Kimberly Alexandra Ottenbreit Submitted in partial fulfill-ment of the requirements for the degree of

153 Pages·2009·4.87 MB·English

THE DISTRIBUTION, REPRODUCTIVB BIOLOGY, AND NÍORPI{OLOGY OF
LJ,thrum SPECIES' HYBRIDS AND CULTIVARS IN l'1ANI'l'()[]A
by
Kimberly Alexandra Ottenbreit
Submitted in partial fulfill-ment
of the requirements for the
degree of
Master of Science
Faculty of Graduate Studies
The University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, Manitoba
September 1991
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rsBN
@-315-76869-1
Canadä
THE DISTRIBUTION, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY, AND MORpHOLOcy
Lythrurn SPECIES, HYBRIDS AND CULTIVARS IN MANITOBA
BY
KIMBERLY ALEXANDRA OTTENBREIT
A thesis subnrined to thc Faculty of Graduate Studies of
the u¡riversity of Manitoba in partial fulfìllment of the requirenrents
of the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
r991
Permission has been granted to th€ LIBRARY OF THE UNIVER-
S¡TY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copics of rhis thesis. ro
thc NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA tO rNiCrOfiIM this
thesis a¡rd to lend or sell copies oí rhe film, and UNIVERS¡TY
MICROFILMS to publish an absrracr of rhis thesis.
The author reseryes other public¡tion rights, and neither thc
thesis nor cxtensiye extracts frorn it may be pnnteC or other-
wise reproduced without the author's writte¡r permission.
ABSTRACT
Lythrum saLicaria L. (purple loosestrife ) i.s a rapidly
spreading, naturalized perennial herb of moist habitats artd
is considered detrimental to wetl-and productivity in North
America. The first herbarium record for Manitoba was
col-lected from Neepawa in 1896. As of 1991r 38 sites in
I'fanitoba from field worlç, correspondence and herbarium
records were identif ied. I'fost of these were in the
watersheds of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. Dispersal is
nrostly by means of seed. Signif icantly more seed matures i.rl
the capsules in the lower and nid regions of the
infructescence compared to those fron the top. Seed ís
shaken by wind from the capsules between late sllnmer and the
end of winter. Germinabilitv of seed from 28 cttltivated and
nattrralized popul-ations averaged 92 percent, however
cr-rltivars had low seed production (especially 'l'lorden
Pinlc' . Discrirninant analyses idenbíf ied calyx pubescence
)
'
calyx lobe lengthr and calyx appendage length as
significantly reliable features for separatíon of culbivars
tMorden
fron naturalized plants. The cultivars Pinl<',
t Dropmore Purple t , and t Morden GIeam' I^lere sel f -
incompatible, but artificial crosses betrveen these and a
natural ized population when Iegitimate were for the nrost
part fertil-e. Resulting seeds averaged 9B perceut
ger:mination and the hybrid plants were highly interfertile.
i
Thirty-seven 'percent of the hybrid progeny were c.lassif iecl
j.n discriminant analysis as being indistinguishable from a
naturafized popul-ation which grows on the Assiniboine River.
Controlling the spread of L, saLicaria wilI be acconlrlistred
by preventing seed production in naturalized populations,
and by removing cultivars from l-ocations rvhere they nay
affect pollen transfer with naturalized populations.
I1
ACKNOT{LEDGBMENTS
This stqdy was funded by Ducks Unlimited Canada atrcl t-lre
Minnesota Departmetr.t of Natural Resources.
My thanks are extended to: my advisory comnittee, Dr.
Norman Kenkel, Prof. Louis Lenz, and Dr. John Stewart;
Darryl l(roelcer of Ducks Unlimited; Lynn CoIlicutt and IJr.
Campbell Davidson of the Morden Research Station for their
advice and provision of stock plants; AlIerr Stttrlto, f ortner.Ly
of I'lanitoba Agriculture, f or providing me with
distributional information on purple loosesbrife; T &'f
Seeds for providing me with 'Dropmore Purple' and 'Morden
Pinlç' cultivars; and Charles Burchill and Al-ex l"lcIlraith f or
kincÌly assisting me with the statistical analyses.
