Table Of ContentIn the seventeenth century the Welsh alchemist Thomas Vaughan, and his wife and alchemical
partner Rebecca, died under mysterious circumstances. What they were doing and how it might have
led to their deaths has remained a secret ... even though the true nature of their experiments is
described in code in Vaughan's published works.
Readers will find that the many disparate threads of an authentic spiritual tradition are woven
together here in a startling tapestry that reveals—without pretense or euphemism—the psycho-sexual
technique that is at the root of both Tantra and Alchemy: that is to say, of both Asian and European
forms of esoteric praxis.
Using the works of Vaughan as his text, Levenda applies the “twilight language” of Tantra to the
surreal prose of the alchemist and in the process lays bare the lineaments of the arcane tradition that
gave rise to the legend of Christian Rosenkreutz, the reputed founder of Rosicrucianism who learned
his art in the East; and to the nineteenth and twentieth century occult movements lead by such
luminaries as P.B. Randolph, Theodore Reuss, Helena Blavatsky, and Aleister Crowley who also
sought (and discovered) this technology in the religions and cultures of Asia.
Published in 2015 by Ibis Press
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Copyright © 2015 by Peter Levenda
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ISBN 978-0-89254-213-0
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DEDICATION
CONTENTS
Introduction
SECTION ONE: NIGREDO
ONE: An Outline of the Problem
TWO: The Chemical Marriage of Thomas and Rebecca Vaughan
THREE: The Alchemical Language
SECTION TWO: ALBEDO
FOUR: The Hermetic Contribution
FIVE: The Chinese Contribution
SIX: The Tantric Contribution
SECTION THREE: RUBEDO
SEVEN: The Anthroposophia Theomagica
EIGHT: The Anima Magica Abscondita
NINE: The Magia Adamica
CONCLUSION:
Lumen de Lumine
Glossary
Acknowledgments
A Note on Sources
Bibliography
Index
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Emerald Tablet by Heinrich Khunrath
Photo Insert
Solutio Perfecta
Chinese Alchemist
A Map of the Alchemical Process
Scholae Magicae Typus
Nei Jing Tu (Chart of the Inner Warp)
Creation of the Inner Embryo
Release of the Inner Embryo
Indian Chakras and the Human Body
Adam Kadmon
The Alchemical Egg
Mutus Liber
Coniunctio Oppositorum
Portae Lucis
INTRODUCTION
There is no question, then, of developing new mythologies as if a mythology was a kind of fancy dress that made life
more exciting. The very idea that mythology is something one invents suggests an unpardonable arrogance, as if myth
were at our beck and call. Rather, it is we, the will of each and every one of us, that are at the beck and call of myth.
1
— Roberto Calasso
... one may regard the myth as a projection of an existential reality which seeks its own truth in a total view of things ...
2
— Hans Jonas
I came to this study many years ago. In 1968, the University Press of New York published an edition
of A. E. Waite's 1919 The Works of Thomas Vaughan: Mystic and Alchemist along with a new
Foreword by “Father of the Beats” Kenneth Rexroth (1905–1982). I had been studying another of
Waite's works, The Book of Ceremonial Magic, as well as Aleister Crowley's Magick In Theory
and Practice, along with a copy of the Dao De Jing in English translation. I was still in high school
in the Bronx and, well, it was the Sixties.
The very first article I wrote for my high school magazine (and thus the very first article I wrote
about anything) was about alchemy. It concerned the famous case of the seventeenth century scientist
Jan Baptist van Helmont (1579–1644) and a demonstration of the transmutation of base metal into
gold in his presence, affirmed in his own writings. It was the Foreword by Rexroth in the Waite
book, though, that captivated me at the time and which still resonates all these decades later.3
Rexroth set out the curriculum that I was to follow—from alchemy to Chinese and Indian alchemy,
yoga, and Tantra—in order to understand what Thomas and Rebecca Vaughan were up to in the
seventeenth century. In fact, it was Rexroth's allusion to Chinese alchemy that inspired me to begin a
study of written Chinese so that I would be able to locate and translate alchemical texts that had so
far not been made available in English. It was that study which developed into a serious interest in
Mandarin, that eventually—in 1984—found me fully involved in China trade and which set me on a
course that would see me spending the better part of three decades in Asia.
