Table Of ContentKNOWLEDGE, lEACHING AND WISDOM
PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES SERIES
VOLUME67
Founded by Wilfrid S. Sellars and Keith Lehrer
Editor
Keith Lehrer, University ofA rizona, Tucson
Associate Editor
Stewart Cohen, Arizona State University, Tempe
Board of Consulting Editors
Lynne Rudder Baker, University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Allan Gibbard, University of Michigan
Denise Meyerson, University of Cape Town
Ronald D. Milo, University ofA rizona, Tucson
Fran9ois Recanati, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris
Stuart Silvers, Clemson University
Nicholas D. Smith, Michigan State University
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
KNOWLEDGE, TEACHING
AND WISDOM
Edited by
KEITH LEHRER
University ofA rizona,
Tucson, U.S.A.
B. JEANNIE LUM
University ofH awaii,
Honolulu, U.SA.
BEVERLY A. SLICHTA
Erie Community College,
Orchard Park, U.S.A.
and
NICHOLAS D. SMITH
Michigan State University,
East Lansing, U.S.A.
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-4684-0 ISBN 978-94-017-2022-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2022-9
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1996
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Preface xi
INTRODUCTORY ESSAY 1
CHAPTER 1: "KNOWLEDGE, TEACHING AND
WISDOM" 3
Keith Lehrer and Nicholas D. Smith
I. Human Wisdom And The Ancients 3
II. Knowledge And Value 5
III. The Uses Of Judgment 9
IV. Is There A Regress Here? 10
V. Accepting Our Own Trustworthiness 12
VI. Preference And Wisdom 13
VII. Wisdom And Teaching 16
PART 1: SOCRATES 19
CHAPTER 2 "THE AIMS OF THE SOCRATIC
ELENCHOS" 21
Hugh H. Benson
I. Introduction 21
II. The Apology 22
III. The Structure Of Aims 24
IV. A Case Study: The Laches 26
V. The Apparent Failure Of The Early Dialogues 29
VI. Conclusion 30
CHAPTER 3 "WHAT GOOD IS HUMAN WISDOM?" 35
Scott Warren Calef
I. 36
II. 42
CHAPTER 4: WHICH "SOCRATIC METHOD"? MODELS OF
EDUCATION IN PLATO'S DIALOGUES 49
David H. Calhoun
I. Socratic Methods 50
II. Two Pedagogical Modes: Transmission And Inquiry 56
III. Socratic Methods And The Objectives Of Education 59
v
IV. Socratic Methods In Pedagogical Practice 64
CHAPTER 5: "SOCRATIC TEACHING AND THE SEARCH
FOR COHERENCE" 71
Roger P. Ebertz
I. Coherent Beliefs: A Crucial Educational Goal 71
II. The Means To The Goal: Socratic Teaching 76
PART II: OTHER HISTORICAL VIEWS 83
CHAPTER 6: "THE TEACHING OF WISDOM: THE PLATONIC
MODEL OF TEACHER AS LEARNER & TEACHING AS INQUIRY" 85
B. Jeannie Lum
I. Wisdom 86
The Aim Of Teaching 86
The Metaphysics Of "Innateness" 87
Knowing As A State Of Recollection 88
II. What A Man Should Be 91
The Character Of Knowing 91
The Character Of Loving 92
Teacher As Leamer 93
III. What A Man Should Practice 94
The Nature Of Inquiry 94
'A Priori' Conditions: Elenchus 94
'Proper' Conditions: Dialectic 96
'A Posteriori' Conditions: Judgment 98
Teaching As Inquiry 98
CHAPTER 7: "WISDOM AND RULING IN THE REPUBLIC" 101
Peter Vemezze
