Kinesiology: Scientific Basis of Human Motion

640 Pages·2011·13.079 MB·English

by  Nancy Hamilton, Wendi Weimar, Kathryn Luttgens

KINESIOLOGY

Twelfth Edition
KINESIOLOGY
Scientifi c Basis of Human Motion
Nancy Hamilton, Ph.D.
University of Northern Iowa
Wendi Weimar, Ph.D.
Auburn University
Kathryn Luttgens, Ph.D.
Professor Emerita, Northeastern University
KINESIOLOGY: SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF HUMAN MOTION, TWELFTH EDITION
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hamilton, Nancy (Nancy Patricia), 1946-
Kinesiology : scientifi c basis of human motion.—12th ed. / Nancy
Hamilton, Wendi Weimar, Kathryn Luttgens.
p. cm.
Luttgens’ name appears fi rst on the earlier editions.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-07-802254-8 (alk. paper)
1. Kinesiology—Textbooks. I. Weimar, Wendi. II. Luttgens, Kathryn,
1926- III. Title.
QP303.L87 2011
612.7’6—dc22
2010049595
www.mhhe.com
Brief Contents
Preface x 11 The Description of Human Motion 268
1 Introduction to the Study of Kinesiology 1 12 The Conditions of Linear Motion 292
13 The Conditions of Rotary Motion 329
I
P A R T 14 The Center of Gravity and Stability 360
Anatomical and Physiological
Fundamentals of Human Motion
III
P A R T
2 The Musculoskeletal System: The Skeletal Motor Skills: Principles
Framework and Its Movements 20
and Applications
3 The Musculoskeletal System: The
15 Kinesiology of Fitness and Exercise 391
Musculature 42
16 Moving Objects: Pushing and Pulling 417
4 The Neuromuscular Basis of Human
Motion 66 17 Moving Objects: Throwing, Striking,
and Kicking 433
5 The Upper Extremity: The Shoulder
Region 92 18 Locomotion: Solid Surface 451
6 The Upper Extremity: The Elbow, Forearm, 19 Locomotion: The Aquatic Environment 482
Wrist, and Hand 124
20 Locomotion: When Suspended and Free
7 The Lower Extremity: The Hip Region 154 of Support 500
8 The Lower Extremity: The Knee, Ankle, 21 Impact 517
and Foot 178
22 Instrumentation for Motion Analysis 528
9 The Spinal Column and Thorax 212
Appendixes 546
II Glossary 595
P A R T
Fundamentals of Biomechanics Photo Credits 599
10 Terminology and Measurement in Index 601
Biomechanics 254
v
Contents
Preface to the Twelfth Edition x 3
CHAPTER
Preface to the First Edition—1950
The Musculoskeletal System:
(abridged) xiv
The Musculature 42
Skeletal Muscle Structure 43
1 Skeletal Muscle Function 48
CHAPTER
Coordination of the Muscular System 54
Introduction to the Study of Kinesiology 1 Methods of Studying the Actions of Muscles 60
Muscular Analysis 62
The Nature of Kinesiology 2
Laboratory Experiences 65
Components of a Kinesiological
Analysis 4
Laboratory Experiences 15 4
CHAPTER
The Neuromuscular Basis of Human
1
P A R T
Motion 66
Anatomical and Physiological
The Nervous System and Basic Nerve
Fundamentals of Human Motion
Structures 67
The Motor Unit 71
2
CHAPTER Sensory Receptors 73
Refl ex Movement 78
The Musculoskeletal System: The Skeletal
Volitional Movement 86
Framework and Its Movements 20
Neuromuscular Analysis 89
The Bones 21
Laboratory Experiences 90
Articulations 25
Orientation of the Body 32
Fundamental Movements of the Major Body CHAPTER 5
Segments 36
Analyzing Joint Motions 39 The Upper Extremity: The Shoulder Region 92
Laboratory Experiences 40 Scapulohumeral Rhythm 93
The Shoulder Girdle (Acromioclavicular and
Sternoclavicular Articulations) 94
vi
Contents vii
Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle 97 CHAPTER 8
The Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral
Articulation) 101 The Lower Extremity: The Knee, Ankle,
Muscles of the Shoulder Joint 105 and Foot 178
Joint and Muscular Analysis of the The Knee Joint 179
Fundamental Movements of the Arm on Muscles of the Knee Joint 184