I woul-d further like to thank the Biology Department of
the University of Winnipeg for use of their equipment and
facilities. I am especially grateful to l(aren Jones for
enduring my constant presence in the greenhouse and making
my time spent there a very enjoyable experience.
I wish to express special thanhs and appreciation to
nì1¡
supervisor, Dr. Richard Staníforth, for the assistance and
advice given throughout the duration of this study.
11
l_
TABLIT OF- CONTENTS
Paqe
j
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS t11
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1\/
LIST OF TABLES vi
L]ST OF FIGURES vi i
CHAPTER 1 -- GENBRAL INTRODUCTION 'I
CHAPTER 2 -_ LITERATURE REVIEW 4
Origins and Spread .+I
Uses 7
Reproduct ive ioi-ogy o
B
Cul- t ivars 14
Control- 1G
CHAPTER 3 -- DISTRIBUTION 22
CHAPTER 4 SEED PRODUCTION, DISPERSAL, AND
GERMINATION IN NATURALIZED AND
CULTIVATED MANITOBAN Lythrttm
POPULATIONS 31
Introduction 31
Materials and 34
M
Iìe suI t s 39
Di scuss ion 5'l
Concl-us ions 59
CHAPTER 5 -- CROSSABILITY OF NATURALIZED AND
CULTIVATED Lythrum POPULATIONS 60
Introduction 60
Materials and ethods 62
M
Results 69
Di scuss ion B7
uoncrus 10ns 95
].V
CHAPTER 6 --." I'IORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
Lythrum SPECIES, HYBRIDS AND CULTIVARS 97
Introduction
97
.
Materials and . 100
I'l
Results to7
Discuss ion .t t'ì
LAV
Conclus ions 't ?9
CHAPTER 7 __ GBNERAL CONCLUSIONS 134
138
REFERENCES
LIS'I' OF TABLES
Table Nttmber T itle Page
2.r References to parentage of 16
cultivars of Lythrum taxa.
4.I ['lean percent germination in seeds 5l-
from naturalized and cultivated
Lyt,hrum popul-at ions
.
5.1 Crosses between 42 naturalized 70
and cultivated Lyt,hrun populations.
5,2-5.12 Backcross and offspring inter- 73
fertility for eleven hybrids of
Lyt,hrum,
6.1 Means and standard deviations of 108
of fl-oral characteristics for
six Lythrum populations.
6.2 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors for 113
eight f l-oral variabl-es.
6.3 Number and percentage of indivicluals 116
classified into each of the six
Lythrun populations.
6.4 Classification of the progerly of 119
37 crosses into the six LYthtum
populations using discriminant
analysis.
6.5 NunLrer of the 37 Lythtum hybrids I2l
of cultivated, naturalizedr or
cultivated and naturalized parenta$e.
6.6 Flora1 key to three cultivars of r26
Lythrum.
v1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Ti tÌe Page
2.L Tristyly in Lyt,hrum sal-icaria. 10
3.1 Distribution of Lythrun saIicaria 23
in North America and across the
Northern Hemisphere as of 1985.
3.2 Distribution of Lythrum sal-icaria 2B
in Manitoba as of 1991.
4,L Diagram of a labelled boxplot 40
with explanation.
4.2 Boxplots iÌlustrating the seed 42
output/capsule for fourteen
Lythrum cul tivars.
4,3 Boxplots illttstrating bhe seed 44
otrtput/capsule for nine natural ized
Lythrttm populations.
4,4 Boxplots indicating the seed 46
output/capsule from a naturalizecl
population of ptrrple Ioosestrife
over an eight month period.
4.5 Boxplots illustrating the seed 4B
output/capsule from Selliirk and
Lockport, Manitoba.
6. Flower of Lythrum salicaria, 103
1"
6.2 Ordination scattergram of 1r1
3
cul-tivars and 3 naturalized
populations.
6.3 Morphological variabitity of L29
leaves within and between four
Lytltt-un populat ions
.
vI1