I. Plato And Myth: The Hero's Journey 102
II. The Hero And MT And ET 103
III. The Republic On ET And MT 105
IV. Conclusion 108
CHAPTER 8: "REDISCOVERING AQUINAS' CONCEPT OF
KNOWLEDGE" 111
Ted F. Cruz
I. What Is "Knowledge"? 112
Sources Of Knowledge 112
The Nature Of Knowledge 116
vi
II. What Is "Truth"? 117
III. ConcJusion 121
CHAPTER 9: "HUME'S POSITIVE PROGRAM" 125
Robert Snyder
I. Introduction 125
II. The Goals Of Hume's Positive Program 126
III. ConcJuding Remarks 130
PART III. KNOWLEDGE AND JUSTIFICATION 135
CHAPTER 10: JUSTIFICATION AND KNOWLEDGE 137
Bruce Russell
I. The Structure Of Justification 137
II. Knowledge 141
CHAPTER 11: JUSTIFYING BASIC BELIEF FORMING
PROCESSES 149
Leopold Stubenberg
I. Introduction 149
II. A Brief Sketch Of Goldman's Reliabilist
Theory Of Epistemic Justification 149
III. Applying The Criterion: The Circularity
Problem 151
A Track Record Argument For (III) 151
Epistemic Circularity 152
Process Reliabilism And Justificatory
Arguments 154
IV. The Relevance Of Epistemic Circularity:
Three Answers 155
The First Answer 155
The Second Answer 156
The Third Answer 157
V. Assessing The Three Answers 158
The First Explanation 159
The Second Explanation 159
The Third Explanation 160
VI. Conclusion 160
CHAPTER 12: SEEING, BELIEVING AND SO FORTH 163
Daniel Gilman
I. Paradigms And Perceptions 165
vii
II. The Empirical Argument 167
III. Conclusion 172
CHAPTER 13: "WHO ARE YOU GOING TO BELIEVE-ME OR
YOUR OWN EYES?" THE PLACE OF TESTIMONY IN KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION 177
James F. Sennett
I. Introduction 177
II. First Class Epistemic Citizenship 178
III. Testimony And Epistemic Dependence 179
IV. Testimony And Epistemic Inferiority 181
V. Testimony And Epistemic Autonomy 183
CHAPTER 14: KNOWING WHAT YOU BELIEVE 187
Ann Owens
PART IV: SKEPTICISM AND WAYS OF KNOWING 193
CHAPTER 15: SKEPTICISM, MITIGATED SKEPTICISM, AND
CONTEXTUALISM 195
Stephen Jacobson
I. Introduction 195
II. Mitigated Skepticism 195
III. A Reply To The Skeptic: Epistemological
Contextualism 197
IV. An Assessment Of Epistemological
Contextualism 201
CHAPTER 16: WHY DON'T LOVERS OF WISDOM DARE TO LOVE? 207
Vrinda Dalmiya
I. What Is Caring? 208
II. Caring And Knowing 210
III. From Caring To A Care-Based Epistemology 214
PART V: WISDOM 219
CHAPTER 17: THREE DEFINITIONS OF WISDOM 221
Richard Garrett
I. The Concept Of The Best Life 223
II. Versions Of Wisdom 224
III. Is Wisdom A Kind Of Knowledge? 225
vm
IV. Wisdom And Justification 228
V. An Additional Question About RD 231
VI. Concluding Remarks 232
CHAPTER 18: WISDOM 233
Sharon Ryan
PART VI: TEACHING 243
CHAPTER 19: METAPHYSICAL SKEPTICISM AND THE
TEACHING OF PHILOSOPHY 245
Glenn Ross
CHAPTER 20: TEACHING WISDOM 253
Andrew P. Norman
I. What Is Wisdom? 253
II. The Subject-Matter Of Wisdom 254
Ill. Is Wisdom A Kind Of Knowledge? 256
IV. Wisdom As Sound Judgment 258
V. Is Wisdom Teachable? 261
CHAPTER 21: THE QUESTION OF WISDOM IN THE CONTEMPORARY
ACADEMY 267
Joshua L. Golding
NAME INDEX 279
SUBJECT INDEX 285
ix
