Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics Sixth Edition: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs

3078 Pages·2010·22.39 MB·English

by  Lindsay M Grayson

KUCERS’
THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS
SIXth Edition
Volume 1
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
M LINDSAY GR AYSON
SECTION EDITORS:
Suzanne M Crowe
m lindsay grayson
James S M Carthy
C
John Mills
Johan W Mouton
S Ragnar Norrby
David L Paterson
Michael A Pfaller
KUCERS’
THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS
A CLINICAL REVIEW OF ANTIBACTERIAL,
ANTIFUNGAL, ANTIPARASITIC AND
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

KUCERS’ THE USE OF
ANTIBIOTICS
A CLINICAL REVIEW OF ANTIBACTERIAL,
ANTIFUNGAL, ANTIPARASITIC AND
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
VOLUME 1
6TH EDITION
M Lindsay Grayson MB BS MD MSC FRACP FRCP FAFPHM
Professor of Medicine and Director, Infectious Disease and Microbiology Departments, Austin Health
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Suzanne M Crowe MBBS FRACP MD
Head, Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health
Consultant Physician in Infectious Diseases and General Medicine, The Alfred Hospital
Professor of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
James S McCarthy MD FRACP
Queensland Institute for Medical Research, University of Queensland
Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital
Brisbane, Australia
John Mills MD FACP FRACP
Professor of Medicine, Microbiology & Epidemiology, Monash University and Consultant Physician in
Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Johan W Mouton MD PhD
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen;
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, The Netherlands
S Ragnar Norrby MD PhD FRCP
Professor Emeritus, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
David L Paterson MBBS PhD FRACP FRCPA
Professor of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research,
Consultant Physician, Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital,
Consultant Clinical Microbiologist, Pathology, Queensland,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Michael A Pfaller MD
Professor Emeritus, Departments of Pathology and Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine
and College of Public Health, Iowa, USA
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Contents
Contributors ix Cefotaxime 319
Foreword xix Ceftriaxone 351
Obituary xxi Ceftizoxime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefpodoxime,
Preface xxiii Ceftibuten, Cefsulodin, and Cefpiramide 390
Abbreviations xxv Cefixime 398
Ceftazidime 405
Volume I Cefpirome 422
Cefepime 427
Section I - ANTIBIOTICS Ceftaroline 442
Ceftobiprole 448
Part - 1 Penicillins and Related Drugs Aztreonam 458
Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) 5 Part - 3 Carbapenems
Phenoxypenicillins 59
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Other Ampicillin-Like Imipenem 471
Penicillins 65 Meropenem 500
Methicillin 93 Doripenem 514
Isoxazolyl Penicillins: Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin Ertapenem 526
and Flucloxacillin 100 Biapenem 542
Nafcillin 115 Faropenem 547
Carbenicillin, Carindacillin, Carfecillin and Panipenem 553
