boycott* .... 6U
i|. Primary Boycott* ... 6h
5* Secondary Boycott ...... 61i
6. Backward Boycott .....<.,.*»* +..... ............ 65
7• Forward Boycott* ..... 65
8 • Lateral Boycott ........ 65
9 • Check-off* ...... 65
10* Collective Labor Agreement 66
11* Company Union..... *...... 67
12. Craft Union........... 67
13* Multiple Craft Union. .............. 67
lU* Trade Union. ..... 67
15 * Semi-Industrial Union* ......... 67
16* The Industrial Union.*. ...... 67
17 • Employee * *........................ 68
13 • Employer* • • ...... • 68
19 • Labor Dispute *......................... 69
20* Lockout*........ *.... 70
21* Peaceful Persuasion .... 70
22. Picket............ 71
23* Seniority...................... 71
2lu Strike....... 72
25* Sympathetic Strike ...... 72
26* Walkout ... 73
27* Yellow Dog Contract. .... 73
iv
Section Page
Chapter V
Jurisdiction and Powers of the Board
X General
1. The Act......... *............................ 75
2* CoiTimon-law ................................. 76
3* Constitutionality..........* ...... 76
iu Construction....,...... 76
5# Purpose* ........ 77
6. Scope and Nature of Proceeding. ... 76
II Jurisdiction and Powers of the Board
7* Generally ..... 76
6* Exclusive Jurisdiction.,........ 01
9• Interstate Commerce.................................. 61*
10* State Courts, Jurisdiction................. 81*
11* State Boards., Jurisdiction........................... 65
12« When Jurisdiction Attaches* ... 66
13* Power to infer Jurisdiction....... .... 66
lit* Agreements Affecting Jurisdiction*. ........ 87
15* Agents and Examiners, Authority Over... ..... 87
16* Facts Controlling at Time of Dispute..* ..... 87
17* Strikes, Effect of ........ 88
18 • Dissension within the Unions ...... * 88
19 * Invalidation of Contracts............................ 89
20. Facts, Duty to Find****...... *...... *......... 89
21* Determination of Efficiency of Employee........ 90
22. Complaint, Issurance of*. * * 90
23* Suits Against and by the Board*... . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1
2 h* Venue** ........... 91
25* Service of Process ........... .............. * 91
26* Further Proceedings After Reversal of Order* 92
2?• Time Allowed for the Board* a Decisions............... 92
28* Proceedings Abandonment or Dismissal*...... 92
29* Penalties, Imposition of...... 93
30* Third Party Claims .............. 93
31* Objections to Jurisdiction* ... *......... 9h
32* Prohibition, Writ of................................. 9b
III Investigatory Powers of the Board
33# The Act...................................... 9h
v
Section Page
3it« Construction* ........... ...... 97
35* Investigation by the Hoard. .... ,.... 98
36* Subpoenas ..... 98
37 * Evidence* ... *.... 100
36 • Process* ...... 100
Chapter VI
Procedure Before the Board
I Procedure
1* The Act..................................... 103
2* Generally* .... 107
3* Charges— Necessity for* ... 108
it* Complaint........................... 109
5* Amendments ........ 113
6* Answer* ....... 111).
7* Withdrawal and Discontinuance......... Ill*
8* Defenses* *... *...... 115
9* Issues* .... 116
10* Parties......................................... 117
11* Trial Examiner* ... 119
12* Notice and Hearing— Parties Entitled..***.**..... 120
13* A d e q u a c y . ......... 121
Hi* Place of Hearing* *... 125
15* Conduct of Hearing*................................ 126
16* Bias or Prejudice of Examiner**.*.,**....**...*.... 129
17* Scope of Hearing, ....... 131
18* Rehearing .... 131
19. Reporting Proceedings ... *..... 132
20. Evidence— Rules of— Generally................ 133
A. Credibility of Witnesses .... 13k
B* Appraisal or Evaluation of., 136
C* Conflict of...*................ 137
D. Introduction of Additional.......... 137
21* Findings of the Board— Generally................... 138
A, Evidence Required to Support .... 139
B, Question of Law and Fact ...... lliO
22* Jury Trial............. H|0
23* Presumptions........ ll|0
2ii* Burden of Proof,................................... liil
25* Intervention............ ...... lli2
26* Continuance*.................... ...... Ili3
27* Recommendations of Examiners *......... * lli3
vi
Section Page
28• Secrecy of the Board Deliberations# .,...*....... Ibh
29# Decision of the Board— Nature of#*.# ........... iMi
30* Time of Rendering...............................* 11*5
31. Dismissal of Proceedings .... *..... Iii5
32* Laches*..*.* ..... *...... 1U5
33* Res Judicata. ...... 1U6
II Enforcement and Review of Orders
3li# Purpose of Review* ..... Ih7
35* Nature of Proceedings...... Ih7
36* Duty of the Court to Enforce........................ 11$
37 * Persons Entitled to Enforce the Orders .... 12*8
38« Persons Aggrieved. ..... 11*9
39* Orders Reviewable.*... .... Uj9
A* Finality of O r d e r . 150
B. Form of Order# .... 150
C« Orders Enforceable. ........ 150
1*0, Requisites for Enforcement— Notice and Violation of
Order. ....... 151
JUl. Facts Required to be Shown. ..... 151
ii2# Unlawful Conduct as a Ear to Enforcement............ 152
1*3# Settlements* ............ 152
lilt. Persons Bound by the Order— Generally.............. * 153
1*5. Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts— Generally....... 153
A. Circuit Court of Appeal 1Bh
B* Supreme Court.... ... 156
C. Jurisdiction of the State C o u r t s 156
1|6. Petition— Time*....**......... ...... 157
If?. Withdrawal.......................................... 157
1$. Scope of Review— Generally................ *.... 157
A# Weight or Sufficiency of Evidence...........#.. 158
B. Questions of Findings of Fact**........... 160
C» Questions of Findings of Law* ..... 162
D. Credibility of Witnesses.*...*.*............ 163
E. Representation and Collective Bargaining
Matters. ..... 163
F. Interpretation of Statutes and Rules ..... 161*
G# Questions or Objections Not Raised Below* 165
ii9* Evidence— Rules Prevailing..*..*.................. 165
A* Sufficiency of Evidence— Generally. .... 166
B* Hearsay* .... 166
C* Taking of Additional Evidence.**....*••***••..• 16?