the Trunk 110 Muscular Analysis of the Fundamental
Common Injuries of the Shoulder Movements of the Leg at the Knee Joint 190
Region 117 The Ankle and the Foot 190
Laboratory Experiences 120 Muscles of the Ankle and Foot 197
Muscular Analysis of the Fundamental
Movements of the Ankle and Foot (Tarsal
6
CHAPTER Joints and Toes) 204
Common Injuries of the Leg, Knee, Ankle,
The Upper Extremity: The Elbow, Forearm,
and Foot 205
Wrist, and Hand 124
Laboratory Experiences 210
The Elbow Joint 125
The Radioulnar Joints 127
Muscles of the Elbow and Radioulnar CHAPTER 9
Joints 128
Muscular Analysis of the Fundamental The Spinal Column and Thorax 212
Movements of the Forearm 133 Structure and Articulations of the Spinal
The Wrist and Hand 134 Column 213
Muscles of the Wrist and Hand 140 Movements of the Spine as a Whole 219
Muscular Analysis of the Fundamental Muscles Operating the Spinal Column 224
Movements of the Wrist, Fingers, and Muscular Analysis of the Fundamental
Thumb 143 Movements of the Head and Spine 235
Cooperative Actions of the Wrist and Structure and Articulations of the Thorax 238
Digits 147 Movements of the Thorax 240
Common Injuries of the Forearm, Elbow, Muscles of Respiration 241
Wrist, and Fingers 149 Muscular Analysis of Respiration 244
Laboratory Experiences 151 Common Injuries of the Neck, Back, and
Thorax 244
Laboratory Experiences 248
7
CHAPTER
The Lower Extremity: The Hip Region 154 P A R T II
The Pelvic Girdle 155 Fundamentals of Biomechanics
Relationship of the Pelvis to the Trunk
and Lower Extremities 157 CHAPTER 10
The Hip Joint 160
Muscles of the Hip Joint 165 Terminology and Measurement in
Common Injuries of the Thigh, Hip Joint, Biomechanics 254
and Pelvis 173 Introduction to Terminology 255
Laboratory Experiences 175 Quantities in Biomechanics 257
viii Contents
Vector Analysis 258 III
P A R T
Laboratory Experiences 266
Motor Skills: Principles and
Applications
11
CHAPTER
15
CHAPTER
The Description of Human Motion 268
Kinesiology of Fitness and Exercise 391
Motion 269
Kinesiology and Exercise Programs 392
Kinematic Description of Motion 275
Developing Flexibility 393
Laboratory Experiences 290
Types of Exercise for Muscle Strength 396
Strength Training 402
Evaluating Exercises and Devices 412
12
CHAPTER
Laboratory Experiences 415
The Conditions of Linear Motion 292
The Nature of Force 293
16
CHAPTER
Newton’s Laws of Motion 301
Forces that Modify Motion 307
Moving Objects: Pushing and Pulling 417
Free-Body Diagrams 319
Pushing and Pulling 418
Work, Power, and Energy 321
Principles of Pushing and Pulling
The Analysis of Linear Motion 325
Motions 419
Laboratory Experiences 327
Push-Pull Applications 421
Analysis of the Push-Pull Pattern in
Ergometer Rowing 427
13
CHAPTER
Laboratory Experiences 432
The Conditions of Rotary Motion 329
Rotary Force 330
17
CHAPTER
The Lever 337
Newton’s Laws and Rotational
Moving Objects: Throwing, Striking, and
Equivalents 348
Kicking 433
Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces 354
Sequential Movements 434
The Analysis of Angular Motion 356
Principles Relating to Throwing, Striking,
Laboratory Experiences 358
and Kicking 439
Examples of Throwing and Striking 443
Laboratory Experiences 450
14
CHAPTER
The Center of Gravity and Stability 360
18
CHAPTER
Center of Gravity 361
Stability and Equilibrium 364
Locomotion: Solid Surface 451
Center of Gravity and Posture 373
Locomotion 452
Finding the Center of Gravity in the Human
Walking 453
Body 378
Running 464
Laboratory Experiences 388
Contents ix
Jumping, Hopping, and Leaping 469 APPENDIXES
Additional Forms of Locomotion 471
Laboratory Experiences 480
A
APPENDIX
Classifi cation of Joints and Their
19
CHAPTER Movements 546