Ticarcillin 123 Ritipenem 558
Mezlocillin, Azlocillin, Apalcillin and Piperacillin 135 Sulopenem 562
Mecillinam (Amdinocillin) and Pivmecillinam 152
Temocillin 160 Part - 4 Glycopeptides and Lipopeptides
Vancomycin 569
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors and Combinations
Teicoplanin 601
Daptomycin 621
Clavulanic Acid 167
Oritavancin 638
Sulbactam 175
Dalbavancin 645
Tazobactam and Brobactam 180
Telavancin 654
Amoxicillin–Clavulanic Acid (Co-Amoxiclav) 187
Ramoplanin 661
Ampicillin–Sulbactam 204
Ticarcillin–Clavulanic Acid 221
Part - 5 Aminoglycosides
Piperacillin–Tazobactam 238
Kanamycin 667
Part - 2 Cephalosporins and Related Drugs Gentamicin 674
Tobramycin 699
Cephalothin and Cefazolin 257 Amikacin 712
Cephalexin 268 Sisomicin and Netilmicin 727
Cephadroxil, Cephaloridine, Cephacetrile, Cephapirin, Isepamicin 736
Cephradine, and Other Rarely Used First-Generation Neomycin 742
Cephalosporins 275
Cefaclor, Cefprozil, and Loracarbef 280 Part - 6 Macrolides and Ketolides
Cefuroxime 286
Cefotiam, Cefuzonam, Cefamandole, Cefonicid and Erythromycin 751
Ceforanide 295 Roxithromycin 770
Cefoxitin, Cefotetan and Other Cephamycins Clarithromycin 779
(Cefmetazole and Flomoxef) 301 Azithromycin 801
Cefoperazone and Cefoperazone–Sulbactam 311 Josamycin and Rosaramicin 819
vi Contents
Telithromycin 825 Gemifloxacin 1466
Cethromycin 834 Sitafloxacin 1475
Enoxacin 1482
Part - 7 Tetracyclines and Related Drugs Pefloxacin 1490
Sparfloxacin 1501
Lomefloxacin 1509
Tetracycline 843
Rufloxacin 1517
Doxycycline 851
Tosufloxacin 1521
Minocycline 870
Fleroxacin 1526
Tigecycline 881
Newer, Discontinued Fluoroquinolones: Temafloxacin,
Trovafloxacin, Grepafloxacin, and Clinafloxacin 1538
Part - 8 Other Antibiotics
Part - 12 Anti-Tuberculous Drugs
Linezolid 895
Quinupristin–Dalfopristin 920
Pristinamycin 930 Isoniazid 1549
Fosfomycin 935 Ethambutol 1570
Fusidic Acid (Fusidate Sodium) 945 Pyrazinamide 1581
Polymyxins 955 Rifampicin (Rifampin) 1587
Novobiocin 971 Rifabutin 1627
Bacitracin and Gramicidin 975 Rifaximin 1637
Mupirocin 980 Rifapentine 1645
Lincomycin and Clindamycin 987 Streptomycin 1650
Chloramphenicol and Thiamphenicol 1008 Para-Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) 1662
Spectinomycin 1030 Ethionamide and Prothionamide 1666
Thiacetazone 1672
Capreomycin 1677
Part - 9 Anti-Folate Agents and Other
Cycloserine 1681
Synthetic Antibacterials
Viomycin 1687
Sulfonamides 1037
Trimethoprim, Co-Trimoxazole (Co-T) and Related Volume 2
Agents 1076
Pyrimethamine 1150 Section II - ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS
Dapsone 1164
Trimetrexate 1182 Part - 1 Polyenes
Iclaprim 1187
Nitrofurans: Nitrofurazone, Furazolidone and Amphotericin B (AMP): Deoxycholate and Lipid
Nitrofurantoin 1195 Formulations 1693
Methenamine Mandelate and Methenamine Nystatin 1728
Hippurate 1205 Natamycin (Pimaricin) 1733
Part - 10 Nitroimidazoles
Part - 2 Echinocandins, Allylamines and
Benzylamine Derivatives
Metronidazole 1211
Tinidazole 1238
Echinocandins – Caspofungin, Anidulafungin and
Micafungin 1739
Part - 11 Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones
Terbinafine 1763
Butenafine 1772
Nalidixic Acid and Other Older Quinolones 1249
Naftifine 1776
Ciprofloxacin 1265
Norfloxacin 1347