All this because of a collection of writings by a seventeenth century Welsh alchemist and a
foreword by a twentieth century American poet. Yet, I am not the only one to have been affected this
way by Vaughan's work.
His reputation was revived in a work by Mary Anne Atwood (1817–1910) entitled A Suggestive
Inquiry into Hermetic Philosophy. Originally published in 1850 and almost immediately pulled
from circulation, most copies destroyed, this erudite and penetrating look at alchemy was the result
of Atwood's study of the subject while she still lived at home with her occultist father. It was her
father who suggested to her that she write what was essentially the prose version of a long, hermetic
poem he was composing. She did so, and her father had the 600-page book published, but without
first reading it himself. When he finally did, he was shocked at the way his daughter had revealed so
many alchemical secrets. He bought all the copies he could find and he and his daughter burned them
in the garden outside their home, along with the only draft of his poem. A few copies of her book
escaped the holocaust, however, which is how we are able to read it today.
She never wrote another book again even though she lived for sixty more years.
There is much food here for speculation and wonder, and not a little sadness, but we will restrain
ourselves to the matter at hand, which is Atwood's appraisal of the work of Thomas Vaughan. She
writes, “... the one Art and medium of vital perfectibility is more clearly shown in his writings than
in those of any other English author.”4 She also mentions his strange and controversial death, by
saying it was due to “an overdose of the elixir.”5
It was this reference to Vaughan that excited A. E. Waite himself and moved him along a path of
esoteric study.6 This path eventually led him to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and to the
authorship of dozens of heavy tomes on virtually every occult science and discipline known at the
time: from works on Kabbalah to alchemy, ceremonial magic, secret societies, the Tarot, the Holy
Grail, and the like.
And it was due to Waite's fascination with Vaughan that this writer developed his own lifelong
interest, wound up in China, visited Daoist temples in Beijing and Shanghai, found himself running a
sales and marketing operation from a base in Kuala Lumpur, photographing Indian temples in Java,
hunting Nazis in South America, and a host of other strange occupations ... all because of Thomas
Vaughan, A. E. Waite, and Kenneth Rexroth.
And especially because of alchemy.
IN MY CAREER I HAVE PUBLISHED some dozen books or more, several of which have been translated
into numerous languages, and I have written many more than I have actually published. Over the
course of the past forty years or so people have asked me to diverge from my usual position of
uncommitted observer and reporter on such things as religion, politics, cults, and esoterica in order
to write or speak more frankly on what it is that I believe to be true. Normally, I leave that to
readers to decide for themselves; I don't like it when someone who is supposed to be a historian or
investigative journalist intrudes too much into the story being told. I like to make up my own mind
about things: just give me the data, the facts as they are known, and I will take it from there. At the
same time, I am very aware of the criticism levelled at historians and journalists that there is no way
to extricate oneself or one's point of view from the story being told. There is no absolute standard of
truth; every history is a narrative, a story being told from a specific point of view no matter how
hard we try to be objective. Indeed, my own research over the past decades has shown me that most
of what we believe to be history is actually carefully crafted fiction.
In the case of such subjects as alchemy and Tantra this characteristic is even more pronounced.
All works on both subjects (written by the practitioners themselves) are essentially works of fiction:
they use a contrived language, replete with metaphor and allegory, disinformation and misdirection.
