Kinanthropometry X: Proceedings of the 10th International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry Conference, Held in Conjunction with the 13th Commonwealth International Sport Conference

273 Pages·2007·4.12 MB·English

by  Mike Marfell-Jo

Kinanthropometry X
The 10th International Conference of the International Society for the
Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) was held in conjunction with the
13th Commonwealth International Sport Conference (CISC2006), Melbourne,
Australia, 9–l2 March, 2006, immediately prior to the XVIII Commonwealth
Games.ThisvolumecontainsaselectionofpaperspresentedtotheConference,
covering the following topic areas:
• body composition and bone density
• athlete morphology, sexual dimorphism, somatotype and performance
prediction
• 3-dimensional analysis and body sizing
• virtual anthropometry
• body image
• anthropometric pedagogy.
Thesepapersrepresentthecurrentstateofresearchandknowledgeinkinanthro-
pometry, and will be of particular interest to students and researchers in sport
andexercisescience,kinanthropometry,physicaleducationandhumansciences.
Mike Marfell-Jones is Professor and Chair of Health Sciences at the Universal
CollegeofLearning,PalmerstonNorth,NewZealandandPresidentoftheInter-
national Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.
Tim Olds is a Professor in the School of Health Sciences and Director of the
Centre for Applied Anthropometry at the University of South Australia.

Kinanthropometry X
Proceedings of the 10th International
Society for the Advancement of
Kinanthropometry Conference, held in
conjunction with the 13th Commonwealth
International Sport Conference
Edited by
Mike Marfell-Jones and Tim Olds
Firstpublished2008byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada
byRoutledge
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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
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RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,
aninformabusiness
©2008MikeMarfell-JonesandTimOlds,selectionandeditorialmatter;
individualchapters,thecontributors
Note:Thisbookwaspreparedfromcamera-readycopysupplied
bytheeditors
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor
reproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,
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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
InternationalSocietyforAdvancementofKinanthropometry.International
Conference(10th:2006:Melbourne,Australia)
KinanthropometryX:proceedingsofthe10thInternationalSocietyfor
AdvancementofKinanthropometryConference,heldinconjunctionwith
the13thCommonwealthInternationalSportConference/[editedby]
MikeMarfell-Jones&TimOlds.
p.;cm.
Kinanthropometry10
Kinanthropometryten
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-415-43470-6(hardcover)
1.Sports--Physiologicalaspects--Congresses.2.Kinesiology--Congresses.
3.Anthropometry--Congresses.4.Somatotypes--Congresses.
I. Marfell-Jones, Mike. II. Olds, Tim. III. Commonwealth International
SportConference(13th:2006:Melbourne,Australia)IV.Title.
V.Title:Kinanthropometry10.VI.Title:Kinanthropometryten.
[DNLM:1.Anthropometry--Congresses.2.BodyComposition--
Congresses.3.BodyConstitution--Congresses.4.BodyWeightsand
Measures--Congresses.5.Sports--Congresses.GN51I612007]
RC1235.I5252007
613.7--dc22
2007005572
ISBN 0-203-94474-7 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN978–0–415–43470–6hbk
Contents

Preface vii

Introduction viii
M. MARFELL-JONES and T. OLDS

1 Pedagogic approaches to teaching anthropometry 1
A.D. STEWART

2 Influence of maturation on morphology, food ingestion and 9
motor performance variability of Lisbon children aged
between 7 to 8 years
I. FRAGOSO, F. VIEIRA, C. BARRIGAS, F. BAPTISTA,
P. TEIXEIRA, H. SANTA-CLARA, P. MIL-HOMENS and
L. SARDINHA