Ofloxacin 1362 Part - 3 Systemic Azoles
Levofloxacin 1396
Moxifloxacin 1412 Ketoconazole 1781
Gatifloxacin 1429 Fluconazole 1806
Garenoxacin 1452 Itraconazole 1824
Contents vii
Miconazole 1844 Mefloquine 2024
Voriconazole 1852 Halofantrine 2036
Posaconazole 1862 Lumefantrine 2042
Ravuconazole 1871 Primaquine 2049
Albaconazole 1877 Piperaquine 2059
Isavuconazole 1882 Tafenoquine 2068
Atovaquone 2073
Proguanil and Chloroproguanil 2082
Part - 4 Topical Azoles
Artemisinins 2090
Bifonazole 1889
Butoconazole 1893 Part - 2 Agents Active Against Intestinal and
Clotrimazole 1896 Intra-Abdominal Protozoa
Croconazole 1903
Eberconazole 1905 Iodoquinol and Quinacrine 2107
Econazole 1907 Fumagillin 2110
Enilconazole 1911 Furazolidone (Furazolidine) 2114
Fenticonazole 1912 Diloxanide Furoate 2121
Flutrimazole 1915 Spiramycin 2125
Isoconazole 1917 Nitazoxanide 2132
Lanoconazole 1919 Paromomycin 2140
Neticonazole 1921
Oxiconazole 1923 Part - 3 Agents Active Against American
Sertaconazole 1926
Trypanosomiasis
Sulconazole 1930
Terconazole 1933
Benznidazole 2151
Tioconazole 1936
Nifurtimox 2155
KP-103 1939
Part - 4 Agents Active Against African
Part - 5 Topical Agents - Thiocarbamates, Trypanosomiasis
Hydroxypridones and Morpholine
Suramin 2167
Tolnaftate 1943 Melarsoprol 2177
Amorolfine 1945 Eflornithine 2189
Ciclopirox 1949
Rilopirox 1953
Part - 5 Agents Active Against Leishmania
and Other Pathogens
Part - 6 Other Antifungal Agents and New
Agents in Development Pentamidine 2203
Antimonial Agents 2208
Flucytosine (5-Fluorocytosine; 5-FC) 1957 Miltefosine 2214
Griseofulvin 1964
Haloprogin 1970 Part - 6 Agents Active Against Helminths
New Agents in Development – Nikkomycin Z, CAY-1,
Sodarins,Butenolides,Enfungumab,InositolPhosphocer- Albendazole 2227
amide Synthase Inhibitors 1972 Mebendazole 2240
Thiabendazole 2246
Triclabendazole 2250
Section III Anti - Parasitic Drugs
Ivermectin 2254
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) 2263
Part - 1 Anti-Malarial Agents Pyrantel Pamoate 2272
Praziquantel 2276
Chloroquine 1989 Oxamniquine 2285
Amodiaquine 2003 Metrifonate 2289
Quinine and Quinidine 2011 Niclosamide 2293
viii Contents
Part - 7 Agents Active Against Ectoparasites Delavirdine 2702
Etravirine 2711
Permethrin 2299 Rilpivirine 2723
Piperonyl Butoxide 2306
Lindane 2310 Inhibitors of HIV Protease
Malathion 2318
Crotamiton 2325 Saquinavir 2731
Ritonavir 2759
Section IV ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS Indinavir 2776
Nelfinavir 2788
Part - 1 Agents Active Against Herpesviruses Lopinavir 2797
Amprenavir and Fosamprenavir 2809
Aciclovir 2333 Darunavir 2824
Valaciclovir 2361 Atazanavir 2830
Famciclovir and Penciclovir 2370 Tipranavir 2842
Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir 2378
Cidofovir 2403 Other Anti-HIV Agents
Vidarabine 2429
Foscarnet 2433 Enfuvirtide 2861
Maribavir 2456 Maraviroc 2869
Trifluridine (Trifluorothymidine) 2461 Raltegravir and Other HIV Integrase Inhibitors 2877
Idoxuridine 2465
Fomivirsen 2470 Part - 3 Agents Active Against Hepatitis
Viruses
Part - 2 Agents Active Against the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Entecavir 2891
Adefovir Dipivoxil 2899
Inhibitors of Reserve Transcriptase
Telbivudine 2908
Torcitabine and Valtorcitabine 2915
Zidovudine 2479
Clevudine 2918