Locomotion: The Aquatic Environment 482
B
APPENDIX
Aquatic Locomotion: Swimming 483
Aquatic Locomotion: Rowing, Canoeing, and Joint Range of Motion 548
Kayaking 494
Laboratory Experiences 498 APPENDIX C
Muscular Attachments and Nerve Supply 557
20
CHAPTER
D
APPENDIX
Locomotion: When Suspended and Free of
Support 500 Mathematics Review 569
Suspension Activities 501
E
APPENDIX
Nonsupport Activities 509
Laboratory Experiences 516
Table of Trigonometric Functions 573
F
APPENDIX
21
CHAPTER
U.S.–Metric Equivalents 575
Impact 517
Meaning of Impact and Its Reception 518 G
APPENDIX
Principles in Receiving Impact 522
Laboratory Experiences 527 Exercises for Kinesiological Analysis 576
H
APPENDIX
22
CHAPTER
Answers to Problems in Part II 594
Instrumentation for Motion Analysis 528
Instrumentation for Kinematic Analysis 529 Glossary 595
Instrumentation for Kinetic Analysis 537
Photo Credits 599
Electromyography 539
Computer Models and Simulation 540 Index 601
Using Quantitative Analysis 541
Summary 543
Preface to the Twelfth Edition
S
ince the publication of the fi rst edition of physics. The text does not shy away from present-
this text, courses in kinesiology have under- ing material that requires some theoretical foun-
gone many changes in both content and empha- dations in these areas. Whatever background is
sis. Each subsequent edition has refl ected these needed to understand the various applications is
changes, and the twelfth edition is no exception. supplied, and numerous examples and exercises
The primary goals of this revision have been to are provided. There is extensive discussion of both
update and expand the material where appropri- anatomical and biomechanical fundamentals of
ate and to strengthen the textbook as a pedagogi- human motion and the application of these funda-
cal tool. Several chapters have been condensed mentals to the analysis of a wide variety of motor
or rewritten to focus on the most critical points. skills. For these reasons, the text is especially ap-
The resultant content makes this a book ideally propriate for use in courses with these objectives:
suited to help students achieve an understanding
1. To afford students the opportunity to learn a
of the integrated nature of kinesiology as an area
systematic approach to the analysis of human
of study that includes both anatomical and biome-
motion
chanical components.
2. To provide information that will help students
obtain an understanding of the anatomical and
audience
biomechanical fundamentals of human motion
3. To provide the types of experiences that
In the twenty-fi rst century, the traditional course
ask students to apply anatomical and
often titled kinesiology has been separated into
biomechanical analysis to the learning
courses in anatomy and biomechanics. This text
and improvement of a broad spectrum of
attempts to integrate the anatomy of human move-
movement activities
ment with the mechanics of human movement.
It is neither an anatomy text nor a biomechanics T he introduction to each section includes the as-
text, but is an integrated kinesiology text. The sumptions about student preparation and sources for
textbook is designed as a basic source to introduce review to meet those assumed levels of readiness.
the undergraduate student to the fundamentals of
kinesiology. Because the fundamentals are pre- organization
sented without compromising basic theory, this
book may be used as an introductory text. The The Introduction to the Study of Kinesiology is
book presents the subject in a fashion that presup- a single chapter that sets the stage by presenting
poses some background in anatomy and a little in a kinesiological analysis model. This chapter is
x