3 Virtual anthropometry 25
T. OLDS , J. ROSS, P. BLANCHONETTE and D. STRATTON

4 A comparison of the accuracy of the Vitus Smart® and 39
Hamamatsu Body Line® 3D whole-body scanners
N. DANIELL

5 An anthropometric method of measuring standing posture 55
with 3D analysis
G.R. TOMKINSON and L.G. SHAW

6 Revising sizing: Modifying clothing templates to match the 79
3D shape of real women
J. FRASER and T. OLDS

7 The Standards Australia sizing system: Quantifying the 97
mismatch
F. HONEY and T. OLDS

8 Body composition in female sports participants with 113
particular reference to bone density
J. WALLACE, T. DONOVAN, K. GEORGE and T. REILLY
vi Contents
9 Body composition changes in professional soccer players in 127
the off-season
J. WALLACE, E. EGAN, J. LAWLOR, K. GEORGE and
T. REILLY

10 The relationship between strength, power, flexibility, 135
anthropometry and technique and 2000 m and 5000 m
rowing ergometer performance
P. GRAHAM-SMITH, K. BURGESS and A. RIDLER

11 Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of elite 151
female water polo players
K. MARRIN and T.M. BAMPOURAS

12 Kinanthropometric differences between playing levels and 165
position in Rugby Union
T.L.A. DOYLE, J.W.L. KEOGH and J. PRESLAND

13 Direct-depth measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue 179
M.J. MARFELL-JONES, S. PROVYN and J.P. CLARYS

14 The role of physical activity in the prevention and treatment 191
of obesity as an inflammatory condition: Review article
J. BENEKE, C. UNDERHAY, A.E. SCHUTTE and
J.H. DE RIDDER

15 Towards a generalised anthropometric language 213
T. KUPKE and T. OLDS

16 Physique relationships in body dissatisfaction 231
A.D. STEWART, A.M. JOHNSTONE, K. GILES and
P.J. BENSON

17 Proportionality and sexual dimorphism in elite South African 243
crawl stroke swimmers
B. COETZEE

Index 263
Preface

The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) is an
international group that has made its role the stewardship and advancement of
kinanthropometry – the study of human size, shape, proportion, composition,
maturation and gross function. Kinanthropometry, a discipline of only some forty
years standing, is named from the Greek root words kinein (to move), anthropos
(man) and metrein (to measure). Its purpose is to facilitate a better understanding
of growth, exercise, performance and nutrition. Although ISAK is probably best
known for its international anthropometry accreditation scheme, it also plays a
major role in increasing international dialogue between kinanthropometrists and
facilitating the presentation and dissemination of the results of their scientific
endeavours.
To that end, for the past twenty years, ISAK has made a practice of holding
its Biennial General Meetings in association with major sport science conferences
prior to either the Olympic or Commonwealth Games. Within these conferences,
ISAK has been instrumental in the organisation of a kinanthropometry stream as a
platform for the presentation of quality papers on the research findings of its
members and international colleagues. In the past decade, that has occurred in
Adelaide in 1998 (prior to the XVI Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur); in
Brisbane in 2000 (prior to the Sydney Olympics); in Manchester in 2002 (prior to
the XVII Commonwealth Games) and in Thessaloniki in 2004 (prior to the Athens
Olympics. Subsequent to these conferences, ISAK appointed editors to produce a
set of proceedings so that these papers could be accessed by a far wider audience
than those able to attend the conferences themselves.
In March 2006, this tradition continued in Melbourne, Australia, in
conjunction with the 13th Commonwealth International Sport Conference,
immediately prior to the XVIII Commonwealth Games. These proceedings, which
represent a refereed selection of the best kinanthropometry papers presented in
Melbourne are the tenth in the series. ISAK thanks the editors most sincerely for
their efforts in compiling this volume and congratulates the authors on their work
and its inclusion in this publication.