Didanosine 2512
Ribavirin and Viramidine 2923
Zalcitabine 2533
Pegylated Interferon Alfa 2959
Lamivudine 2545
Protease and Polymerase Inhibitors for the Treatment of
Stavudine (d4T) 2563
Hepatitis C Virus Infection 2976
Abacavir 2575
Emtricitabine 2595
Part - 4 Agents Active Against Respiratory
Tenofovir 2613
Viruses
Amdoxovir 2627
Apricitabine 2636
Amantadine and Rimantadine 2993
Zanamivir and Polymeric Zanamivir Conjugates 3013
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Oseltamivir 3029
(NNRTIs)
Peramivir 3043
Nevirapine 2645 Index 3051
Efavirenz 2675
Contributors
RahulAnandMBBSMD MarkA Boyd BABMBSMDFRACPMHIDDCTM&H
Division ofInfectious Diseases,ThomasJefferson University TherapeuticandVaccine ResearchProgram
Philadelphia, PA, USA NationalCentre inHIVEpidemiology andClinical Research
University ofNew SouthWales
DavidAndes MD Darlinghurst, NSW,Australia
Departmentof Medicine andMedical Microbiologyand
Immunology, Sectionof InfectiousDiseases SumuduBritton MBBSBSc
University of Wisconsin MaterAdult Hospital
Madison, WI,USA Queensland,Australia
Graciela Andrei PhD KirstyBuisingMBBSMDMPHFRACP
Laboratory ofVirology andChemotherapy
StVincent Hospital,Melbourne andVictorian Infectious
Departmentof MicrobiologyandImmunology
DiseasesService, Royal MelbourneHospital, Parkville
RegaInstitute forMedical Research
Victoria, Australia
Leuven, Belgium
PaulU Cameron MBBSPhDFRACPFRCPA
Fred YAoki MD
InfectiousDiseases Unit,Alfred Hospital;
Departmentsof Medical Microbiology, andPharmacology and
DepartmentofMedicine, MonashUniversity,
Therapeutics, University of Manitoba
Melbourne, Australia
Winnipeg,Canada
DeonV CanyonPScFPhDMPH
Jennifer AudsleyBAppSciPhD
AntonBreinlCentre forPublic HealthandTropical Medicine
InfectiousDiseases Unit, TheAlfredHospital andtheBurnet
JamesCookUniversity
Institute,
Townsville,Australia
Melbourne, Australia
HisashiBaba MDPhD Christina CChang MBBSFRACP
InfectiousDisease Unit,Alfred Hospital,andtheBurnet
Departmentof InfectiousDiseases
Institute,Melbourne, Australia
NagoyaUniversity Hospital
Nagoya, Japan
PatrickGPCharles MBBSPhDFRACP
InfectiousDiseases Department, AustinHealth
Bridget EBarber MBBSDTM&H
Heidelberg,Victoria, Australia
Victorian InfectiousDiseases Service, Royal MelbourneHospital
Victoria, Australia
SharonCAChenPhDMBBSFRACPFRCPA
Brenda LBartlettMD CentreforInfectious DiseasesandMicrobiology andthe
Center forClinical Studies University ofSydney, Westmead Hospital
Houston, Texas,USA Westmead,NSW,Australia
Paul BBartley BMedScMBBSFRACPFRCPAPhD AllenC Cheng MBBSFRACPMPHPhD
GriffithUniversity Schoolof Medicine;University ofQueensland InfectiousDiseases Unit,Alfred Hospital
School ofMedicine; DepartmentofEpidemiology andPreventive Medicine,
WesleyPrivate Hospital MonashUniveristy
Auchenflower, Queensland, Australia Melbourne, Australia
MilesH Beaman MBBSFRACPFRCPAFACTM CatherineLCherryMBBSPhDFRACPGradDip(ClinEpi)
University of NotreDame, WesternDiagnosticPathology InfectiousDisease Unit,Alfred Hospital,andTheBurnet
Myaree, WesternAustralia, Australia Institute,Melbourne, Australia
FrancescoBlasiMD RuthChinMBBSPhD
Institute ofRespiratory Diseases,University ofMilan, IRCCS DepartmentofMedicine, AustinHealth
OspedaleMaggioreMilano TheUniversity ofMelbourne
Milan, Italy Heidelberg,Victoria, Australia