The actual personalities and events described within these texts are surreal, impossible, and beyond
ordinary human experience. Yet the texts do reveal even as they conceal. Like many spiritual texts,
they refer to otherworldly events and circumstances which the literal-minded would refer to as
fantasies, delusions, etc. These texts fall within a twilight zone of literature: they purport to be about
real events and circumstances, but even a casual glance at them shows that this claim is difficult to
defend, at least from a modern perspective in the aftermath of the scientific revolution. If they are not
real—or describe real events— then what are they about? They are obviously not meant to entertain:
the language, while fantastical, often is difficult, turgid, even lugubrious. There is no perceivable
story line, no narrative voice. This, taken with the insistence that what is being discussed is not what
is being discussed, and you have an impossible text that defies any attempt at interpretation. Perhaps
for this very reason there is a cottage industry in alchemical texts as well as in books claiming to be
Tantric or to reveal Tantrism. After all, in the absence of any real information about either, one can
pretty much say anything one wants by way of “revealing” the “truth” about alchemy or Tantra and
who is there to contradict?
Astute readers will know that I have contributed to this literature myself, at least insofar as Tantra
is concerned. But in my defense, I prefaced that work7 with a discussion of how difficult it is to
authoritatively describe Tantra, when Tantra itself resists all attempts at a clinical, unimpeachable,
description. For my evidence, I used the existing temples found all over the Indonesian archipelago
as a way of showing—through architecture and statuary—what Tantrism meant to the people who
lived there in the past and to those who still use these temples today. It was while researching that
book that I came to the gradual understanding that what I was seeing before my eyes was nothing less
than an alchemical literature written in stone, the Asian equivalent perhaps of Fulcanelli's Gothic
cathedrals. The obsessive focus on am ta—the Elixir Vitae of the alchemists—in the Javanese
temples was one key to this discovery; the focus on the lingam and yoni (the male and female
symbols, respectively) in Javanese temple architecture was another. I had also spent considerable
time among the Chinese texts on Daoism, particularly a form of Daoism that has the most similarity
with Western alchemy, to see if there was any kind of a continuum of knowledge bridging Chinese,
Indian and European forms of alchemy, and if one could use the terms of one discipline to decode the
other.
Of course, one can take these similarities too far and be accused of the sin of universalism; no one
is more sensitive to this critique than I. Thus, I decided to go back and review not only Tantric
literature—both primary and secondary sources—but also Western, European alchemical literature.
I wanted to see if I could “read” an alchemical text while using Tantric metaphor and allegory as my
decryption keys.
The result is this book.
I have left the work of demonstrating historical connections and influences to those academics
who have a head start on me in these areas, focusing instead on the actual process of alchemy and
how one could conceivably translate a work of alchemy into a Tantric text, and vice versa. I hope to
show that Western alchemy is nothing less than Indian Tantra and Chinese Daoism in European
dress. There are other scholars who have approached this comparison gingerly and with an eye to
protecting their tenures. There are still others who—more secure in their professions—have come
forward with statements that are supportive of this point of view, such as Moshe Idel, Raphael Patai,
and others. The influence of Asian forms of alchemy on European forms probably made its way
along the Silk Route from Central Asia, and from there to Arab and Islamic scholars and
practitioners, before they surfaced in the European texts. It is also possible that this was two-way
traffic, and that discoveries made by European alchemists began to influence, in turn, their Asian
counterparts. Eventually someone will sort all this out but in the meantime life is short and the
purpose of this book is to jump-start the dialogue.
THERE IS A CONTINUUM OF SORTS in my own life. My earlier focus on Javanese Tantrism led me to the
discovery that the iconic form of Tantra represented by Vajrayana or Tibetan Buddhism—the
Kālacakra Tantra—has its origins in Java. In other words, the Dalai Lama in his many initiations
worldwide in the Kalachakra tradition represents a Javanese Buddhist and Javanese Tantric lineage;
of which the Dalai Lama's consecration of Borobudur in Java is but one acknowledgment. My own
work on the Kalachakra Tantra (begun in 2007) proceeds apace, but in the meantime what I offer
here is an approach to both Tantra and alchemy that attempts to clarify some of the central issues of
both. My thesis has ramifications for the study of Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism, as well, as it
becomes increasingly difficult to study any of these disciplines in a vacuum. Kabbalah—particularly
the Zohar—has many elements in common with Tantra and some Kabbalistic ideas are represented