Mike Marfell-Jones
President
International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry
Introduction

M. Marfell-Jone s1 and T. Olds2
1UCOL, Private Bag 11 022, Palmerston North, New Zealand
2Centre for Applied Anthropometry, University of South Australia,
City East Campus, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia

The contents of this volume represent the Proceedings of Kinanthropometry X, the
10th International Conference on the subject area of kinanthropometry. The
conference was incorporated within the 13th Commonwealth International Sport
Conference, in Melbourne, Australia from 9 to 12 March 2006, the week preceding
the XVIII Commonwealth Games. The kinanthropometry strand of the conference
was organised by the International Society for the Advancement of
Kinanthropometry (ISAK) in conjunction with the conference hosts, Sports
Medicine Australia, under the guidance of the Conference Organising Committee
Chair, Frank Pyke.
All presenters whose papers had a kinanthropometric focus were invited to
submit full manuscripts for consideration for selection. Not all communications
were worked up into manuscripts for the Proceedings and not all of those that were
written up succeeded in satisfying peer reviewers. The selected chapters are from
across the kinanthropometric spectrum.
The monograph opens with chapters on anthropometric pedagogy and
maturation. These are followed by five chapters presenting the results of different
investigations using whole-body scanners to evaluate 3D anthropometry. A second
group of five follows which reports on body composition in elite athletes with
football, rowing, water polo and rugby featuring. Chapter 13, a technical paper on
subcutaneous adipose tissue measurement, is followed by a rarity in
anthropometric circles – an epidemiological chapter. Chapter 15 introduces the
concept of a unique anthropometric language. The penultimate chapter examines
the increasingly-important area of body dissatisfaction and the final chapter looks
at proportionality in elite swimmers. The international contributions both provide
readers with an outline of the current state of knowledge in kinanthropometry
around the globe and reflect a broad interest in the subject area world wide.
The editors are grateful to the contributing authors for their positive
involvement in the compilation of this book, particularly their responsiveness to
the review process, and to the reviewers. We also acknowledge the invaluable
technical assistance of Ms Suzanne Little, Faculty of Health Sciences at the
Universal College of Learning, for compiling the camera-ready copy of the text.

Mike Marfell-Jones
Tim Olds
CHAPTER ONE

Pedagogic approaches to teaching
anthropometry

A.D. Stewart

School of Health Sciences, The Robert Gordon University,
Aberdeen, UK
1 INTRODUCTION
Anthropometry is the science of making surface measurements on the human body
based on anatomical landmarks. It is recognised as a discipline in its own right in
describing the human phenotype, and interfaces with a range of others including
biomechanics, physiology and nutrition to have a role in assessing health and
sports performance. Despite their apparent simplicity, acquiring the skills for
making skinfold, girth or skeletal breadth measurements can be problematic,
because a large number of simultaneous tasks need to be performed in a movement
which lasts only a few seconds. Evidence of this complexity is readily apparent
from the ten hours of practical tuition the International Society for the
Advancement of Kinanthropometry requires of its instructors to induct
professionals into the 17 measurements of the restricted profile (Marfell-Jones et
al., 2006). However, other organisations or individuals may fail to do justice to the
intricacy of measurement, either by failing to describe methods in sufficient detail
for techniques to become truly standardised (WHO, 1989), or by suggesting that
attempts to do so are of ‘mistaken exactitude’ in view of errors in predicting body
composition from anthropometric data (Durnin, 1997). Since this time, with the
advent of a global protocol (ISAK, 2001), the first concern has been addressed, and
an increased emphasis on retaining raw data, rather than convert it into tissue
masses or percentages (Marfell-Jones, 2001) has largely addressed the latter.
Of concern to all practitioners in science is the reproducibility of methods
and data, so a procedure can be replicated by different personnel in a different
setting. With anthropometry, those who quantify the error of repeated
measurements become aware of the pivotal role of standardisation in enhancing
intra and inter-tester reliability. Relative to skinfold measurements made by an
experienced tester, 30 minutes’ tuition has been shown to produce a substantial
improvement in inexperienced testers measurements when compared with those of
a group not receiving instruction (Kerr et al., 1994). Fitness instructors who
routinely make skinfold measurements have appeared to show reasonable intra-