50* Remand to the Board*. .......*.... 167
51# Contempt Proceedings— Generally. ....... 168
vii
Section Page
52 • Jurisdiction of ••••District Court..........*♦ 168
A* Circuit Court*.#.♦.......................... 169
B. State Courts*...*.*... ««••***•**..... *...,.* 170
53# Exhausting Administrative Remedies*«. . *..... * 170
51* * Adequacy of Statutory Remedy*... ....... 171
55* Grounds for Relief*••••••«........................ 171
56* Threatened Irreparable Injury....................... 173
Chapter VII
Right of Employees as to Organisation* Collective Bargaining, Etc#
1* The Act* ..... 17k
2* Constitutionality .... l?li
3, Purpose .... 175
h• Organisation and Bargaining 176
5« Freedom of Choice ......... 177
6* Independent or Company Union .... 178
7* Individual Negotiation.............................. 179
.
8 Persons Protected— Supervisory E m p l o y e e s 180
9* Striking................................ 180
10. Picketing or Boycotting... ..... lSl
11. Solicitation of Members............................. 182
12* Closed Shop*........................................ 183
13* Unlawful Activities*................................ 183
lit* Bargaining Agreements— Generally....**.... 181;
15 # Terms and Conditions of Employment.................. iGi*
16* Surrender or Restriction of Rights.......... 185
17. Check-off of Union Dues*......**.... 185
Chapter VIII
Collective Bargaining
1. The Act**.*......................................••• 188
2• Constitutionality................................... 189
3* Purpose ... 190
it* Unit Appropriate for Bargaining. ... 192
5* Bargaining Agent— Jurisdiction to Determine*........ 198
A. Selection or Determination of* ..... 199
B* Power and Duties ........ 202
viii
Section Page
6. Hearing.• .............. ...................... 203
7* Notice to Employer... 203
6, Certification by the Board......................... 201
A* H e a r i n g . 206
B. Conclusiveness. ............................ 206
9* Qualification of the onion--Generally ... 207
A# Membership of the Employees................... 209
B. Striking Members...... 212
10. Interference by the Employer....................... 213
11* Company union............ *........ ........... 217
12# Continuance of Authority........................... 217
A. Changes in Union Stricture.................... 219
B, Successor Unions............. 220
13. Objections to Union by Employees ... 221
lit. Petitions for Determination of S t a t u s 222
15. Elections................... .... 222
A. Polls Conducted by Employer 225
B. Employees Entitled to Yot©...#,,....... 225
C. Place on the Ballot, Right to..... 228
D. Notice..,......... 228
E. Majority Rule. .... 228
F. Run-off. ..... 229
G. Injunction in Connection with................. 230
16. Contracts in Writing. ...... 231
17* Authorized Unit As Exclusive Bargaining Agency 232
18* Revocation of Authorisation,................ 237
19* Interferences by Minorities after Election......... 237
20. Spokesmen for Bargaining Agency.......... 238
21. Closed Shop A g r e e m e n t s . 239
22. Open Shop— Employer*s Eight to Operate•............ 210
23 • Rights of the Smployer* ..... 210
2l. Adjustments with Individual Employees.,,,,,,.. 2ll
25* Merger of Corporations,....... 2lX
26. Grievances— Presentation of........................ 2ll
27# Strikes, Calling of ..... 213
28 • onion Dues ...... 213
29* Process— Subpoena Duce Tecum 213
30* Parties ............ *. 211
31* Union as Subject to,............................... 215
32* Injunction, ...... 215
33* Motion to Reopen Proceeding.,.,.................... 216
ix
